TW201034354A - Energy conversion systems with power control - Google Patents

Abstract

In one embodiment, a power conversion system may include a controller to cause a power stage to control power to or from an energy storage device. In another embodiment, a power conversion system may include a push-pull stage and an energy storage device following the push-pull stage. In another embodiment, an integrated circuit may include power control circuitry to provide power control to a power converter, and a power switch coupled to the power control circuitry to operate the power converter. In another embodiment, a power conversion system may include two or more power converters having power control.

Description

201034354 VI. Description of the invention: [Invention of the invention] Technical field of the invention The present application is a continuation patent application of the US Patent Application Serial No. 12/340,715 filed on December 20, 2008, The case is incorporated herein by reference. The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61/149,305, filed on Feb. 2, 2009, which is incorporated herein by reference. ❹ The present invention relates to an energy conversion system with power control. [Previous name is good; 3. Background of the invention. Power converters are used to convert power from one form to another', e.g., convert DC () C) power into alternating current (AC) power. An important application of power converters is the transfer of electricity from energy sources, such as solar panels, batteries, fuel cells, etc., to power distribution systems, such as local or regional power grids. % Most grids operate with a line (power) frequency of 50 or 60 cycles per second (Hz or Hz). The power in an AC grid flows in a pulsating manner at twice the line frequency, i.e., the power spike occurs at 100 Hz or 120 Hz. Conversely, many energy sources provide DC power in a smooth manner. Accordingly, a power conversion system for transferring power from a DC source to an AC grid typically includes some form of energy storage to balance the smooth input power with the pulsating output power. This can be better understood with reference to Figure 1, which depicts a mismatch between a DC power supply and a 60 Hz AC load. The maximum amount of power available from the DC source 3 201034354 is shown as a constant value. Conversely, the amount of power that must be transferred to the AC load is from zero to a maximum, and falls back to a minimum every 8.33 milliseconds (ms). At time T1, the power available from the DC source exceeds the instantaneous power required by the AC load. However, at time T2, the maximum power available from the DC source is less than the load required. Therefore, in order to efficiently transfer power from energy to load, the power conversion system must store excess energy from the power source (shown as shaded area S) at time T1 and release the stored energy to the load at time T2 ( Painted as shaded area D). Energy storage devices for power converters are often expensive, bulky, unreliable, and inefficient. These factors have become a barrier to large-scale adoption of alternative sources of energy in the form of DC power, such as solar and fuel cells. They also become barriers to the large-scale use of backup power systems in computers, homes, schools, and businesses. Cost and reliability factors are especially important for solar systems. It has been common for solar panel manufacturers to improve the reliability of their products to a 20-year warranty. However, power converter manufacturers have not yet reached a position to provide a warranty comparable to solar panels. C SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a system is specifically provided comprising: a converter for transferring power from a power source to a load, the converter having a power stage and an energy storage device; and a controller Having the power level control the power to or from the energy storage device. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 illustrates the mismatch between a DC power supply and a 60 Hz 201034354 AC load in a power converter. Figure 2 illustrates a conventional system for converting DC power from a photovoltaic (PV) panel to AC power. Figure 3 illustrates the power loss in a PV panel as opposed to the chopping voltage. Figure 4 shows the cost of a capacitor versus capacitor. Figure 5 illustrates the operation of a PV power conversion system. Figure 6 illustrates the operation of a power conversion system having constant power control in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 7 illustrates an embodiment of a power conversion system having constant power control in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 8 illustrates another embodiment of a power conversion system in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 9 illustrates yet another embodiment of a power conversion system having constant power control in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 10 illustrates an embodiment of a controller for implementing constant power control in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 11 illustrates an embodiment of a power conversion system in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 12 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a primary power path suitable for implementing the inverter system of Figure 11 in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figures 13-16 illustrate embodiments of a PV panel in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 17 illustrates the instantaneous demand for voltage from a bridge-type DC/AC converter compared to the voltage available from a DC-chain capacitor 5 201034354 maintained at a fixed voltage. Figure 18 illustrates certain inventive principles disclosed in accordance with the present patent, as compared to a voltage available from a DC link capacitor having a large AC voltage swing due to a constant power control feature, from a bridge type DC/AC The instantaneous demand for the voltage of the converter. Figure 19 illustrates an embodiment of a power conversion system with harmonic distortion mitigation in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 20 illustrates an embodiment of a distortion mitigation system in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 21 illustrates another embodiment of a distortion mitigation system showing certain example implementation details in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 22 illustrates yet another embodiment of a controller having harmonic distortion mitigation in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 23 illustrates an embodiment with gate current control in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 24 illustrates an embodiment of a controller in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 25 illustrates an embodiment of a controller with predistortion in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figures 26-29 illustrate embodiments of pre-distorted components in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 30 illustrates an embodiment of impedance transformation in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. 201034354 Figure 31 illustrates the operation of a power conversion system without impedance transformation. Figure 32 shows the voltage-current curve and the power curve of a typical PV panel. Figure 33 shows the VI and power curve of a power supply with more than one local maximum power point. Figure 34 illustrates an embodiment of a power conversion system having constant power control and an input swing feature in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 35 illustrates an embodiment of constant power control de-energization in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 36 shows how Figures 20 and 21 can operate under certain conditions. Figure 37 illustrates an embodiment of a plurality of power systems in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 38 illustrates an embodiment of a power conversion system in which a plurality of DC/DC converters include a constant power control function in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figures 39-42 illustrate embodiments of a power conversion system having a plurality of power controlled converters and a central converter in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figures 43-51 illustrate embodiments with distortion mitigation in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 52 illustrates an embodiment of a power conversion system with EMI mitigation in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 53 illustrates another embodiment of a power 7 201034354 conversion system in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. I: Embodiment 3 Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment FIG. 2 illustrates a conventional system for converting DC power from a photovoltaic (PV) panel to AC power. The PV panel 10 produces a DC output current IPV' at a typical voltage vPV of about 2 volts but panels with other output voltages can also be used. A DC/DC converter 12 boosts 乂 to a chain voltage VDC of a few hundred volts. A DC/AC converter 14 converts the DC link voltage to an AC output voltage VGR1D. In this example, the output is assumed It is 6〇^12 12〇\^匸 to assist in the connection to a local power grid, but other voltages and frequencies can also be used. The system of Figure 2 also includes a DC link capacitor Cdc and a decoupling capacitor core. One or both of the capacitors can perform an energy storage function to balance the nominally smooth power flow from the PV panel with the fluctuating power demand of the grid. The power pulse within the system originates from the inverter 14, which The flow device 14 must transfer power to the DC/AC of the grid with a 120 Hz pulse. When there is no substantial energy storage device, these current pulses are all transferred back to the pV board, where they will appear as panels on the PV panel. Fluctuation (or "chopping") of voltage Vpv and/or current Ipv. Therefore, the DC link capacitor Cdc, or less frequently, the decoupling capacitor C! is used to store sufficient energy on a cycle-by-cycle basis to reduce the chopping of the pv board to an acceptable level. However, in conventional systems, energy storage capacitors are often problematic components for a number of reasons. Capacitors that provide sufficient energy storage must generally be electrolytic, since other large capacitors are typically too expensive for 201034354. This is better understood in the example system that was designed to convert the Buwatt input power from the -pv board to the 6-selling 12-selling model. It is required to balance the energy storage based on the cycle-by-cycle power as follows: ^ = ^ (Equation 1)

P is the power in watts (W), the angular frequency of the C0*AC sine wave, which has a unit sec 1, and the energy storage ΔΕ has unit joules (J^ when 6 Hz, ω = 120π, and therefore: AC 210 φ ϋ π) Κ〇 3] (Equation 2) The total amount of energy stored in a capacitor is as follows: △ Ε - - vmin] (Equation 3) C is a capacitance in units of Faraday. Assuming that the energy storage function is performed in the DC link capacitor cDc and the DC link voltage is allowed to have a 5 volt peak-to-peak swing on a 495 volt DC level top, solving this capacitance provides the following result: c = "(° -fer12_ (Equation 4) A 120 microfarad capacitor at a sufficiently high voltage rating typically has an electrolytic capacitor because a ceramic capacitor of this size is typically too expensive. Decoupling capacitors for energy storage are used. 〇 Typically even worse. Because 9 201034354 multiplies the voltage from the input voltage VPV to the chain voltage vDC to about 25 to 1, a 5 volt peak-to-peak chopping on the DC chain is equivalent to a 〇 2 on the decoupling capacitor. Volt-wave. Solve the capacitance here: π- 2(0.3) „ p (Equation 5) A 75mF (75,000 microfarad) capacitor almost certainly needs to be electrolyzed. However, electrolytic capacitors have a limited lifetime and often Has a high failure rate. As another new difficulty, the capacitance of an electrolytic capacitor steadily reduces its lifetime as the electrolyte disappears and/or degrades, thus reducing its effectiveness and changing the entire In addition, electrolytic capacitors tend to be bulky and cumbersome and have a large equivalent series resistance (Esr). It is understood from the above equation that it is performed on a DC link capacitor instead of a decoupling capacitor. The energy storage function is advantageous because it typically reduces the size of the capacitor required. In general, the energy stored in the -small capacitor is stored in a higher voltage than on the larger capacitor. Energy is more economical. However, 'even in the conventional system of storing energy in the DC chain field, the capacitor is also an unreliable component that is expensive, bulky, and often forms the weakest link in the power conversion system.曰 Teaching— Capacitors for energy storage present some difficult design tradeoffs. For example, even with a large electrical device, the quantitative chopping is still in the PV current and/or voltage. As shown in Figure 3, even A small amount of chopping also results in a significant loss of system efficiency. The continuous wave can be reduced by using a larger capacitor, but as shown in Figure 4, the size of the capacitor-capacitor is significantly increased. Its cost. 9 σ 201034354 Power Control Some of the inventive principles disclosed in this patent relate to a dynamic power control technique that can fundamentally change the interface between a force converter and a power source. These principles are related to maintaining power converters. Look into the - the escaping 疒 - test Figure 5, - PV panel can be modeled into a voltage source Vpv and a string: electricity ^ RPV. The system includes - controlled (four) resistance Rl ' made by the power converter The impedance zIN seen is kept constant regardless of the current h transferred from the PV panel to the power converter 。. In a demonstration implementation, the variable resistor 1 can be made by making the input voltage V1 and the reference shown in FIG. The difference between the voltages Vref is determined. • Some of the inventive principles include the relationship between impedance control and energy storage functions in power converters. For example, in the embodiment of Figure 7, the impedance ZlN seen by a first power converter stage 18 is maintained at a controlled value. - or more than one energy storage device 20 balances the instantaneous input power from the power source 16 with the instantaneous output power that can flow through - or more than the subsequent power levels. Power • 16 can include a PV panel, fuel cell, battery, wind turbine, and more. The first stage 18 may include - or more than one DC/DC converter, dc/ac converter, integral (10), and the like. This amount of storage device may include _ or more capacitors, inductors, and the like. Subsequent stages may include - or more than one DC/Dc converter, DC/AC converter, rectifier, and the like. In an exemplary embodiment, power source 16 includes a pv board, the first stage includes a DC/DC converter, and the energy storage device includes a one-button capacitor. From the first-to-electric power conversion, the impedance of the person & is maintained at a constant value' while the power of the chain capacitor is allowed to fluctuate in response to a subsequent level of pulsation 11 201034354 power demand. Because the input impedance control isolates the PV panel from the chain capacitor, the voltage swing on the chain capacitor can be much larger than in a system without impedance control. This allows the size of the chain capacitor to be reduced because the energy stored in a capacitor is directly related to the voltage swing across the capacitor. It is also possible to eliminate the decoupling capacitor at the output or to reduce the size of the decoupling capacitor. Figure 8 illustrates another embodiment of a power conversion system in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. The system of Figure 8 receives power from a photovoltaic cell 22 in a PV panel. The system includes a DC/DC converter 24, a chain capacitor _CDC, a DC/AC converter 26, and a controller 28. The DC/DC converter may include one or more stages, such as a buck converter, a boost converter, a push-pull stage, a rectifier, etc., arranged as a pre-regulator, a main stage, and the like. For purposes of illustration, the DC/DC converter in this example is assumed to have - a pre-regulator stage 24a followed by a main stage 24b, but the inventive principles are not limited to this arrangement. The DC/AC converter 26 can include any suitable inverter topology, such as a truss bridge, a resonant converter, and the like. Voltage and current sensors 30 and 32 provide controller 28 with signals indicative of pv board output voltage Vpv and current stream Ipv, respectively. The controller outputs a drive signal D1 to control the pre-regulator. The controller 28 implements a constant power control loop by controlling the PV panel output voltage Vpv or current Ipv to control the pre-regulator stage 24a' within the dc/dc converter in a manner that eliminates or reduces the substantially constant value of the input chopping. Road (illustrated by the arrow 34 concept). This causes the pv board to experience a substantially constant load, which in turn produces a parasitic power transfer. In essence, the constant power control loop isolates the PV panel from the stage after any pre-regulator 24a, so the (etc.) energy storage 12 201034354 storage f can be arranged at any point downstream of the constant power control loop. . The sample pad 'key capacitance 11' in Fig. 8 is used for energy storage to provide a cycle-by-cycle power balance at the AC output frequency. However, in other embodiments, the energy storage may be located between the pre-regulator and the main stage, or in any other additional stage downstream of the constant power control loop. Because the constant power control loop isolates the power supply from the downstream energy storage device, the energy storage devices can be allowed to operate at a wider pitch than other acceptable fluctuations. For example, a capacitor can operate with large voltage fluctuations, and the inductor can operate with large current fluctuations. This in turn may store the device. "b® According to some inventive principles disclosed in this patent, constant power control is different from, but can be used with, maximum force point tracking (MPPT). Despite the fact that Cong Dingke is able to maximize the power available from the power supply under certain operating conditions, constant power control allows the system to maintain fluctuations in an operating point and a load. For example, in some embodiments, the Μρρτ technique can be used to find the operating point of the system, while constant power is used to preserve it, as described in more detail with reference to Figure 22. Adjusting a constant DC input voltage or current provides several advantages. First, reduce the input _ medium _ wave improvement - the efficiency of some DC power sources such as suffering from losses. Secondly, the mass storage of the transfer capacitor "~ the requirements of the electrolyzer, input electric: expensive, bulky and unreliable components. The 'higher voltage form' that can be stored on the DC link capacitor makes the 'DC quantity capacitor less expensive, more reliable, has a longer life and can occupy a smaller space. In addition, the DC link capacitor itself can also be reduced. In the exemplary embodiment described above with reference to FIG. 8, the controller has a sense input (VPV or IPV) and a control output (D1) that controls the pre-regulator in the DC/DC converter ^ie, constant power The control loop is implemented by controlling a first stage in the power path in response to a parameter sensed at the total input of the power conversion system. Certain additional inventive principles (1) disclosed in this patent control one or more power levels other than the first stage, and/or (2) by responding to a parameter sensed anywhere in the system One or more parameters sensed in response to any other than the total input in the system control any or any majority to enable constant power control to be implemented.

For example, in accordance with certain such additional inventive principles, the embodiment of FIG. 8 can be modified to cause controller 28 to control pre-regulator 24a in response to a parameter sensed at the output of DC/AC converter 26. A constant power control loop is implemented. As another example, the system of Figure 8 can be modified such that controller 28 implements a constant power control loop by controlling DC/AC converter 26 in response to input voltage VPV. Figure 9 illustrates another embodiment of a power conversion system having constant power control in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. A power path 3 6 includes N power levels 38, of which N21. The power path receives power from the power source 4〇 and outputs power to the load 42. A controller 44 receives/or more than one sensed signal S丨, S2, _.. SL from the power path, and outputs -" or more than one drive signal 0丨, 〇2, ._. }^. Power stage 38 may include one or more DC/DC converters, DC/AC converters, rectifiers, energy 14 201034354 storage devices, etc. for conversion to a form that is delivered to load 42 when provided from power source 40. This power is processed at the time. The one or more sensed signals S!, S2, ... SL may be obtained from inputs/outputs of any of the power levels, points from the power levels, and/or points between the main power levels . The one or more drive signals Di, D2, ... DM can be arranged to control one, any or all of these power levels or portions of such power levels. A drive signal can be arranged to consistently control more than one drive stage, or portions of one or more drive stages. Controller 44 implements a constant power control using at least one sense signal from a point other than the total input to the power path, and/or at least one drive signal that drives at least one power stage other than the first stage. In some examples, providing constant power control can include maintaining a parameter at a constant value, e.g., maintaining a total input voltage to the power conversion system at a constant value. In other examples, constant power control can include, for example, controlling the one parameter to have a dynamic characteristic by swinging the AC voltage over a chain capacitor to have a sinusoidal waveform. In some embodiments, certain stages may be unloaded, e.g., runaway, open loop, fixed pulse width PWM, etc., while in other embodiments, some form of closed loop control may be applied to each stage. In some embodiments, constant power control can include adjusting one or more sensed parameter values, e.g., adjusting an input voltage value sensed at a system input. In some embodiments, the controller may use one or more additional sensing parameters alone or in combination with other sensing parameters as a feedback signal. In other embodiments, one or more additional sensing parameters may be used alone or in combination with other sensing parameters as a feedforward signal. 15 201034354 The power levels in the power path of Figure 9 are generally depicted as a column 'but the stages do not require a series connection. Some stages may be arranged in parallel, series-parallel or any other suitable combination in accordance with the inventive principles, however at least one first stage is coupled to the total input of the power path. In addition, the input is not directly adjusted so that there is no chopping, and the chopping of an energy storage device elsewhere in the system can be controlled to produce the same effect at the input. Figure 10 illustrates an embodiment of a controller for implementing constant power control in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. The controller receives one or more sensed numbers 8!, S2 from one or more sensing circuits that may be simple ohmic connections, current shunts, Hall effect sensors, bridge circuits, transformers, and the like. ...SL. One or more amplification/sampling circuits 46 may be used to adjust the 'sense sensing' before the sensing signal is applied to one or more control blocks 48. Each of the control blocks 48 implements a function Ηι(4), h2(4)...Hl(s ). The outputs from the control blocks are applied to a control algorithm segment 5, which implements one or more control algorithms to produce an output binary action. No. h, D2...DM. The one or more control blocks 48 and/or control references, the deciding segments 50 may be hardware, software, firmware, etc., or any combination thereof = implementation. The hardware can be analogized by an analog circuit, a digital circuit, or any combination thereof. Figure 11 illustrates an embodiment of an electric power system in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. The embodiment in which the DC power is applied to the terminals 292 and 294 in FIG. 11 is illustrated in the background of a solar panel 290 which may be combined with other DC power sources such as fuel cells, batteries, capacitors 16, 201034354, and the like. Be exploited. In this example, the main power path extends through a plurality of components that form a DC-DC converter 306. The DC DC converter converts DC power from a relatively low voltage and high current characterized by a pv board having a crystalline battery and some of its #DC power supplies to a suitable distribution for being easily distributed through a grid or the like to a local The relatively high voltage and low current of the user and/or AC power sent to the remote user. In other embodiments, for example, in a thin film PV cell based system, DC power can be generated at a higher voltage, thereby eliminating or reducing the need for equivalent use of boost, preconditioning, and the like. In this embodiment, the DC-DC converter is shown in two stages: a boost pre-regulator and a push-pull main stage. However, in other embodiments, the DC_DC converter can be implemented in any suitable single or multi-level arrangement. Referring to Fig. 11, a zero-chopper input filter 296, such as a passive filter, can be utilized to reduce high frequency (HF) chopping for improved efficiency. Depending on the implementation of the 'zero chopping filter' advantage may not be worth the additional cost. The pre-regulator 298 allows the system to operate from a wide range of input voltages to accommodate PV panels from different manufacturers. The pre-regulator can also assist a pre-control loop to reduce input chopping, as described below. The pre-regulator can be implemented, for example, as a high frequency (HF) boost stage with efficient soft switching and small size. In this example, the pre-regulator provides an initial boost of appropriate size to feed the next stage. However, other pre-regulator stages, such as buck converters, buck-boost converters, push-pull converters, etc., can be used as a pre-regulator stage. Push-pull stage 300 provides a substantial boost with a transformer 3〇2 and rectifier 304. The use of a push-pull stage assists in the implementation of a system having a single integrated circuit 17 201034354, since the drivers of the two power switches can reference the same common voltage. The output from rectifier stage 304 is applied to a DC link capacitor CDC that provides a high voltage Dc bus to feed DC-AC converter stage 312. The inverter stage 312 includes a high voltage output bridge 308. In this embodiment, the high voltage output bridge 308 is implemented as a simple bridge to provide single phase AC power, but a multiphase embodiment can also be implemented. A passive output filter 31 smoothes the waveform of the AC output before the output is applied to a load or grid at the neutral and on-line output terminals L and 。. A first (input) PWM controller 314 The pre-regulator 296 is responsive to the various sense inputs. In the embodiment of FIG. 11, the voltage sensors 316 and 320 and the current sensor 318 provide the total input voltage and current and output of the pre-regulator, respectively. Measurement of voltage. However, the pWM controller can respond to fewer or more sensing input operations. For example, any such sensing input can be ignored and/or other sensing inputs can be included, For example, the voltage on the Dc chain capacitor Cdc, or the current measured at any other point along the power path. The power is preferably obtained from a DC power supply at a constant speed as described above, although the instantaneous AC power output is at zero and some - maximum The value is twentieth ac line frequency 纟 φ. In order to prevent these AC power fluctuations from being reflected back to the DC power source, an energy storage

The storage capacitor is used to store energy during the valleys of the AC line cycle, and the embedding amount during the AC line cycle. This is implemented by the use of a large electrolytic capacitor that is held with a relatively constant value of a small amount of chopping. In some embodiments, the first PWM controller 314 implements the above-described internal constant power control loop (illustrated conceptually by arrow 18 201034354 315) by controlling the pre-regulator 296 to maintain input terminals 292 and 294. - constant voltage. If the power available from the PV panel is constant, maintaining a constant plate voltage also results in a constant output current from the board. Alternatively, the controller can adjust the current instead of the voltage. The constant power control loop prevents 〇 (: the continuous wave on the chain capacitor is reflected back to the input. Therefore, the voltage fluctuations on the DC bond capacitor can be increased, and the size of the capacitor can be reduced, thereby enabling a more reliable, Capacitors that are smaller, less expensive, etc. A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) circuit 344 forms an external control loop to maintain the average input voltage and current sensed by voltage and current sensors 316 and 318, respectively, to The output power available from the DC power supply is maximized at the optimum point, which is a PV panel in this example. A second (push-pull) PWM controller 324 controls the push-pull stage, in this embodiment The 'push-pull stage operates at a fixed duty cycle. A sum node 329 compares the DC link voltage from the sensor 326 with a chain reference voltage UNK REF ' and applies the output to a chain voltage control circuit 322. Optionally, the output of the sum node 329 can be applied to the third (output) pWM controller 330 to enable the output segment to control the chain voltage. The DC bond voltage control 322 can operate in different modes. In one mode, it can only Allowed to come The output of sum node 329 is applied to the pWM circuit whereby the DC link voltage is adjusted to a constant value. However, if used with the input chopping reduction loop described above, DC link voltage controller 322 can filter out AC涟The wave causes the third PWM loop to only adjust the long-term DC value (eg, RMS value) of the DC link voltage. That is, the Ac chopper on the DC link capacitor depends on a dc base that is slipped or slipped in response to the DC link voltage controller. Potential 19 201034354 This may, for example, be used to control distortion in the AC output power as described below. A third (output) PWM controller 330 controls the four switches ' in the bridge 308 to provide a sinusoidal AC output wave. A non-DQ, non-CORDIC (coordinated rotary digital computer) polar form of digital phase locked loop (DPLL) 332 helps synchronize the output PWM with the AC power line. The total AC output is monitored and controlled by a grid current control loop 336. The grid current control loop 336 adjusts the second PWM controller 330 in response to an output from the MPPT circuit, the DC link voltage controller, the DPLL, and the output voltage/or current. A harmonic distortion mitigation circuit 338 is further responsive to voltage and power, respectively. The output voltages and current waveforms sensed by sensors 340 and 342 are adjusted by a summing circuit 334 to cancel or reduce distortion. An output from the harmonic distortion mitigation circuit can be additionally applied to the grid current control. Loop 336. An output signal from harmonic distortion mitigation circuit 338 can also be applied to the DC link voltage controller for optimizing the DC link voltage. In general, minimizing the DC link voltage to increase overall efficiency It is optimal. However, if the valley of the voltage offset on the DC link capacitor drops too low, it can cause eight (: excessive distortion of the output. Therefore, the 'DC chain voltage controller can make the DC base potential of the dc bond capacitors slide up or down' to maintain the bottom of the AC valley at the lowest possible point while still maintaining distortion to the one indicated by the harmonic distortion mitigation circuit. Accept the level. In some alternative embodiments, the DC link voltage controller 322 can provide a feedback signal that is compared to a reference signal and applied to the second PWM controller 324, which in turn can be adjusted to The _staged PWM controls the DC link voltage. 20 201034354 FIG. 12 illustrates a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a main power path suitable for implementing the inverter system of FIG. 11 in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein, and the power from the DC power source 346 is Applied to the system: Capacitor Q can be a large energy storage capacitor, or if a wheeled continuous wave reduction control loop is used, it can be a smaller filter capacitor to prevent HF switching transients from being fed back into the Dc supply. The inductor ^, the transistor ^^ and the diode D1 form a pre-regulated boost converter controlled by the input PWM controller. The output from the boost converter passes through a capacitor C2 that provides HF filtering and/or monthly b-volume storage depending on the implementation. The push-pull stage includes transistors Q2 and Q3 that alternately drive a transformer in response to a push-pull PWM controller. The transformer may be a split core type butt T2 as shown in Fig. 11, a single core type, or any other suitable combination. The transformer has an appropriate turns ratio to produce a high voltage dc bus that passes through the DC link capacitor CDC to fully feed the output bridge. Depending on the implementation, the transformer can also provide electrical isolation between the input and output of the inverter system. The rectifier may include a passive diode D2-D5 as shown in Fig. 12, an active synchronous rectifier, or any other suitable combination. The transistor q4_q7 in the HV output bridge is controlled by the output pWM controller' to produce an AC output that is filtered by the grid filter 348 before it is applied to the load or grid. An advantage of the embodiment of Fig. 12 is that it is easily adapted to be fabricated into an integrated power converter such as a single integrated circuit (1C). Since most power switches are connected to a common power source, the insulation driver is not required for such switches. The combination of a constant power control feature with a push-pull stage and a downstream energy store may be particularly advantageous due to the synergistic interaction of the components. These advantages are also applicable to discrete implementations. In a monolithic implementation of the entire structure, there may be dielectric isolation between the high side switches of the output bridge and their corresponding low side switches. There may also be isolation between different segments of the system. For example, the sensing circuitry located in the segment can transfer the sensing information located in one segment to the processing circuitry in the other segment of the control and/or communication and/or other functions in response to the information received from the first segment. Depending on the specific application and power handling needs, all components including power electronics, passive components, and control circuitry (wisdom) can be fabricated on the 1C wafer. In other embodiments, it may be preferred to have the largest passive components, such as inductors, transformers, and capacitors located off-chip. In other implementations, the system of Figure 12 can be used in a real-time - multi-chip solution. Certain additional inventive principles disclosed in this patent relate to incorporating a constant power 35 function into a power and/or power conversion system. In some embodiments, a constant power control device can be incorporated into a lower level power source, such as a battery (four)) level, a string battery level, and the like. For example, in a Ο-PV panel 350 as shown in Fig. 13, - or more than one constant power control loop 35 〇 can be placed on each of the cells 354 on the board. In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 14, one or more constant power control loops 356 can be routed to board 358 for each string of batteries 360. In yet another embodiment, illustrated in Figure 15, a single constant power control loop 362 can be used in conjunction with all of the batteries on the wheel 364. The single loop 362 can be integral with one of the batteries 366 or separate from any of the batteries. In still another embodiment, shown in Fig. 16, a plurality of constant power controls 22 201034354: loop 368 may be associated with the board 37G in its entirety or separately from the board. In other models, the constant power control concept can be integrated with each battery as the _ or more than one separate component associated with each battery or (d) or completely spliced to the same type for each cell. The integrated solution can include an output from a plurality of power-down control views that can be connected in series with t-parallel, series-parallel combinations.

Some of the additional inventive principles disclosed in this patent relate to controlling the power of the - fluctuation value other than the constant in a power conversion system. For example, in some embodiments, power can be used to make any arbitrary or specific functions of a particular system. In other embodiments, the power can be controlled to be a dynamic value that can be synchronized with fluctuations in power demand, fluctuations in power provided by the right power source, or a combination of the two. Distortion Mitigation Certain additional inventive principles disclosed in this patent relate to techniques for mitigating distortion, such as spectral distortion in a power conversion system. While certain principles regarding distortion mitigation are illustrated in the context of embodiments that also include constant power control, the inventive principles with respect to distortion mitigation can be applied independently of constant power control and other inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 17 shows the voltage transient request from a bridge-type DC/AC converter compared to the voltage available from a DC-chain capacitor maintained at a fixed voltage. If the DC link voltage is maintained above the peak voltage demand from the converter (plus an extra margin), the converter can produce an AC output with little or no harmonic distortion in the output voltage and current waveforms ( HD). Figure 18 shows the voltage transient from a η bridge DC/AC converter. 23 201034354 Seeking and Having a large one due to a constant power control feature described herein

AC voltage swings compared to the available voltage of a DC link capacitor. In general, fluctuations in the DC link voltage can create distortion at the AC output. In addition, at some point in the line cycle, the minimum voltage available from the chain capacitor coincides with the spike in the voltage demand from the converter. At these points, the AC output from the converter and/or the current can be over-distorted due to the lack of sufficient voltage and the residual voltage of the converter. In other words, in some embodiments, including a permanent power feature may result in an output current dependent on the 〇匸 chain capacitor

A certain amount of distortion of the amount of AC ripple. Harmonic distortion is especially tricky for parallel applications or any other rule and/or specification that limits the amount of distortion in the AC output. Figure 19 illustrates some of the inventive principles disclosed in this patent, including: wave distortion mitigation (four) force conversion secret - real _. This embodiment includes a ::: 52 ’ and a power path with a first power stage 54, an energy storage component %, and a power stage 58. - controller 60 uses one or one

The sensing wheel that is obtained at any appropriate point, and the driving device 62 that is available at the appropriate point in the power control system can use one or one system. 1. Distortion mitigation (_) The obtained sensing input, and: Any one or more of the appropriate points (any) at the appropriate point in the system are applied to any harmonic distortion mitigation principle in the system. Numerous different g examples are shown in Figure 11 to implement one or more of some of the launching strategies in accordance with the disclosure of this patent. In one embodiment. As another example, the HDM block 24 201034354 may derive one or more sense inputs from the inputs and outputs of the second power stage 58 and control the first stage 54 in a manner similar to the HDM features shown in the embodiment of FIG. And/or second level 58. The HDM function can be combined with a constant power control function or it can operate independently of constant power control. Figure 20 illustrates an embodiment of a distortion mitigation system in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. The embodiment of Fig. 20 includes a power path having an energy storage element 2〇0, a power stage 2〇2, and a load 204. A controller 206 receives one or more load signals SL that provide information on distortion in the power flow of the load. One or more control signals, for example, one or more modulation signals SM, enable the controller to control the power level in a manner that mitigates distortion. One or more sensing signals SES from the energy storage element provide information that can be used to control one or more parameters of the energy storage element. Although, in Fig. 20, the signal is shown to be attached to and from a particular point, the signals may be sent to or from any other appropriate point. For example, the one or more load signals SL are drawn from the power level to the load 'but they can also be obtained directly from the power level, the load, or any other suitable location. The field controller 206 includes a control function such as a modulator that controls the power stage 2〇2, a synchronization function 212 that synchronizes the modulator with the load, and a distortion mitigation function that mitigates distortion in the power flow to the load. 8. The controller functions can be implemented in hardware, software, materials, or any combination thereof. The hardware can be implemented in analogy with the analog circuit and the digital circuit. The implementation of the functions can be combined in the H-shield, or distributed across all of the devices, and the like. 25 201034354 The energy storage component 200 can include one or more capacitors, inductors, or any other energy storage component. Power stage 202 can include - or more than one DC/DC converter, dc/AC converter, rectifier, and the like. The load can be an AC load, a DC load, or any combination thereof. (4) The function may include any suitable type of modulation function, such as pulse width modulation (pwM), pulse frequency touch (PFM), or any other type of (four) or modulation function. Synchronization function 212 may include a phase locked loop (pLL) function, a delay lock phase (DLL) function, or any other suitable function to synchronize the control of the power level with the load. The distortion mitigation function 2G8 can include distortion mitigation or elimination, or any type of distortion mitigation. Figure 21 illustrates another embodiment of a distortion mitigation system showing certain exemplary implementation details in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. In the embodiment of Fig. 21, the energy storage element includes a capacitor cDC having a fluctuating voltage that can be generated, for example, by a constant power control. Power stage 214 includes a DC/AC converter including a bridge in this example. Load 216 may include any type of AC load, but in this example it is assumed to include a power distribution grid that operates on a conventional sinusoidal AC waveform. A grid filter 218 can be included between the bridge and the grid. In this example, controller 207 receives a chain voltage vDC obtained from capacitor CDC by a voltage sensor or connection 224. A PWM modulation signal ma2 is supplied from the controller 207 to the bridge. The load signal includes a grid current 1 获得 obtained from a current sensor or connection 222, and a grid voltage V obtained from a voltage sensor or connection 220. . The controller of Fig. 21 includes a sinusoidal pwM component 226 to produce a 26 201034354 pulse width modulation signal Ma2 that causes the 11 bridge to produce a sinusoidal AC output. While this embodiment is directed to a sinusoidal waveform, other types of AC waveforms can be used in other embodiments as well. The synchronization function is performed by a digital phase locked loop 228 that generates a phase signal 响应 in response to the grid voltage 〇. The distortion mitigation function is performed by a harmonic distortion canceling HDC element 230 that produces a reduced signal Ma by a response grid current IG' and phase signal 0. The HDC component optionally includes a chain voltage control feature that operates in response to the chain voltage VG. The output from the hDc component and the DPLL is applied to a sinusoidal PWM component 226 that produces a modulated signal Ma2 for control of the bridge. The output from the HDC component and the DPLL can be applied to the sinusoidal PWM component 226 either directly or through other combinations of components. For example, in other embodiments, signal Ma may not be applied directly to sinusoidal PWM element 226, but may be combined with the input of a sinusoidal PWM element in an adder. The selection and arrangement of the functions in controller 207 can be subject to numerous variations in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Some examples are described below by way of example. Figure 22 illustrates another embodiment of a controller having harmonic distortion mitigation in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. In the embodiment of Fig. 22, the HDC element 230 includes a sinusoidal generator 234 that generates a sinusoidal signal sin(e) in response to a phase signal from the DPLL. The sinusoidal signal Sin(e) is coupled to a reference signal IREF by a multiplier 236 to produce a proportional signal IREFsin(0) 'which is compared by an adder (or comparator) 238 to the grid current lG to produce an error. Signal Ierr. The error signal can be subjected to a transfer function H(s)' through function block 240 to produce an error magnitude signal MAG. The embodiment of Fig. 22 implements an indirect method of controlling the grid current and the proportional sinusoidal letter 27 201034354 iREFSin(e). The output Ma2 generated from the sinusoidal pWM 226 has the form Ma2 = MAG, sin(0). In operation, when the control loop attempts to maintain a pure sinusoidal output regardless of the presence of chopping on the chain voltage, the MAG portion can show the distortion as a function of time. The energy of the system to mitigate spectral distortion may depend on the width of the path including comparator 238, function 240, sinusoidal PWM 226 forming a loop with a bridge and a grid de/or (if present). This loop will typically cancel the harmonics at frequencies below the loop bandwidth, such as one order of magnitude lower. Thus, the path including the comparator, H(s), and sinusoidal PWM can form a relatively fast inner loop, while the path including DPLL 228 and sinusoidal generator 234 can form a slower outer loop. The reference signal Iref can be a fixed reference signal. Alternatively, as shown in Fig. 22, IREF may be provided by a dc chain voltage control feature 242 as part of another control loop to control the DC bond voltage. Chain voltage vDC, or an average or RMS version of VDC can be compared to a reference signal Vref to produce

Iref. The DC link voltage control can be implemented as another relatively slow external control loop. Some of the additional inventive principles disclosed in this patent relate to grid current control. The embodiment of Fig. 23 includes a grid current control element 244 responsive to the grid current IG and the phase signal 来自 from the DPLL, and a reference signal iREF for generating the direct signal and the quadrature signal ID and IQ. The direct and quadrature signals are applied to an inverse DQ conversion element 246' which produces a phase signal φ applied to the sinusoidal generator 234 and a magnitude signal MAG applied to the sinusoidal PWM. Outputs MAG and MAG from HDC block 230 and sinusoidal PWM 226, respectively, are combined by an adder 248 to provide a final modulated signal Ma2. 28 201034354 By providing grid current control, the embodiment of Figure 23 can be configured to force the grid voltage VG to be in a closer phase relationship with the grid current IG. For example, the embodiment of Figure 22 above can provide sufficient operation in a system having a pure or mostly resistive grid load. In a system having a grid load with resistive components, the grid current control feature of the embodiment of Figure 23 forces the grid voltage and current to be in phase, thereby providing improved harmonics with a reactive grid. Distortion cancellation. ❹

Although depicted in FIG. 23 with the HDC feature 23A, the grid current control techniques disclosed herein may be implemented separately from this or any other HDC feature in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. The grid current control technique described in the background of Figure 23 can also be combined with various forms of chain voltage control. For example, one or both of the reference signals may be provided by - or more than one chain voltage control element, such as element 242 shown in the figure. Some of the additional principles disclosed in this patent relate to the use of distortion-mitigating predistortion techniques. The second embodiment of the controller 250 has an embodiment such as a modulator 21 〇 & ^ 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或 或— and — in response to one or more load signals SL, the synchronous power stage rim I Λ 252 is supposed to be from the synchronous function 212 of the 1-load. - Pre-distortion element... 16-value storage element's arbitrary-appropriate signal such as a test

The signal SES provides some - ^ J \ 'handle predistortion. The county can really be applied to a true easing. ^ System No. 5, or any other signals or components to provide k--man controller functions can be hardware, software, fines, etc., or ', ' and. Implemented. The hardware can be implemented as an analog circuit, a digital circuit, or any combination thereof, 29 201034354. Implementation of the functions can be incorporated into a single device or distributed across all of the various devices and the like. Figure 25 illustrates an embodiment of a controller with predistortion in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. A modulation signal Ma can be provided by any suitable source, such as the -Ma2 signal in the above embodiment. In this example, the modulation signal Ma is provided by a simple sinusoidal PWM element 258 that is responsive to a grid voltage ν〇 controlled by a DpLL 26〇. A predistortion element 254 generates a predistortion apostrophe Ma, a predistortion signal Ma, which is combined by the adder 256 and the modulating signal Ma to produce a final modulated signal Ma". The final modulated signal Ma" can be applied _ A suitable power level. In this example, the power level can be a bridge as shown in Fig. 21. The predistortion method according to some inventive principles disclosed in this patent can be individually or additionally attached to other types of distortions disclosed herein. The mitigation principle is implemented. - The predistortion τ 262 can implement any type of predistortion to mitigate or eliminate distortion in the power flow from the -power level to the load. For example, if applied to the system of Figure 21, Predistortion element 254 can produce a predistortion signal Ma that is expected to compensate for distortion produced by chopping on chain voltage vDC. @ Figure 26 illustrates an embodiment of a predistortion element in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. The embodiment of Fig. 26 includes a lookup table plus a predistortion signal Ma' in response to an instantaneous value of the instantaneous key voltage VDC and the chain voltage. Figure 28 illustrates a certain inventive principle of the present invention, Pre Another embodiment of the true element. The embodiment of Fig. 27 generates the predistortion signal Ma by setting the key voltage average value vDC (AVER is off by the instantaneous value vDC.) This junction 30 201034354 can be directly used as predistortion. Signal, or accepting additional processing. For example, the result may be multiplied by the modulation signal Ma after the transformation by a function f(s). Figure 28 illustrates a predistortion element in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. An embodiment. The embodiment of Fig. 28 includes a lookup table 264 responsive to the instantaneous voltage vDe, the average voltage of the chain voltage Vd (: (average), the instantaneous grid voltage vG, and the RMS value of the grid voltage Vg ( Rms) provides a predistortion signal Ma'. Figure 29 illustrates yet another embodiment of a predistortion element in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. The embodiment of Fig. 29 responds to an instantaneous chain voltage VDC, a chain voltage The average value Vdc (average), the instantaneous grid voltage vG, and the 'RMS value of the square voltage VG (RMS}, the predistortion signal Ma' is calculated according to any suitable transfer function H(s). In some applications, Referring to the embodiments shown in Figures 26 and 27, sufficient distortion mitigation can be provided, wherein the network The grid load has a pure or nearly sinusoidal waveform. In other applications, the embodiments shown in Figures 28 and 29 provide better distortion mitigation, where the grid load waveform contains significant amounts of distortion. The inventive principle is not limited to systems having a sinusoidal AC load. A predistortion signal Ma can be generated to compensate for distortion in a load having waveforms such as triangular waves, sawtooth waves, square waves, etc. In an embodiment with a lookup table These lookup tables may be static, or they may change in time, for example, in response to various inputs, such as line voltage, frequency, chain voltage, or any other operational parameter. Distortion mitigation techniques in accordance with the principles of the invention are also implemented using any suitable algorithm from the audio industry, which may be applied directly or adapted for use with the principles of the invention. 31 201034354 The various inventive principles of distortion mitigation can be used separately or in combination with other inventive principles. For example, in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein, in some embodiments, a controller can combine pre-distortion with chain voltage control'. In other embodiments, a controller can eliminate direct spectral distortion cancellation and the network. Combination of grid current control, pre-distortion and chain voltage control. Impedance Transformation Some of the additional inventive principles disclosed herein are directed to techniques for modulating a constant power control loop to provide impedance conversion, determining a maximum power point or other operating point' and/or for other purposes. Xin Referring to Figure 30, a PV panel is modeled as a voltage source v丨NTERNAL and a series resistor Rinternal. A constant power control loop subjects the PV panel to a constant load Ipv having a constant input impedance of ZIN = Vpv / Ipv. Due to the impedance transformation, the constant power applied to the load Ipv is converted into a constant power that is delivered to the DC-chain. The power P is constant and equal to Vpv*Ipv. Since the power is constant and the current drawn by the bridge changes at twice the line frequency, the key voltage VDCLINK must also change at twice the line frequency because the product of current and voltage must be constant. Therefore, the current delivered to the DC chain is p/vDCUNK = ®

Vpv*Ipv/Vdclink changes. When the series resistance Rinternal of the board matches the impedance caused by the load IPV, i.e., when ZIN = Rinternal = Vpv / Ipv, the power transfer from the PV panel to the conversion system is maximized. In some embodiments, a system that implements constant power control as described above can convert a DC/DC converter or other power stage from a low AC impedance path to a high AC impedance path. This can be better understood with reference to Fig. 31, in Fig. 31 of Fig. 31 201034354, an AC load is depicted as a current source 100 that produces a pulsed current lAC. A conventional DC/DC converter is shown as a low impedance path 102. If the capacitor (^ or sinker has a large value, it forms a low impedance path to the common node, and therefore, the pulse current IAC is prevented from being reflected back to the PV panel. However, if the capacitor is removed or the size is reduced, then DC/ The DC converter forms a low impedance AC path between the load 1〇〇 and the pv board. Therefore, the ripple in the current IAC is shown as the voltage and/or current fluctuation at the PV panel output. However, 'in the DC/DC converter Implementing a constant power control loop may cause the converter to behave as a path with a high AC impedance. Therefore, the pulsating AC current IAC is prevented from flowing through the DC/DC converter. Therefore, all or most of the AC current must flow through The chain capacitor cDC, the chain capacitor CDC, generates a large voltage swing through the CDC due to its low impedance. Because the impedance conversion properties of constant power control may be the result of control operations rather than hardware components, they can be quickly and/or A controlled manner is changed. For example, the flow path impedance of the DC/DC converter can be instantaneously changed by the controller. These properties can be utilized to provide some favorable results. Some of the inventive principles of the disclosure include determining a maximum power point or other operating point for a power source coupled to a power converter. Referring to Figure 32, curve 104 depicts a typical PV panel at a certain The voltage-current characteristic (VI curve) under operating conditions, and the curve 1〇6 indicates the corresponding power characteristics (power curve) of the same board under the same conditions. When the output terminals are short-circuited at 33 201034354, the ν·ι curve Is an Isc value of zero volts, Isc is the short circuit current generated by the board. As the output voltage increases, the VI curve is still at a completely constant level of current until it reaches a tortuosity point, at which point it is vocal to zero The current drops rapidly, and voc is the open-circuit output voltage of the board. The power curve is simply the current multiplied by the voltage along each point of the VI curve. The power curve has a maximum value corresponding to a certain voltage level and a certain current level. Called the maximum power point, or MPP. Most pv power systems attempt to operate at the maximum power point. However, the maximum power point is often based on operating conditions such as illuminance level, temperature, and board The limit is changed, etc. Because of this, the algorithm is designed to track the MPP when the MPP changes in time. The current algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is generally compared to the period of the - AC line cycle. In addition, the current algorithm assumes that only one MPP is present in the power curve. - However, the power curve of some PV panels or other power sources can have multiple local maximum points. Shown in Figure 33, Figure 33 shows a VI and power curve for a power supply with more than one local MpP. A conventional MPPT algorithm can approach the local maximum MPP1 from the left and once it determines the power curveΘ It stops as it moves to the right and tends to fall. In this case, the algorithm incorrectly determines that the MMP1 point is the maximum power point, not the true maximum power point MMP2. An existing algorithm can be modified by forcing it to continue searching through the remaining voltage range, but in the prior art, this can be a lengthy process. In a power conversion system with constant power control, control techniques can be tuned to provide maximum power point tracking or other techniques in accordance with certain additional inventive principles disclosed in this patent. As described above, a constant power control loop 34 201034354 prevents power pulses from being reflected back to a power source. This is illustrated in Figure 34, in which a power stage 1〇8 is controlled by a constant power control loop 11〇' constant power control loop to prevent the rush from the AC load 112 from reaching the power source 114. &

By selectively enabling or modifying the constant power control loop, some or all of the power ripple can be reflected back to the power source in a manner that is observed for the purpose of determining an operating point or other useful information. For example, in Figure 35, control loop 110 is made of SW1 wire. This allows the power (4) to be - for example, in a fixed duty cycle ' thereby allowing the ac load from the ac load to be pulsed to the H _ tracking circuit 110 to measure the loss from the H14

The voltage/current generated in the output fluctuates and uses this information to implement the -MMPT algorithm or other processing. - A relatively small energy storage I, such as the use of a small AC combiner, enables power pulsations from the Ac load to reach the power source. For example, if a larger capacitor is used, it may prevent the ripple from reaching the power source. ^36 Figure not how the embodiments of Figures 34 and 35 can operate under certain conditions. SiS was initially assumed to be a read-enabled lung power control loop, operating. The operational loop is in turn disabled to allow the power stage (10) to operate in an open loop with a fixed duty cycle. The power ripple from the Ac load is reflected back to the power supply, thereby causing the operating point to scan back and forth along the power curve between points c with the output voltage and current from the power source through the corresponding ranges vSWEEP and iSWEEp. Tracking circuit 116 monitors the output voltage and current, and thus can calculate the power at each point between A and C. Since the scan range includes both local maximum MPP1 and MPP2', the tracking circuit can compare them to determine the true 35 201034354 MPP. - In this example, the real river rush is found at point B. Once the MPP is confirmed that the power loop can re-enable the system is still in b, regardless of fluctuations in the AC load. In the absence of a constant power control loop, fluctuations in the AC load cause the operating point to circulate freshly, as indicated by the _ middle arrow. The above tracking operation can provide a ten-and-stable technique for determining Mpp or other operating points because it scans a large operating range on a smaller time scale than is typically used in Μρρτ routing, in some In the case of a small load - the line cycle. For example, the information in a system phase with a sinusoidal output is the same as in the second phase. Therefore, in a system with a sigma output of -60 s. - only the half cycle of the i2 〇 Hz power wave: the skin needs to obtain all the information. Therefore, the scan can be conducted in 1/4 or ~4 ms of a turn line period. Because this value determines that the power control loop can be simply enabled, de-energized, or modified, the implementation can be quick and simple. Processing in the blessing

During this time, the disturbance is provided by the AC load, thereby reducing or eliminating the need for additional circuitry to establish the disturbance. The process can also be highly elastic and adapt to the myriad of variations of many parameters. For example, the power level can be set to any suitable fixed duty cycle, or other mode of operation during a scan operation. Alternatively, the work cycle can be stepped through the same value of the *, and the (9) Ac贞-per-cycle process expands the scan range. The system can be assembled into the entire operating range of the scanning power supply, or fixed or elastic constraints can be placed in the scanning range. For example, in some embodiments, a scan operation may simply be allowed to use any of the ranges provided by the particular AC load using the -Treiding cycle of the power level 36 201034354. In other reals, the output voltage and / current limit from the power supply can be listed by -xA such as 'if the high or low limit is reached, the constant power control loop can be used in the original operation _), or in (4) the corrective operation Point, for example, the limit itself is relied upon. Therefore, if the entire (four) fanship needs to be sampled, the control loop itself can be used to limit the pendulum through v_〗 and the power curve.

In accordance with certain inventive principles, scanning operations can be initiated in response to various events, and scanning operations can be initiated at periodic intervals, such as every second or a few seconds - times, minutes or minutes - and so on, etc. . In other embodiments, the scan operation can be triggered when the job is not operated if its finances are expected to operate. Selectively initiated by - outside (four). Acted as *New Zealand implementation, the AC load itself is used to volatility, but other equipment can also be built to establish a control: a controllable load can replace the nominal AC load, to - The load can provide: fluctuations within the control constraints. Alternatively, the controllable negative or more than one discrete load point, rather than scanning a range of circuits - the controllable load can be independently or controlled by a plurality of individual power controls for tracking operations Power Supply 37 201034354 Certain additional inventive principles disclosed herein relate to the use of power control in systems having multiple power sources. Figure 37 illustrates an embodiment of a system in which power supplies 118 are each coupled to a corresponding one of the power converters 120. The outputs of the power converters are combined by combiner 122 and applied to at least one energy storage device 124. The outputs of the power converters can be combined in series, in parallel, in series and parallel, or in any other suitable arrangement. The power source includes an optoelectronic device, a fuel cell, a battery, a wind turbine, or any other power source or combination thereof. The power converters can include one or more of a DC/DC converter, a DC/AC converter, a rectifier, etc., or any combination thereof. One or more of the power converters include a constant power control function 126. Figure 38 illustrates an embodiment of a power conversion system in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein, in which a plurality of DC/DC converters include a constant power control function. In the embodiment of Figure 38, the power supplies are implemented as PV panels 128, each of which provides power to a corresponding DC/DC converter 130. The outputs of the DC/DC converters are arranged in series to produce a DC link voltage Vd applied to a chain capacitor CDC. A DC/AC converter 132 converts the key 电压 voltage into an AC voltage V (3RID. Each of the DC/DC converters 130 implements a constant power control loop I% to maintain constant power transfer from the associated pv board. Each of the Dc/Dc converters 130 can also implement a maximum power point tracking function (Μρρτ) that operates as a slower external control loop around a relatively faster internal constant power control loop. Each DC/DC converter output A constant power of the input power corresponding to each of the individual power sources. The chain capacitor CDC operates as a combined energy storage component for the full 38 201034354 DC/DC converter. The chain voltage Vd is included on top of a DC component - AC chopping The component, where the amount of AC ripple depends on the size of the chain capacitors described below. The output voltage and current from each DC/DC converter are allowed to float, so they can be values that balance the voltage and current constraints throughout the power system. Since the converters 13 are arranged in series in this example, the output current through each of the DC/DC converters must be equal, and the sum of the output voltages must be equal to the DC link voltage Vd. Other embodiments can be directed to The same constraints are arranged. For example, in an embodiment where the DC/DC converters are connected in parallel, each converter can provide a different magnitude of current. The system of Figure 38 can also include a chain voltage control function. The requirements from the DC/AC converter are varied to maintain the average value of the chain voltage at a level that provides optimum operation of the DC/AC converter and/or prevents or reduces the level of harmonic distortion at the output. Each of the DC/DC converters 130 implements a constant power control loop, and the input ripple at each converter can be optimally minimized for each pv board. By adding MPPT functionality to each converter, The power output of each PV panel can also be optimized regardless of the operating conditions of each panel, such as illumination conditions, temperature, age, etc. In addition, the size of the chain capacitor CDC can be reduced depending on the implementation details. For example, in an embodiment having a harmonic distortion mitigation feature converter 132, it is possible to reduce the size of the chain capacitor. Even if the use of a smaller capacitor results in a large voltage fluctuation on the chain capacitor, Harmonic distortion And the presence of features can reduce the distortion in the AC output to an acceptable level. However, in a conventional example 1) with a harmonic distortion mitigation (:/eight (: 39 in the embodiment of the 201034354 flow device) It may still be necessary to use a larger chain capacitor 'because a large chopping voltage on the chain capacitor may cause unacceptable distortion levels in the AC output. Some additional inventive principles disclosed in this patent relate to the use of this document. A power conversion system architecture in which some or all of the other inventive principles are disclosed. Some of these architectures are described with reference to the following figures. Figure 39 illustrates an embodiment in which some or all of the constant power control 402 is included. The plurality of modules 4 are arranged in series to produce a DC link VLINK applied to a conventional central inverter 404. Because a conventional center inverter 404® is used, a relatively large chain capacitor scLINK is utilized to limit AC chopping and provides a constrained DC bond that prevents excessive distortion in the AC output. Figure 40 illustrates an embodiment in which some or all of the plurality of modules 4 including constant power control 402 are arranged in parallel. - Figure 41 shows an embodiment in series, in which a plurality of modules are first arranged in parallel units. These parallel units are in turn arranged in series to provide a Dc chain V_c. Figure 42 illustrates a series of parallel embodiments in which a plurality of modules 4 are first arranged by @女 into a series unit or string. The individual strings are in turn arranged in a parallel combination ' to create a DC link VLINK. In the embodiments of Figures 39-42, the modules may be implemented in a variety of alternative configurations. For example, in some embodiments, each module 4〇〇 may be one or more solar panels, A fuel cell or other power source having a constant power control 402 integrated into the power source. In other embodiments, the modules may include one or more power supplies plus an associated DC/DC converter, and the constant power control 40 201034354 402 may be part of a DC/DC converter. Other modular combinations are also possible' including one of the combinations described herein. Similarly, in each of the embodiments of Figures 39-42, because a conventional central inverter 404 is used, a relatively large chain capacitance is utilized to limit AC chopping and provide an AC-free output. Constrained DC chain with excessive distortion. Some additional inventive principles relate to the use of harmonic distortion mitigation in a central converter or other power stage in combination with one or more power supplies having constant power control. Figure 43 illustrates an embodiment of the inventive principles in accordance with the present disclosure, wherein a central converter includes harmonic distortion mitigation 4〇8 based on an inverter bridge 4〇6. In this embodiment, the DC button VLINK can be generated by one or more power sources, some or all of which include constant power control. For example, any power arrangement shown in Figure 39_42 can be used to generate a VLINK. However, since the chopping distortion is mitigated by 4〇8, the chopping constraint on the VLINK can be relaxed, and therefore, a smaller chain capacitor can be used. That is, large voltage fluctuations can be allowed to be at VuN]Ui due to the operation of harmonic distortion mitigation 408 without excessive distortion in the AC output. Thus, the one or more power supplies with constant power control can be allowed to produce a relaxed DC chain on a smaller capacitor. Figure 44 illustrates another embodiment of a central converter that can operate with a relaxed DC link. In this embodiment, the inverter includes a push-pull stage 41 coupled to the transformer 412 to provide isolation, a rectifier 414, and an inverter bridge 4〇6. The converter bridge includes harmonic distortion mitigation 4〇8. In this embodiment, the mass storage can be provided by a relatively small DC link capacitor CUNK arranged between the rectifier and the inverter bridge. In another embodiment, the key capacitor can be used by the 41 201034354 women's volleyball prior to the push-pull stage, as shown in FIG. In yet another embodiment, energy storage can be distributed between multiple locations. Any of these embodiments may also include other power levels, such as pre-regulators and the like. Similarly, Μρρτ can be included at any suitable point 'e.g., at the input to the push-pull stage or the inverter bridge. Figure 46 illustrates yet another embodiment of a central converter that can operate with a relaxed DC link. In this embodiment, the relaxed Dc chain input is applied to a DC/DC converter 416, which may also include constant power control 418. The output of the DC/DC converter stage is applied to an inverter bridge 406 having a distortion mitigation 408. A relatively small DC link capacitor CLINK can be arranged between the DC/DC converter and the inverter bridge. Figure 47 illustrates yet another embodiment of a central converter that can operate with a relaxed DC link. In this embodiment, the 'relaxed dc chain input VUNK' is applied to a line frequency converter bridge 4?7 having a distortion mitigation 409. The output from the converter bridge is applied to a line frequency transformer 411 that connects the converter handle to a grid or other AC load. Some additional inventive principles relate to the use of constant power control and harmonic distortion mitigation in conjunction with one or more conventional power supplies in a central converter or other power level. Figure 48 illustrates an embodiment of a central converter that can be directly input from one or more power sources, such as PV panels, fuel cells, and the like. The one or more power supplies generate a DC bus VBUS that is input to a DC/DC converter 420 having a constant power control 422. The DC/DC converter then has a push-pull stage 410, a transformer 412, a rectifier 414, and an inverter bridge 406 having a distortion mitigation 408. 42 201034354 A relatively small capacitor can be used for the chain capacitor Clink because the constant power % path prevents the continuous wave on the electric grid from being reflected back to the one or more power supplies, and the distortion mitigation can prevent or reduce the ripple on the DC chain. The distortion produced by the wave on the AC output. Therefore, a relaxed DC chain can be used. In the embodiment of Fig. 48, the chain capacitor is arranged between the rectifier and the inverter bridge, but in other embodiments, the chain capacitor can be arranged in the DC/DC converter as shown in Fig. 49. 420 and push-pull stage 41〇, or any other suitable position in the inverter. In the embodiments shown in Figs. 48 and 49, a Μρρτ function can also be implemented in a DC/DC converter, An inverter bridge, or other location in the inverter, to set an operating point for constant power control, thereby maximizing power transfer from the DC power source on the DC bus. Referring to the embodiment of Figure 44_49 The inventive principles can be applied to systems having a central converter, a decentralized inverter, or a combination thereof. Some additional inventive principles relate to decentralized inverters, also known as micro-converters or nano-exchanges. The use of the mitigating mode of the streamer. Figure 50 illustrates an embodiment of a system in which a plurality of decentralized inverters 424 receive power directly from a plurality of power sources 430. "Some or all of these converters include constant power. Control 426 and distortion mitigation 428. From these distributed commutation The outputs are combined to provide an ac output to a grid or other AC load. Figure 51 illustrates an embodiment of a system in which a plurality of decentralized inverters 432 receive power from a plurality of power sources 436. All of these power supplies include constant power control 438 to provide a relaxed DC chain to the inverters, and some 43 201034354 or all of these converters include distortion mitigation 434 to prevent chopping on a relaxed Dc chain at the AC output Unacceptable distortion is caused. The outputs from the distributed converter are combined to provide an Ac round to a grid or other AC load. In the embodiment of Figures 50 and 51, a Μρρτ function can also be Implemented in a decentralized inverter or any power source to set an operating point for constant power control, thereby maximizing power transfer from the (etc.) power source. Applications Although certain inventive principles disclosed in this patent are described in In the case of DC-to-AC converters, which have some features, the inventions have broad applicability to a wide range of power conversion systems that experience dynamic loads and/or dynamic power supplies. Therefore, energy storage devices are needed to balance the negative-electrical flow from the electrical shutdown. These are particularly advantageous in situations where the energy storage device is not reliable and the energy storage device is conventionally unreliable. Examples include: trams or hybrids 'stackers, mass transit guards, electric lanes, Metrojet m air cooling systems; solar and wind energy systems, including inverters/converter boxes; energy storage (batteries) , various power supplies; various motor drives; energy conversion systems, such as battery chargers and charge controllers; induction heating; EMI reduction filters including high voltage applications; etc. In addition, some of the invention principles of constant power control It is described in the context of embodiments with relatively smooth power and fluctuating loads, but constant power control can also be applied to systems with fluctuating power supplies and relatively smooth loads. They can also be applied to lines having both a fluctuating power supply and a fluctuating load between the power supply and the load in a relatively smooth power chain. In general 44 201034354, constant power control can be applied to isolate one or more portions of relatively stable power from one or more portions having fluctuating power. For example, the inventive principles of constant power control can be applied to the following energy conversions: (a) from DC to AC, such as from the sun to the grid, fuel cell to grid; 0) from AC to DC, such as grid to battery (c) from AC to a variable mechanical load, such as, for example, AC to various motors on a production line; (d) from DC to a variable mechanical load such as from a battery to an electric motor on an electric locomotive (EV) (e) from a variable mechanical producer to an AC load, such as from a wind turbine to a grid; (0 from a variable mechanical generator to a DC load, such as from a wind turbine to a battery; etc. In some embodiments, a mechanical load, for example, in induction heat, can be a thermal load. Another illustrative example includes constant power control for a wind turbine fed into a grid or other AC load. The application of the inventive principle. If the wind flow is constant, that is, a laminar flow to turbulent flow, then the harvested power is uniform. This can be analogized to constant illumination on the -PV panel. Therefore, the average power flow must be The cycle basis is stored for transfer to A C grid. This can be analogized to cycle-by-cycle t-force storage to transfer Dc power from the -pv board to an AC load. On the other hand 'if the wind is messy, then the harvested power is dynamic, which can be Analogy to the shadowing effect on the PV panel. But it may be faster and more varied. In this case, the invention principle of combining fast mppt and cycle-by-cycle power storage can be utilized to have a beneficial effect. Can be used to determine operating points at frequent intervals, while a constant power control loop can be used to maintain the system at a recently determined operating point. 45 201034354 The diagram is based on the inventive principles disclosed in this patent, - the power conversion system Another embodiment. The power path is transferred from the power source 154 to a load 156. The power path includes an energy storage device 150 and a power stage 152. The controller 158 causes the power level control to arrive at or from the energy storage device. The power can be controlled to a constant value, a fluctuation value, etc. The power from the power source can have a constant value, a fluctuation value, etc. The load power can have a constant value, wave Values, etc. Certain additional inventive principles disclosed in this patent relate to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Figure 52 illustrates an embodiment of a power conversion system having reduced power in accordance with the inventive principles disclosed herein. More than one power level power path 14 转移 transfers power from a power source 138 to a load 142. A constant power control 144 controls the power path to present a constant input impedance to the power source. An EMI mitigation element 146 operates on the power path Reducing or eliminating EMI originating from the power path. The inventive principles disclosed herein are described above with reference to some specific exemplary embodiments, but such embodiments may be modified in arrangement or detail without departing from the inventive concepts. For example, some embodiments are described in the background as delivering power to an AC grid, but the inventive principles are also applicable to other kinds of loads. As another example, some embodiments are described as energy storage devices for capacitors, and fluctuating DC link voltages, but the principles of the invention are also applicable to other various energy storage devices, such as a DC link having an AC chopping current. An inductor that is current rather than voltage. As a further example, any of these constant power control techniques described herein may also be subject to fluctuating power control, or any other type of power control of 201034354 may be implemented. Such changes and modifications are considered to fall within the scope of the following claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 illustrates the mismatch between a DC power supply and a 60 Hz AC load in a power converter. Figure 2 illustrates a conventional system for converting DC power from a photovoltaic (PV) panel to AC power. Figure 3 illustrates the power loss in a PV panel as opposed to the chopping voltage. Figure 4 shows the cost of a capacitor versus capacitor. Figure 5 illustrates the operation of a PV power conversion system. Figure 6 illustrates the operation of a power conversion system having constant power control in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 7 illustrates an embodiment of a power conversion system having constant power control in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 8 illustrates another embodiment of a power conversion system in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 9 illustrates yet another embodiment of a power conversion system having constant power control in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 10 illustrates an embodiment of a controller for implementing constant power control in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 11 illustrates an embodiment of a power conversion system in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 12 is a diagram showing an embodiment of a main power path suitable for implementing the inverter system of Figure 11 in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figures 13-16 illustrate embodiments of a PV panel in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 17 illustrates the instantaneous demand for voltage from a sinusoidal DC/AC converter compared to the voltage available from a DC link capacitor maintained at a fixed voltage. Figure 18 illustrates certain inventive principles disclosed in accordance with the present patent, as compared to a voltage available from a DC link capacitor having a large AC voltage swing due to a constant power control feature, from a bridge type DC/AC The instantaneous demand for the voltage of the converter. Figure 19 illustrates an embodiment of a power conversion system with harmonic distortion mitigation in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 20 illustrates an embodiment of a distortion mitigation system in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 21 illustrates another embodiment of a distortion mitigation system showing certain example implementation details in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 22 illustrates yet another embodiment of a controller having harmonic distortion mitigation in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 23 illustrates an embodiment with gate current control in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 24 illustrates an embodiment of a controller in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 25 illustrates an embodiment of a controller with predistortion in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. 48 201034354 Figures 26-29 illustrate embodiments of pre-distorted components in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 30 illustrates an embodiment of impedance transformation in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 31 illustrates the operation of a power conversion system without impedance transformation. Figure 32 shows the voltage-current curve and the power curve of a typical PV panel. Figure 33 shows the VI and power curve of a power supply with more than one local maximum power point. Figure 34 illustrates an embodiment of a power conversion system having constant power control and an input swing feature in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 35 illustrates an embodiment of constant power control de-energization in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 36 shows how Figures 20 and 21 can operate under certain conditions. Figure 37 illustrates an embodiment of a plurality of power systems in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 38 illustrates an embodiment of a power conversion system in which a plurality of DC/DC converters include a constant power control function in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figures 39-42 illustrate embodiments of a power conversion system having a plurality of power controlled converters and a central converter in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figures 43-51 illustrate an embodiment with 49 201034354 distortion mitigation in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. Figure 52 illustrates an embodiment of a power conversion system in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein and having EMI mitigation. Figure 53 illustrates another embodiment of a power conversion system in accordance with certain inventive principles disclosed herein. [Description of main component symbols] 16, 40, 52... power supply 54... first power stage 18... first power converter stage 56, 200·· energy storage element 20, 124, 150... energy storage device 58... second power Stage 22... Photocell 62... Harmonic distortion mitigation device 24, 130, 306... DC/DC converter 1 电流... Current source 24a... Pre-regulator stage 102... Low-impedance path control 24b··· Main stage 104...VI curve 26, 132~DC/AC converter 106...power curve 28, 44, 60, 158... controller 110, 134... constant power control loop 30... voltage sensor 112... AC load 32, 318, 342 Current sensors 114, 118, 138, 154... Power supplies 34, 315... Arrows 116... Tracking circuits 36, 51, 140, 148... Power path 120... Power converters 38, 108, 152... Power Stage 122... combiner 42, 142, 156, 204, 216... load 126... constant power control function 46... amplification/sampling circuit 128, 350, 358, 364, 370... light 48... control block (PV) board 5〇 ...control algorithm segment 144...constant power control

50 201034354 146· "EMI mitigation elements 202, 214... power level 206, 207, 250 ·.. controller 208. " distortion mitigation function 210. · modulator 212 · · synchronization function 218, 348... Grid filter 220, 224 · · · voltage sensor or connection 222 ... current sensor or connection 226, 258 ... sinusoidal PWM components 228, 260 · · digital phase-locked loop 230 · · · harmonic distortion elimination HDC Element 234···Sine generator 236...Multiplier 238, 256...Adder 240...Function block 242—DC chain voltage control feature 244··Grid current control element 246···Reverse DQ conversion element 252, 254... Predistortion element 290···Solar panel 292, 294...input terminal 296...zero chopping input filter 298···pretuner 300,410...push-pull stage 302,411,412·"transformer 3〇 4, 414...rectifier 308···high-voltage output bridge 310···passive output filter 312···inverter stage 314...first PWM controller 316, 320, 326, 340... voltage sensor 322·· Chain voltage control circuit 324...second PWM controller 329...sum node 330...third PWM controller 332-DC chain Voltage controller 334...sum circuit 336··Grid current control loop 338···Harmonic distortion mitigation circuit 344...Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) circuit 346", DC power source 352, 356, 362, 368...constant Power control loop 354, 366... battery 360···string battery 400... module 51 201034354 402, 418, 422, 426, 438... constant power control 404... central converter 406...inverter bridge 407, 408, 409, 428, 434... Harmonic Distortion Moderation DM 416, 420... DC/DC Converter 424, 432 · Decentralized Converter 430, 436... Power Supply PV... Photovoltaic VPV...PV Output Voltage IPV...PV Output Current Rpv ' R-INTERNAL"· series resistance Zin...impedance Ir··current Rr*·variable resistance Vi...input voltage Vref...reference voltage DC...DC AC...AC V〇C 'VnniNK, Vd, Vunk·.. Voltage Cdc, Qjnk...key capacitor Vgrid*"AC output voltage D1···drive signal

Si~SL···Sensing signal D^Dm...Drive signal (8), (8)...shame (8)...function

Cl, C2···capacitor DPLL···digital phase-locked loop MPPT...maximum power point tracking LINK REF...chain reference voltage L,N...output terminal L1...inductor

Cl, C2...capacitors D1 to D5···Diodes Q1 to Q7···Optoelectronic Ή, T2... Split-core type transformer t...Time HDM...Harmonic distortion mitigation Ses···Sensing signal SM...Control signal Si/ ··Load signal DM...distortion mitigation MOD... tuner SYNC...synchronous IG...grid current VG...grid voltage θ, φ...phase signal

52 201034354 HDC...Harmonic Distortion Elimination Z...Impedance...Pulse Width Modulation Signal Isc...Short Circuit Current Ierr...Error Signal V〇c...Open Circuit Output Voltage iREFsiN(e)...proportional Signal P...Power SiN(e)...Sinusoidal Signal MPP, B'...maximum power point MAG...error size signal MPP1...local maximum power point Vdc(AVERAGE). ·chain voltage average MPP2...true maximum power point MAG',MAG"···size signal VsWEEP...voltage range® Id...Indirect signal IsWEEP... Current range Iq... Quadrature signal A, B, C Point Ma~··Predistortion signal RECT...Rectifier f(s)...Function EMI...Electromagnetic interference. VG(RMS)...Frozen voltage^RMS value ES···Energy storage device ViNTERNAL·...voltage source Iac...pulse capacitance PS···power level parameter 53

Claims (1)

201034354 VII. Patent application scope: 1. A system comprising: a converter for transferring power from a power source to a load, the converter having a power level and an energy storage device; and a controller for controlling the power level The power that reaches or comes from the energy storage device. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the power is controlled to a substantially constant value. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the power is controlled to a fluctuation value. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the power source or load has substantially constant power. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the power source or load has fluctuating power. 6. A system comprising: a converter for transferring power between a power source and a negative load having a fluctuating power demand; and a controller providing power control; wherein the converter includes a push-pull stage And an energy storage device that follows the push-pull stage. 7. The system of claim 6 wherein the power control comprises substantially constant power control or fluctuating power control. 8. The system of claim 6 wherein the controller is arranged to control a parameter of the energy storage device. 54 201034354 9. An integrated circuit comprising: a power control circuit providing power control for a power converter; and a power switch coupled to the power control circuit to operate the power converter. 10. The integrated circuit of claim 9, further comprising a second power switch coupled to the power control circuit to operate the power converter. 11. The integrated circuit of claim 10, wherein the first and second power switches are grouped into a push-pull stage operating in the power converter. 12. The integrated circuit of claim 9, further comprising a distortion mitigation circuit. 13. The integrated circuit of claim 9, further comprising circuitry for controlling a parameter of an energy storage device in the power converter. 14. The integrated circuit of claim 9 further comprising an operating point for scanning the input of the power converter. 15. The integrated circuit of claim 9, further comprising an EMI mitigation circuit. 16. A system comprising: two or more power converters for converting power from two or more power sources to one or more loads having fluctuating power requirements; wherein the two or more power sources The converter has a power control 55 201034354 system. 17. The system of claim 16 wherein the two or more power converters have outputs that are connected in series, in parallel, in series and parallel, or in series. 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the two or more power converters have outputs that are combined to provide power to the same load. 19. The system of claim 18, further comprising an energy storage device coupled to the combined outputs of the first and second converters. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the outputs from each of the converters are allowed to float. 21. A system comprising: a converter for transferring power between a power source and a load having a fluctuating power demand; a controller providing power control; and _ a distortion mitigation circuit. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein: the converter comprises an energy storage device; and the distortion mitigation circuit controls one of the parameters of the energy storage device. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the distortion mitigation circuit is capable of sliding a DC portion of the parameter to prevent an extreme value of the AC portion of the parameter from causing unacceptable distortion. 24. The system of claim 21, wherein the distortion mitigating power 56 201034354 is a sinusoid generator. 25. The system of claim 21, wherein the distortion mitigation circuit comprises a predistortion circuit. 26. The system of claim 21, wherein the controller comprises grid current control. 27. A system comprising: a converter for transferring power between a power source and a load having a fluctuating power demand; and a controller providing power control; wherein the controller is selectively operative to control the power . 28. The system of claim 27, wherein: the power control prevents power fluctuations from reaching the power source; and the power control is enabled to enable power fluctuations to reach the power source. 29. The system of claim 27, further comprising a tracking circuit to monitor the power source. 30. The system of claim 29, wherein the tracking circuit determines an operating point at which the power control is disabled. 31. The system of claim 30, wherein the operating point comprises a maximum power point. 32. The system of claim 29, wherein the power control is periodically disabled, or when an operational parameter of the converter deviates from a desired value. 33. The system of claim 32, wherein the controller re-enables the power 57 201034354 control when an operational parameter of the converter exceeds a limit. 34. A system comprising: a power path having a first power level coupled to one of the power ramp inputs; and a controller responsive to a sense signal from the power path to generate a drive signal To provide power control; wherein the sensed signal is obtained from the wheel of the power path, or the drive signal is applied to the talk power path outside the first power level. 35. The system of claim 34, wherein the sensing signal β is derived from an output of the power path. 36. The system of claim 34, wherein the power is controlled by a plaque. One of the parameters of the power path is controlled to a constant value. 37. The system of claim 34, wherein the power is controlled by controlling one of the parameters of the power path to a fluctuation value. 38. The system of claim 34, wherein the power path includes: 匕_- an energy storage device after the first power level; and - a second power level having an input coupled To the energy storage device. 39. The system of claim 38, wherein the drive signal is applied to the second power stage. ° & 58