CN105244905B - 分布式电力装置中的安全机构、醒来和关闭方法 - Google Patents

分布式电力装置中的安全机构、醒来和关闭方法 Download PDF

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CN105244905B
CN105244905B CN201510578586.4A CN201510578586A CN105244905B CN 105244905 B CN105244905 B CN 105244905B CN 201510578586 A CN201510578586 A CN 201510578586A CN 105244905 B CN105244905 B CN 105244905B
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CN105244905A (zh
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M·阿德斯特
G·塞拉
L·汉德尔斯曼
Y·戈林
A·菲谢尔夫
M·盖兹特
Y·宾德
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SolarEdge Technologies Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
    • G01S3/78—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
    • G01S3/782—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
    • G01S3/785—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using adjustment of orientation of directivity characteristics of a detector or detector system to give a desired condition of signal derived from that detector or detector system
    • G01S3/786—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using adjustment of orientation of directivity characteristics of a detector or detector system to give a desired condition of signal derived from that detector or detector system the desired condition being maintained automatically
    • G01S3/7861—Solar tracking systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/02—Details
    • H01L31/02016—Circuit arrangements of general character for the devices
    • H01L31/02019—Circuit arrangements of general character for the devices for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
    • H01L31/02021—Circuit arrangements of general character for the devices for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/10—Parallel operation of dc sources
    • H02J1/102—Parallel operation of dc sources being switching converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/46—Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/493—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode the static converters being arranged for operation in parallel
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B3/00—Line transmission systems
    • H04B3/54—Systems for transmission via power distribution lines
    • H04B3/548—Systems for transmission via power distribution lines the power on the line being DC
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/10—The dispersed energy generation being of fossil origin, e.g. diesel generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H02J2300/26—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin involving maximum power point tracking control for photovoltaic sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/28—The renewable source being wind energy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/388—Islanding, i.e. disconnection of local power supply from the network
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/35—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering with light sensitive cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
    • H02M1/0077—Plural converter units whose outputs are connected in series
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1582—Buck-boost converters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Abstract

分布式电力系统包括多个DC电源和多个功率模块。功率模块包括分别耦合到DC电源的输入以及串联地耦合以形成串联系列的输出。逆变器耦合到串联系列。逆变器将来自串联系列的功率输入转换为输出功率。在逆变器和功率模块之间的信号发送机构适合于控制功率模块的操作。

Description

分布式电力装置中的安全机构、醒来和关闭方法
本申请为国际申请号为PCT/US2008/085755，国际申请日为2008年12月5日，发明名称为“分布式电力装置中的安全机构、醒来和关闭方法”的PCT申请于2010年6月7日进入中国国家阶段后申请号为200880119506.7的中国国家阶段专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及分布式电力系统，且更具体地，涉及用于光伏分布式电力系统的醒来和关闭算法。
背景技术
公用事业网络向公用事业客户提供电力系统。从公用事业公司到客户的电力的分布使用以网格状方式连接的称为电网的公用事业管线的网络。除了使网格通电的公用事业公司之外电网还可由使网格通电的很多独立的能源组成，每个独立的能源称为分布式电力(DP)产生系统。现代的公用事业网络包括公用事业电源、用电设备负载以及还供应电力到网络的分布式电力产生系统。分布式电力产生系统的数量和类型正快速增长且可包括光伏、风力、水力、燃料电池、存储系统例如电池、超导飞轮和电容器类型、以及包括常规和变速柴油发动机、斯特林发动机(Stirling engine)、燃气轮机和微型涡轮机的机械设备。这些分布式电力产生系统连接到公用事业网络，使得它们与公用事业电源并联而操作。
包括多个太阳能板101的太阳能分布式电力系统10的常规安装在图1中示出。因为由每个单独的太阳能板101提供的电压低，几个板101串联连接以形成板101的系列103。对于大的装置，当需要较高的电流时，几个系列103可并联连接以形成总系统10。相互连接的太阳能板101安装在户外，并连接到最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)模块107且然后连接到逆变器104。如图1中所示，MPPT 107通常作为逆变器104的部分实现。从DC源101获得的功率被传递到逆变器104，其将直流(DC)转换成具有期望电压和频率的交流(AC)，该期望电压和频率通常为60Hz处的110V或220V，或50Hz处的220V。来自逆变器104的AC电流然后可用于操作电器或被供给到电网。
如以上所提到的，每个太阳能板101供应相对很低的电压和电流。太阳能阵列设计者面临的问题是从太阳能板的低电压的组合产生在120V或220V均方根(RMS)处的标准AC电流。来自低电压的高功率的传递需要很高的电流，这导致大约为电流的平方i2的大的传导损耗。另外，功率逆变器例如用于将DC电流转换成AC电流的逆变器104在其输入电压比其输出RMS电压乘以2的平方根(即峰值电压)稍微高时是最有效的。因此在很多应用中，电源例如太阳能板101被组合，以便达到正确的电压或电流。大量的板101连接到系列103中，且系列103并联地连接到功率逆变器104。板101串联连接，以便达到逆变器104所需的最小电压。多个系列103并联连接到阵列中以供应较高的电流，以便实现较高的功率输出。
图1B示出了DC源的连接到MPPT电路107和逆变器104的一个串联系列103，例如太阳能板101a-101d。电流与电压(IV)的特征曲线被描绘在每个DC源101的左部(110a-110d)。对于每个DC电源101，当输出电压增加时电流减小。在一些电压值处，电流变为零，且在一些应用中电压值可采取负值，意味着源变成汲取器。旁通二极管(未示出)用于防止源变成汲取器。与电流和电压的乘积(P＝i*V)相等的每个源101的功率输出根据从源汲取的电压而变化。在接近于电流的下降点的某个电流和电压处，功率达到其最大值。在这个最大功率点(MPP)处操作电力产生电池是合乎需要的。MPPT的目的是找到这个点并在这个点处操作系统，以便从源汲取最大功率。
在典型的常规太阳能板阵列中，不同的算法和技术用于使用MPPT模块107来优化系统10的合并的功率输出。MPPT模块107接收从所有的太阳能板101一起提取的电流并跟踪这个电流的最大功率点以提供最大平均功率，使得如果更多的电流被提取，来自板的平均电压开始下降，因此降低所获得的功率。MPPT模块107维持从系统10产生最大平均功率的电流。
但是，因为电源101a-101d串联连接到单个MPPT 107，MPPT 107选择最大功率点，该最大功率点是单独的串联连接的源101的最大功率点的某个平均。实际上，很可能MPPT107将在I-V点上操作，该点对于仅仅几个或没有一个源101是最佳的。在图1B的例子中，被选的点是源101b的最大功率点，但是与源101a、101c和101d的最大功率点相离。因此，该布置不以最佳可实现的效率操作。
本申请人在标题为“Distributed Power Harvesting Systems Using DC PowerSources”的共同未决的美国申请11/950,271中公开了连接到每个电源例如光伏板的输出的电力转换器例如DC到DC转换器的使用。电力转换器通过监控和控制在最大功率水平处的输入功率来将输入功率转换成输出功率。
如此处使用的术语“信号发送”或“信号发送机构”是指在电磁载波信号上调制的信号或简单的未调制信号例如接通/关断信号“保持运行”信号或“干接触”信号。对于调制信号，调制方法可以是本领域所知的任何这样的方法，作为例子，频率调制(FM)传输、幅度调制(AM)、FSK(频移键控)调制、PSK(相移键控)调制、各种QAM(正交调幅)星座图或任何其他调制方法。
如此处所使用的术语“功率模块”包括功率转换器例如DC-DC功率转换器，但还包括适合于控制通过模块传递的功率或功率的一部分的模块，无论是通过转换还是其他方法。
发明内容
包括下面的发明概要，以便提供本发明的一些方面和特征的基本理解。这个概要不是本发明的广泛概述，因此它并不用来特定地标识本发明的关键的或重要的元件或描绘本发明的范围。其唯一目的是以简化的形式提供本发明的某些概念，作为在以下被提供的更详细的描述的前序。
根据本发明的一方面，提供了包括DC电源和功率模块的分布式电力系统。功率模块包括分别耦合到DC电源和输出的输入。逆变器耦合到输出。逆变器将来自功率模块的输出的功率输入转换为输出功率。逆变器和功率模块之间的信号发送机构适合于控制功率模块的操作。在分布式电力系统的操作期间，在一些实施方式中，信号发送机构可将信号添加在功率模块的输出上。信号发送机构可包括与逆变器集成的开关，开关将信号调制到功率模块的输出上。与功率模块集成的接收器接收来自逆变器的信号。可选地，功率模块中的检测机构检测在电网的频率处的信号。可选地，来自电网的信号在功率模块的输出中在从电网的频率上变频的较高的频率处被检测。可选地，功率模块中的检测机构检测逆变器的转换频率。功率模块可被配置成在安全模式中操作，且在安全模式期间，功率模块的输出处的功率、功率模块的输出两端的电压，和/或流经其的电流被限制，以便不危害人员。功率模块可包括检测机构，其中在分布式电力系统的操作期间，检测机构检测来自逆变器的信号。基于该信号，功率模块的操作从安全操作模式变化到正常操作模式，以将DC电源的功率从功率模块的输入转换到功率模块的输出。
根据本发明的另一方面，提供了用于操作分布式电力系统的方法。系统包括DC电源和功率模块。功率模块包括耦合到DC电源的输入。功率模块包括输出。逆变器耦合到功率模块的输出。逆变器将来自功率模块的功率输出转换为输出功率。该方法包括通过限制来自功率模块的功率输出在安全模式中操作功率模块。安全模式的特征是通过功率模块的输出有小于预定的量(例如，十毫安)的电流流动和/或小于预定的量(例如，2伏)。来自逆变器的信号优选地被监控，且当检测到来自逆变器的信号时，到逆变器的功率输入通过在正常操作模式中操作功率模块来增加，以将DC电源的功率从功率模块的输入转换到功率模块的输出。当检测到信号时且在正常操作模式中功率模块的操作之前，功率模块的输出的电压优选地缓慢斜升。功率模块的正常操作模式可包括控制在耦合到DC电源的输入处的最大峰值功率。
当结合附图考虑时，从以下的详细描述中，前述的和/或其他方面将变得很明显。
附图说明
包括在本说明书中且构成本说明书的一部分的附图举例说明本发明的实施方式，且连同描述一起用于解释和说明本发明的原理。附图用来以图示的方式示出所示出的实施方式的各种特征。附图并不用来描述实际的实施方式的每个特征和所描述的元件的相对尺寸，且不一定按比例绘制。
本发明仅作为例子参考附图在此处被描述，其中：
图1是使用光伏板作为DC电源的常规功率获取系统的结构图；
图1B示出了图1的DC电源的一个串联系列的电流与电压的特征曲线；
图2是依照本发明的一方面的基于美国申请11/950,271中的公开示出分布式功率获取电路的简化结构图；
图2A是包括本发明的特征的DC到DC转换器的简化结构图；
图3示出了示例性的DC到DC转换器，其是更详细地示出的简化结构图；
图4是依照本发明的实施方式的另一个示例性系统的简化结构图；
图4A是更详细地示出依照图4的实施方式的功率模块的简化结构图；
图4B是依照本发明的实施方式的更详细地示出连接到常规逆变器上的信号发送机构的简化结构图；
图5是示出依照本发明的特征的用于以安全模式使功率获取系统醒来和关闭的方法的简化流程图；
图5A是示出依照本发明的实施方式的用于使功率获取系统醒来和关闭的方法的流程图，该流程图包括由功率转换器/模块执行的方法步骤；以及
图6是示出依照本发明的实施方式的用于使功率获取系统醒来和关闭的方法的另一个流程图，该流程图包括由图2的转换器或图4B的信号发送块执行的方法步骤。
具体实施方式
现详细参考本发明的实施方式，其例子在附图中示出，其中相似的参考标号始终指相似的元件。下面描述实施方式以通过参考附图来解释本发明。
应注意到，尽管此处的讨论主要涉及光伏系统中的醒来和关闭方法，且更具体地涉及以前在序列号为11/950,271的美国申请中公开的那些系统，本发明作为非限制性的例子也可以可选地配置为使用常规的光伏分布式电力系统和其他分布式电力系统，包括(但不限于)风力涡轮机、水力涡轮机、燃料电池、存储系统例如电池、超导飞轮和电容器、以及包括常规的和变速柴油发动机、斯特林发动机、燃气轮机和微型涡轮机的机械设备。
作为介绍，注意到本发明的方面具有重要的安全益处是重要的。当依照本发明的某些方面安装或执行对光伏系统的维护时，安装者被保护以避免震动或触电的危险，因为依照本发明的实施方式的系统在操作逆变器在安装和维护程序期间未连接时不输出可能危险的高电压和/或电流。
在详细地解释本发明的实施方式之前，应理解，本发明在其应用中不限于在以下描述中所阐述的或图中所示出的部件的设计和布置的细节。本发明能够有其它的实施方式或以各种方式被实践或实现。而且，应理解，此处所使用的措辞和术语是为了描述的目的而不应被理解为限制性的。
现参考图2，其基于美国申请11/950,271中的公开示出了分布式功率获取电路20。电路20使得多个分布式电源例如太阳能板101a-101d能够连接到单个电源。太阳能板的串联系列203可耦合到逆变器204或者太阳能板101的多个连接的系列203可连接到单个逆变器204。在配置20中，每个太阳能板101a-101d单独地连接到单独的功率转换电路或模块205a-205d。每个太阳能板101连同其相关的功率转换电路205形成功率产生元件222。(只有一个这样的功率产生元件222在图2中标出。)每个转换器205a-205d最佳地适应相连的太阳能板101a-101d的功率特征，并将功率高效地从转换器205的输入传送到输出。转换器205a-205d通常是微处理器控制的开关转换器，例如降压转换器、升压转换器、降压/升压转换器、反激或正激转换器等。转换器205a-205d还可包含多个分量转换器，例如降压和升压转换器的串联连接。每个转换器205a-205d包括控制环221，例如MPPT环，该MPPT环不是从转换器的输出电流或电压而是从来自太阳能板101的转换器的输入接收反馈信号。转换器205的MPPT环通过一般经由脉冲宽度调制(PWM)改变接通或关断转换的一个或多个占空比将来自每个太阳能板101a-101d的输入电压和电流锁定在其最佳功率点，使得最大功率从每个连接的板101a-101d中提取。转换器205的控制器动态地跟踪在转换器输入处的最大功率点。反馈环221在输入功率上闭合，以便跟踪最大输入功率，而不是像常规的DC到DC电压转换器所执行的一样在输出电压上闭合反馈环。
作为在每个转换器205a-205d中都有单独的MPPT电路的结果，且因此对于每个太阳能板101a-101d，每个系列203可具有不同数量或不同规格、尺寸和/或模型的串联连接的板101a-101d。图2的系统20连续地执行每个太阳能板101a-101d的输出上的MPPT，以对温度的变化、太阳辐射、阴影或影响一个或多个太阳能板101a-101d的其他性能因素作出反应。作为结果，转换器205a-205d中的MPPT电路获得来自每个板101a-101d的最大可能的功率，并将该功率作为输出传送，而不考虑影响其他太阳能板101a-101d的参数。
转换器205a-205d的输出串联连接到形成到逆变器204的输入的单个DC输出。逆变器204将转换器205a-205d的串联连接的DC输出转换成AC电源。逆变器204调节逆变器204的输入处的电压。在这个例子中，独立的控制环220将输入到逆变器204中的电压保持在设定值，比如400伏。逆变器204的输入处的电流通常由可用功率固定并由光伏板101产生。
根据本发明的特征，关于醒来或关闭的信息可从逆变器204传送到转换器205。该信息可使用本领域技术人员公知的任何方法被发送。根据某些实施方式，可使用调制方法，作为例子，频率调制(FM)传输、幅度调制(AM)、FSK(频移键控)调制、PSK(相移键控)调制、各种QAM(正交调幅)星座图或任何其他调制方法。可选地，当将功率从其输入转换到其输出时，逆变器204积极地产生在串联系列203中的频率波动。在正常操作期间，100Hz(或在美国为120Hz)波动在串联系列203中是可检测到的，因为逆变器204的电容器不完全阻挡交流电(AC)，且不需要另外的信号发送机构来产生在串联系列203中的100/120Hz信号。可选地或另外地，逆变器204的一个或多个转换频率，通常地为16Khz或32Khz，可被检测为泄漏或被有意地提供到串联系列203。
现参考图2A，其示出了本发明的特征。在图2A中，转换器205被更详细地示出。与功率转换器205集成的是检测器/接收器207，根据本发明的特征，该检测器/接收器207被配置为接收、可选地放大和检测例如在逆变器204中产生的在100/120Hz处的信号。
控制器306优选地轮询来自接收器/检测器207的信号输入209或使用信号输入209作为中断，使得仅当检测器/接收器207检测到100/120Hz信号时，模块205在正常操作模式中将功率从其输入转换到其输出。接收器207可选地配置为检测16/32KHz逆变器转换频率，并在逆变器204处于运行中时提供启动信号到单个输入209上的控制器。
现参考图3，其示出了依照本发明的特征的示例性DC到DC转换器205。DC到DC转换器用于根据输出电路的需要将DC电压输入降低或提高到较高或较低的DC电压输出。但是，在图3的实施方式中，DC-DC转换器205用作功率转换器，即，将输入功率转换到输出功率，输入电压根据在输入处的MPPT而变化，而输出电流由逆变器104、204的恒定输入电压控制。即，根据DC电源101的操作条件，输入电压和电流可在任何时间变化且输出电压和电流可在任何时间变化。
转换器205在输入端314和316连接到相应的DC电源101。DC电源101的转换功率通过输出端310、312输出到电路。在输入端314、316和输出端310、312之间，转换器电路包括输入和输出电容器320、340，回流防止二极管322、342以及包括控制器306和电感器308的功率转换电路。
二极管342与带有极性的输出312串联，使得电流不回流到转换器205中。二极管322通过对DC电流表现为短路的电感器308耦合在正输出导线312和负输入导线314之间，负输入导线314有这样的极性以防止来自输出312的电流回流到太阳能板101中。
由于板101的太阳能电池中产生的电子空穴对，在线314和316之间存在电位差。转换器205通过持续地监控由板101提供的电流和电压并使用最大功率点跟踪算法，通过从太阳能板101提取电流，来将最大功率输出保持在其峰值功率点。控制器306包括用于执行峰值功率跟踪的MPPT电路或算法。峰值功率跟踪和脉冲宽度调制(PWM)一起被执行以实现期望输入电压和电流。控制器306中的MPPT可以是任何常规的MPPT，例如，扰动观察(P&Q)、增量电导等。但是，值得注意的是，MPPT直接在板101上，即，在转换器205的输入处而不是在转换器205的输出处执行。所产生的功率接着被传送到输出端310和312。多个转换器205的输出可串联连接，使得一个转换器205的正导线312连接到下一个转换器205的负导线310。
在图3中，转换器205被示为降压加升压转换器。如此处所使用的术语“降压加升压”如图3中所示为直接跟随有升压转换器的降压转换器，其在文献中还可以作为“级联降压升压转换器”出现。如果电压被降低，升压部分实质上被缩短。如果电压被升高，降压部分实质上被缩短。术语“降压加升压”与降压/升压拓扑不同，降压/升压拓扑是在电压被升高或降低时可使用的传统拓扑，且术语“降压加升压”有时在文献中作为“级联降压升压”出现。“降压/升压”拓扑的效率固有地低于降压或升压。另外，对于给定的需要，降压升压转换器将比降压加升压转换器需要更大的无源部件，以便起作用。因此，图3的降压加升压拓扑具有高于降压/升压拓扑的效率。但是，图3的电路连续地决定它是降压的还是升压的。在一些情况下，当期望输出电压与输入电压类似时，降压和升压部分都是可操作的。
控制器306可包括与降压和升压转换器电路一起使用的脉冲宽度调制器PWM或数字脉冲宽度调制器DPWM。控制器306控制降压转换器和升压转换器并确定要执行降压操作还是升压操作。在某些情况下，降压部分和升压部分可一起操作。即，独立于输出电流和电压的选择来选择输入电压和电流。另外，输入值或输出值的选择可根据DC电源的操作在任何给定的时间改变。因此，在图3的实施方式中，转换器205被构造为使得在任何给定的时间输入电压和电流的被选值可根据输出需要上变频或下变频。
在一个实现方式中，可使用合并了转换器205的一些功能的集成电路(IC)304。IC304可选地是能够经得住在户外太阳能装置中存在的严酷的温度极限的单个ASIC。ASIC304可被设计为针对多于25年的高平均故障间隔时间。但是，使用多个集成电路的离散解也可按类似的方式被使用。在图3中示出的示例性实施方式中，转换器305的降压加升压部分被实现为IC 304。实际的考虑可导致系统的其他分割。例如，在本发明的一个方面中，IC304可包括两个IC，处理系统中的高电流和电压的一个模拟IC和包括控制逻辑的一个简单的低电压数字IC。模拟IC可使用功率FET实现，功率FET可以可选地在离散部件、FET驱动器、A/D等中实现。数字IC可形成控制器306。
在示出的示例性电路205中，降压转换器包括输入电容器320、晶体管328和330、定位成与晶体管328并联的二极管322、以及电感器308。晶体管328、330每个都具有寄生体二极管324、326。升压转换器包括与降压转换器一起共享的电感器308、晶体管348和350、定位成与晶体管350并联的二极管342、以及输出电容器340。晶体管348、350每个具有寄生体二极管344、346。
系统20包括串联连接并传送来自系列203的电流的转换器205。如果串联连接的转换器205之一中的故障导致在有故障的转换器205中的开路，电流停止流经转换器205的整个系列203，因此导致系统20停止起作用。本发明的方面提供了转换器电路205，其中电子部件具有与其相关联的一个或多个旁通路线，该一个或多个旁通路线在转换器205之一中的电子部件出现故障的情况下传送电流。例如，转换器的降压或升压部分的每个开关晶体管使其自己的二极管旁通。而且，当电感器308有故障时，电流通过寄生二极管344、346绕过出故障的电感器308。
在图3中，示出了检测器/接收器块207，其被配置为当在逆变器104、204中产生的通信信号被检测到时将启动信号209提供到微控制器306。
现参考图4，其示出了依照本发明的实施方式的系统40。为了简单起见，单个系列423被示为带有分布式电源，例如，连接到相应的功率模块405a-405d的太阳能板101a-101d。串联系列423通过线412和410被输入到常规逆变器104。逆变器104的输出连接到电网并将电功率提供到电网。在逆变器104的输入处连接的是信号发送机构420，该信号发送机构420在逆变器104向电网转换功率时通过线412和410将信号添加到串联系列423。
现在还参考图4B，其更详细地示出了信号发送机构420。信号发送机构420包括中继428，该中继428一般是打开的且被微控制器422控制。中继428以给定的速率例如100Hz被转换，且信号经由中继428的作用通过线410和412被添加到串联系列423上。微控制器422通常在分布式电力系统40的正常操作期间提供例如100Hz信号的控制。微控制器422通常连接到一个或多个传感器，以便监控逆变器104的操作。在图4B的例子中，微控制器422监控到逆变器104的输入DC电压的过电压。图4B中示出的例子包括连接到模数转换器(A/D)430的输入DC电压分接头432，模数转换器(A/D)430的输出被提供到微控制器422。分接头432可以是例如霍尔效应传感器、串联连接的电阻器等，该电阻器两端的电压降被测量。在一个实施方式中，由微控制器422测量的过电压条件导致微控制器422停止通过中继428进行信号发送和/或打开与到逆变器104的输入DC电压串联连接的一个或多个保护中继424、426。注意，一个开关424或426可足以用于执行所需的活动，且为了说明一些调节体可能需要双重保护的目的，只示出串联的两个开关。功率管理块434分接(tap)用于为微控制器422和块420中的任何其他有源电子部件(未示出)供电的电压。
现参考图4A，其更详细地示出了功率模块405的某些方面。与功率模块405集成的是检测器/接收器207，检测器/接收器207配置为接收、可选地放大和检测由信号机构420产生的在100Hz处的信号。控制器306优选地轮询信号输入209或使用信号输入209作为中断，使得仅当检测器/接收器207检测到100Hz信号时模块405以正常操作模式操作。功率模块405被示为包括旁通二极管414。可选地，功率模块405可包括带有基于输出功率的控制环的常规DC/DC开关转换器。功率模块405包括由控制器306控制的至少一个开关416，控制器306的功能是当指示逆变器104不向电网转移功率的信号输入209不存在时，停止从模块405的输入到405的输出的功率的正常操作。
现参考图5，其示出了依照本发明的一方面的系统40的安全操作的简化方法。在步骤501中，有源控制电路例如微控制器306开启。模块205、405开始以安全模式操作(步骤53)。在安全模式中，来自模块405的输出电流和/或电压被限制，例如输出电压被限制到2伏且输出电流被限制到10毫安，使得人可触摸串联系列203、423的线而没有触电的任何危险。
控制器306维持安全模式操作(步骤53)，直到通信信号例如100Hz通信信号由接收器/检测器207从逆变器204或信号发送块420被接收到(判决框505)。当指示逆变器104或204被连接并转换功率的通信信号被接收(判决块505)时，安全操作模式(步骤53)结束。当通信信号被接收(判决块505)时，模块405优选地进入正常操作模式(步骤57)，通常以最大功率点跟踪。只要通信信号例如100Hz的通信信号从逆变器204或信号机构420被接收到，就维持转移功率的正常操作，且没有其他警告条件存在。如果通信信号未被检测到，或另一警告条件存在，则正常模式(步骤57)通常结束，且模块405的功率转换通常关闭。如果在判决框509中，通信信号未检测到，或另一个警告条件存在，则正常模式(步骤57)通常结束且模块405的功率转换通常关闭。
现参考图5A，其示出了依照本发明的实施方式的用于模块405的醒来和关闭的方法50。方法50可应用于系统20和40。在步骤501，有源控制电路例如微控制器306开启。有源控制电路通常在有足够的光时的清晨开启(步骤501)，以一般使用达到三伏的DC电压源101的电压为用有源控制电路供电。在判决块503，当来自DC电压源101的电压输出或功率输出足够高并稳定(例如，输入到模块405的电压在30秒的时期内为十伏)时，则模块205、405开始以安全模式操作(步骤53)。在安全模式，来自模块405的输出电流和/或电压被限制，例如输出电压被限制到2伏且输出电流被限制到10毫安，使得人员可触摸串联系列203、423的线而没有触电的任何危险。还注意，在这种情况下即使25个模块串联连接，系列的最大输出电压不超过50伏—这意味着系列电压仍是安全的。回来参考图3，安全模式可由模块405中的控制器306通过开启FET 330并关闭FET 328、348和350来实现。输出线412被保持接近于零伏。可选地，控制器306可使在低的占空比的开关(例如降压转换器的开关324和326)交替，以便保持低输出电压。
现参考图5A，控制器306保持安全模式操作(步骤53)，直到通信信号例如100Hz通信信号由接收器/检测器207从逆变器204或信号发送块420接收到。当指示逆变器104或204被连接并转换功率的通信信号被接收到(判决块505)时，安全操作模式(步骤53)结束。当通信信号被接收到(判决块505)时，模块405优选地进入电压控制模式(步骤55)，且线412、410之间的电压输出缓慢斜升。电压继续斜升，通常高达+60伏，直到模块205、405检测到电流被汲取(步骤507)。当足够的电流被汲取(步骤507)时，模块205、405开始正常操作(步骤57)，例如对于模块205，正常模式是通过在其输入处维持最大功率来将DC功率从其输入转换到其输出的最大功率点(MPP)跟踪模式。只要通信信号例如100Hz信号从逆变器204或信号机构420被接收到，就维持转移功率的正常操作，且没有其他的警告条件存在。如果通信信号未被检测到，或其他的警告条件存在，则正常模式(步骤57)通常结束，且模块405的功率转换通常关闭。判决框509中的示例性的警告条件使得模块205、405结束正常模式(步骤57)并停止将功率转移到其输出，该示例性的警告条件包括：(i)输入电压小于预定值，例如，在5秒内大约10伏，(ii)输出电压的快速变化，例如在100毫秒内大于20％，(iii)请求停止产生功率的信号的接收，(iv)不接收产生功率的信号(在当重新出现转换器起作用所需要的“允许产生”信号的情况下)，或者(v)输出超过例如当系列203中的多个模块205正转移功率(步骤57)且系列203的模块205中的一个关闭时产生的电压阈值，然后系列203的其他模块205具有输出电压的上升。
现参考图6，其示出了由逆变器204或连接到逆变器104的输入的信号发送块420执行的方法60。在步骤601中，逆变器104关闭或逆变器204处于备用，且不将功率转换到其输出。在判决框603，用于开启逆变器104、204的启动条件被确定。通常，作为安全需要，逆变器104延迟操作(将功率转换到其输出)，直到在运行中的AC网连接在其输出的至少5分钟之后。这个安全需要可使用微控制器422和信号发送块420中的中继424和426中的至少一个中继实现。在逆变器204中，在逆变器204的输入处需要最小电压(例如，如果每个模块的安全输出电压是2伏，且所允许的最小长度的系列包含5个模块，逆变器将等待，直到在其DC输入处存在至少10伏)且仅在其后逆变器204开始为其输入一般充电到400伏的特定标准输入。
在步骤605，例如当至少50瓦负载连接到逆变器204的输出时，来自信号发送机构420或来自逆变器204的通信信号例如100Hz通信信号添加在串联系列203、423上。在判决框607中，当达到指定的输入电压，例如对于逆变器204达到400伏时，逆变器204开启或逆变器104通过机构420连接到串联系列423。在判决框609，如果在达到逆变器204、404的最小指定输入电压之前出现超时，那么逆变器返回到关闭或备用状态(步骤601)。否则逆变器204、404在步骤611被连接或开启。除非警告条件(判决框613)出现，否则逆变器204、404保持开启和连接。可能的警告条件包括：(i)与电网断开连接，(ii)电网停止产生功率(孤立)，(iii)小于在最后一分钟内转移的50瓦，(iv)到逆变器204、404的输入电压超过最大限制，以及(v)输入功率超过最大限制。如果警告条件出现(判决框613)，通信信号对于逆变器404关闭(步骤615)或者逆变器204关闭或被置于备用状态。
关于特定的例子描述了本发明，这些例子在各个方面被规定为说明性的而不是限制性的。本领域技术人员将认识到，硬件、软件和固件的很多组合适合于实践本发明。另外，考虑到本文所公开的本发明的说明书和实践，本发明的其他实施方式对于本领域技术人员来说是明显的。所描述的实施方式的各个方面和/或组成部分在服务器领域中可单独或以任何组合被使用。意图是本说明书和例子被考虑为仅仅是示例性的，本发明的真实范围和精神由以下的权利要求指示。

Claims (12)

1.一种功率转换电路，其包括：
输入和输出；
直流/直流开关转换器，其用于将来自连接至所述输入的电源的输入功率转换成所述输出上的输出功率；
控制器，其包括：
最大功率点跟踪电路，其被配置为执行所述输入功率的峰值功率跟踪；以及脉冲宽度调制器，其用于通过以从所述电源提取最大功率这样的方式控制所述直流/直流开关转换器；以及
检测器/接收器，其被配置为：
接收和检测添加在所述输出上的信号；
其中所述控制器被配置为：
从所述检测器/接收器接收信号输入，所述信号输入指示所述检测器/接收器检测到添加在所述输出上的所述信号；
只要所述检测器/接收器接收添加在所述输出上的所述信号，就以正常操作模式操作所述直流/直流开关转换器，其中所述正常操作模式不同于所述直流/直流开关转换器的安全操作模式；并且
其中添加在所述输出上的所述信号包括来自电网或逆变器的开关频率泄漏的频率波动。
2.如权利要求1所述的功率转换电路，其中所述控制器被配置为：
以所述安全操作模式操作所述直流/直流开关转换器，以限制所述输出上的电流和/或电压。
3.如权利要求1所述的功率转换电路，其中所述控制器配置为利用所述输入功率的最大功率点跟踪以所述正常操作模式操作所述直流/直流开关转换器。
4.如权利要求1所述的功率转换电路，其中来自所述电网的所述频率波动为100Hz。
5.如权利要求1所述的功率转换电路，其中所述功率转换电路被配置为：
如果警告条件出现，结束所述正常操作模式，
其中所述警告条件包括：(i)所述输入上的输入电压小于预定值；(ii)所述输出上的输出电压快速变化；(iii)接收到请求停止产生功率的信号；(iv)没有接收到产生功率的信号；或者(v)所述输出上的输出电压超过电压阈值。
6.如权利要求1所述的功率转换电路，其进一步包括逆变器，所述逆变器被配置为将所述输出上的输出功率转换成供给到电网的交流功率。
7.如权利要求6所述的功率转换电路，其中所述逆变器通过转换功率和经由所述逆变器的电容器不完全阻挡来自所述电网的交流电而产生添加在所述输出上的所述信号。
8.如权利要求6所述的功率转换电路，其中所述逆变器被配置为：
如果出现警告条件，关闭所述逆变器或者将所述逆变器置于备用状态，
其中所述警告条件包括所述逆变器与所述电网断开连接；所述电网停止产生功率；到所述逆变器的输入电压超过最大电压限制；或者到所述逆变器的输入功率超过最大限制。
9.一种操作直流/直流开关转换器的方法，所述直流/直流开关转换器经由逆变器耦合到电网，以将来自连接至所述直流/直流开关转换器的输入的电源的输入功率转换成所述直流/直流开关转换器的输出上的输出功率，所述方法包括：
以安全操作模式操作所述直流/直流开关转换器，以限制所述直流/直流开关转换器的输出上的电流和/或电压；
在所述直流/直流开关转换器的输出上接收并检测添加在所述直流/直流开关转换器的所述输出上的信号；以及
只要检测到添加在所述直流/直流开关转换器的所述输出上的所述信号，就利用所述输入功率的最大功率点跟踪以正常操作模式操作所述直流/直流开关转换器；
其中添加在所述直流/直流开关转换器的所述输出上的所述信号包括来自所述电网或所述逆变器的开关频率泄漏的频率波动。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法，其包括只要检测到添加在所述直流/直流开关转换器的所述输出上的所述信号，保持所述正常操作模式。
11.如权利要求9所述的方法，还包括：
利用所述逆变器将所述直流/直流开关转换器的所述输出上的输出功率转换成供给到电网的交流功率；以及
使用所述逆变器，以通过转换功率和经由所述逆变器的电容器不完全阻挡来自所述电网的交流电产生添加在所述直流/直流开关转换器的所述输出上的所述信号。
12.如权利要求9所述的方法，还包括：
如果警告条件出现，关闭所述逆变器或者将所述逆变器置于备用状态，
其中所述警告条件包括所述逆变器与所述电网断开连接；所述电网停止产生功率；到所述逆变器的输入电压超过最大电压限制；或者到所述逆变器的输入功率超过最大限制。
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