RU2492215C2 - Method to control by-products or pollutants produced from fuel combustion (versions), fuel composition, fuel dispersion and reduction of emissions with its help - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: oil and gas industry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to methods for control of by-products or pollutants produced from fuel combustion, which include combustion of fuel containing a dispersion, which includes a mixture of at least two or at least three metal-containing compounds, in which every metal has medium extent of oxidation +2 or higher, at least one surfactant and at least one organic medium, in which metal-containing compounds are evenly dispersed. The ratio of components in dispersions is as follows, in wt %: mixture of metal-containing compounds - 40-65, at least one surfactant - 5-25, at least one organic medium - balance. The invention also relates to a fuel composition including fuel and the specified dispersion, containing a mixture of at least two metal-containing compounds, and to the fuel dispersion containing at least three metal-containing compounds, at least one surfactant and at least one organic medium in the specified ratios.

EFFECT: usage of dispersions makes it possible to reduce amount of many pollutants released during fuel combustion.

19 cl, 1 tbl, 21 ex

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method that includes introducing a dispersion into the fuel, the dispersion, in turn, comprising: (a) a mixture of at least two metal-containing bases, in which each metal in the metal-containing base has an average oxidation state of +2 or above. The method makes it possible to regulate by-products or pollutants generated during fuel combustion.

State of the art

In recent years, attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants / emissions from fuel combustion. Examples of contaminants include sulfur oxides (e.g., sulfur trioxide), nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter. These pollutants are known to adversely affect greenhouse gas levels or contribute to other problems, such as smog. In the case of particulate matter, studies have also indicated that they have a deleterious effect on the health of people, animals and plants. Other by-products from fuel combustion include vanadate deposits. Vanadate deposits are believed to form corrosive low-melting slag, which forms deposits. Fuel must be burned so that the amount of pollutants formed is minimal.

International publication WO 2005/097952 discloses the preparation of a fuel composition comprising a metal-containing base with a solids content in the dispersion of more than 35% by weight. The disclosed composition uses one metal-containing base per dispersion.

International publication WO 2004/026996 discloses a fuel additive composition that has the ability to reduce vanadate deposits. The composition consists of an inorganic oxygen-containing metal compound, an oil soluble liquid, and a dispersant, including a fatty acid or an ester derivative thereof.

However, none of the dispersions provides an improved way to reduce the amount of many pollutants emitted during fuel combustion. Therefore, it would be useful to develop a method for controlling pollutants generated during fuel combustion. The present invention provides such a method by providing a dispersion that synergistically reduces the amount of many pollutants released during fuel combustion.

Disclosure of invention

The present invention provides a method for controlling by-products or pollutants generated during fuel combustion, which includes burning a fuel containing a dispersion, the dispersion, in turn, includes: (a) a mixture of at least two metal-containing bases, in which each the metal in the metal-containing base has an average oxidation state of +2 or is in a higher oxidation state, (b) at least one surfactant and (c) at least one organic medium, wherein the metal bases are uniformly dispersed.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for controlling by-products or pollutants generated during fuel combustion, which includes burning fuel, including a dispersion, the dispersion, in turn, includes: (a) a mixture of at least three metal-containing bases, where each metal in the metal-containing base has an average oxidation state of +2 or higher, (b) at least one surfactant, and (c) at least one organic medium in which the metal-containing Based dispersed uniformly.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a dispersion comprising: (a) a mixture of at least three metal-containing bases, where each metal in the metal-containing base has an average oxidation state of +2 or is in a higher oxidation state, (b) at least one surfactant; and (c) at least one organic medium in which the metal-containing bases are uniformly dispersed.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a composition comprising: (i) a fuel and (ii) a dispersion, in which the dispersion comprises: (a) a mixture of at least two metal-containing bases, in which each metal in the metal-containing base has an average oxidation state + 2 or higher, (b) at least one surfactant; and (c) at least one organic medium in which metal-containing bases are uniformly dispersed.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a composition comprising: (i) a fuel and (ii) a dispersion, a dispersion includes:

(a) a mixture of at least three metal-containing bases, in which each metal in the metal-containing base has an average oxidation state of +2 or higher, (b) at least one surfactant, and (c) at least one organic medium in which metal-containing bases are uniformly dispersed.

In one embodiment, the invention provides for the use of a dispersion (the dispersion includes: (a) a mixture of at least three metal-containing bases in which each metal in the metal-containing base has an average oxidation state of +2 or higher, (b) at least one surface an active substance and (c) at least one organic medium in which the metal-containing bases are uniformly dispersed) in the fuel to reduce the amount of by-products or pollutants generated during fuel combustion.

The implementation of the invention

The present invention provides a method for controlling by-products or pollutants from fuel combustion, as disclosed above. The invention further provides a composition as disclosed above.

In one embodiment, the invention is different from a water-based emulsion.

As used herein, the term “free of all chemicals disclosed herein, except for a metal-containing base”, which may be used in the description and claims, means the absence of material, except for the amount that is present as impurities, for example, a trace amount or an ineffective amount . Typically, in this embodiment, this amount will be about less than 0.05% or about less than 0.005% by weight of the dispersion.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that impurities in a metal-containing base are typically present in an amount of 1% to 3% by weight of the metal-containing base. It is assumed that the reason for the presence of impurities, as a rule, in an amount of about 1% to 3% by weight of the metal-containing base, is mining processes. As a rule, the main impurities in a metal-containing base include calcium carbonate, silicon dioxide or silicates.

In various embodiments, the dispersion may be opaque or translucent, either translucent or transparent, or may be in any gradation of said degrees of transparency.

Fuel

Fuel includes liquid fuel, biofuel, solid fuel, or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the fuel is solid fuel. In another embodiment, the fuel is liquid fuel. Examples of suitable solid fuels include coal.

In the case where the fuel contains liquid fuel, the liquid fuel can also be used as an appropriate organic medium for the preparation of a dispersion. Therefore, in order not to be repeated in the description, a more detailed description of liquid fuel is disclosed below in the section on the organic medium.

Metal base

The dispersion of the metal-containing base contains a two-, three, tetravalent metal or a mixture thereof.

In an embodiment, the metal-containing base may further comprise a monovalent metal-containing base. In one embodiment, the metal-containing base is a monovalent metal compound including lithium, potassium, sodium, copper, or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the metal oxidation state may have a value other than +1.

In another embodiment, the average degree of oxidation of the metal in the metal-containing base ranges from +2 to +4 or from +2 to +3. Typically, the metal in the metal-containing base is a divalent or trivalent metal. In one embodiment, the metal-containing base is a derivative of a divalent metal, including magnesium, calcium, barium, or mixtures thereof. The metal may also have a different valency, for example, the metal may be mono-, bi-, or trivalent, as examples cerium, copper or iron. In one embodiment, the metal-containing base is a derivative of a tetravalent metal, including cerium.

In various embodiments, bases in a metal-based base include oxides, carbonates, hydrocarbons, hydroxides, sulfonates, carboxylates (e.g., C _1-30 or C _8-84 unbranched or branched alkyl carboxylates), nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, sulfites, nitrites, phosphonates or mixtures thereof.

In various embodiments, the bases in the metal-containing base include oxides, carbonates, hydrocarbons, hydroxides, sulfonates, carboxylates, or mixtures thereof. The metal-containing base also optionally contains crystallized water or adsorbed (or absorbed) water. In one embodiment, the metal-containing base is crystalline.

In various embodiments, the first metal-containing base comprises iron oxide (Fe ₂ O ₃ , FeO or Fe ₃ O ₄ ), iron carboxylates (e.g., iron salt of octadecanoic acid), magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide or mixtures thereof.

In various embodiments, the second metal-containing base includes cerium oxide (CeO or CeO ₂ ), cerium sulfonate, iron oxide (Fe ₂ O ₃ , FeO or Fe ₃ O ₄ ), iron carboxylates (e.g., the iron salt of octadecanoic acid), copper oxide ( CuO) or chromium oxides.

In one embodiment, the metal-containing base is substantially free of metal-containing bases other than two or three bases selected from the group consisting of magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, cerium oxide (CeO or CeO ₂ ), iron oxide (Fe ₂ O ₃ , FeO or Fe ₃ O ₄ ), copper oxide (CuO) or chromium oxides, and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, the first metal-containing base comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of iron, magnesium, calcium, and mixtures thereof; and the second metal-containing base contains a metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium and mixtures thereof, with the proviso that the first metal-containing base is different from the second metal-containing base.

In one embodiment, when at least two metal-containing bases are present in the mixture, a metal that is in the oxidation state +2 or a higher oxidation state is used in the metal-containing base, and the metals can be selected from:

(i) a first metal-containing base, including a metal selected from the group consisting of iron, magnesium, calcium and mixtures thereof;

(ii) a second metal-containing base, including a metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium and mixtures thereof, with the proviso that the first metal-containing base is different from the second metal-containing base; and

(iii) optionally, another metal-containing base other than a metal-containing base (i) or (ii).

In one embodiment, the first metal-containing base is contained in an amount in excess of the mass of the second metal-containing base. The mass of the available first metal-containing base can be more than 50 mass%, or more than 75 mass%, or more than 95 mass% of the total amount of the metal-containing base. The weight of the existing second metal-containing base may be less than 50 mass%, or less than 25 mass%, or less than 5 mass% of the total amount of the metal-containing base.

In one embodiment, when at least three metal-containing bases are present in the mixture, then a metal that is in an oxidation state of +2 or higher is used in the metal-containing base, and the metals can be selected from:

(i) a first metal-containing base, including a metal selected from the group consisting of iron, magnesium, calcium and mixtures thereof;

(ii) a second metal-containing base, including a metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium and mixtures thereof, with the proviso that the first metal-containing base is different from the second metal-containing base; and

(iii) at least one other metal-containing base, in which the metal in the metal-containing base is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium, barium, platinum, lead, manganese, strontium, and mixtures thereof; provided that the third metal-containing base is different from the metal-containing base already used in (i) and (ii).

In one embodiment, the metal in the metal-containing base (iii) is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium, and mixtures thereof; provided that the third metal-containing base is different from the metal-containing base already used in (i) and (ii).

In the case where at least three metal-containing bases are used, in one embodiment, the two metal-containing bases are derivatives of calcium and magnesium bases. The third (or higher base, i.e. the fourth or fifth) metal-containing base may be a derivative of a metal selected from the group consisting of cerium, iron, copper, chromium and mixtures thereof.

The amount of metal-containing base contained in the dispersion, namely, the solids content, is more than 15 mass% and may vary from 17 mass% to 90 mass%, or from 25 mass% to 80 mass%, or from 35 mass% to 70 mass%, or from 40 mass% to 65 mass% of the mass of the dispersion. This amount is determined based on the initial dispersion, and it does not include any additional diluent into which the dispersion can then be mixed to form, for example, a fully composed lubricant composition, and it does not include solid particles or non-volatile components from other sources.

The metal-containing base, as a rule, is in the form of a solid and does not significantly dissolve in an organic medium. In various embodiments, the average particle size of the metal-containing base ranges from 20 nanometers to 1 microns, or from 30 nanometers to 0.7 microns, or from 50 nanometers to 0.4 microns, or from 80 nanometers to 0.3 microns.

The metal-containing base usually contains at least one compound selected from oxides, hydroxides or carbonates. Examples of suitable metal bases include magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, cerium oxide, iron oxide, or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment of the invention, the metal-containing base is in a mixture, for example, with dolomite lime, which is commercially available.

If the invention also contains a metal-containing base with a metal oxidation state of +1, then examples of the corresponding metal-containing base include sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, anhydrous lithium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide monohydrate, carbonate lithium, lithium oxide or mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, the dispersion further comprises a coordination compound, such as a ferrocene (cyclopentadienyl derivative), carboxylates or sulfonates.

Surface-active substance

Surfactants include ionic (cationic or anionic) or non-ionic compounds. As a rule, a surfactant stabilizes the dispersion of a metal-containing base in an organic medium.

Suitable surfactants include those in which the hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) ranges from about 1 to 40, or from 1 to 18, or from 2 to 16, or from 2.5 to 15. In various embodiments the implementation of HLB can be from 11 to 14 or not more than 10, for example, HLB can vary from 1 to 8 or from 2.5 to 6. You can use combinations of such surfactants in which individual values of HLB go beyond these ranges, but it is contemplated that the composition is final with esi surfactants lies within these ranges. In the case where the surfactant has an acid group available, the surfactant may be a salt of a metal and an acid group, where the metal originates from a metal-containing base.

Examples of surfactants suitable for this invention are disclosed in McCutcheon's Emulsifiers and Detergents, 1993, North American & International Edition. Common examples include alkanolamides, alkylaryl sulfonates, amine oxides, poly (oxyalkene) compounds, including block copolymers containing alkenoxide repeating units (e.g. Pluronic (tm)), carboxylated alcohol ethoxides, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated alkylene phenols, ethoxylated amines and ethoxylated amines ethoxylated fatty acids, ethoxylated fatty acid esters and fatty oils, fatty acid esters, glycerol esters, glycol esters, imidazoline derivatives, phenolates, lecithin its derivatives, lignin and its derivatives, monoglycerides and their derivatives, olefin sulfonates, phosphoric acid esters and their derivatives, propoxylated and ethoxylated fatty acids or alcohols, or alkyl phenols, sorbitol derivatives, sucrose esters and their derivatives, sulfates or alcohols, or ethoxylated alcohols, or esters of fatty acids, polyisobutylene succinimide and its derivatives.

In one embodiment, the surfactant contains polyesters as defined in US Pat. No. 3,778,287, starting at 44 rows 2 columns and up to 39 rows 3 columns. Examples of suitable polyester surfactants are obtained in US Pat. No. 3,778,287 as described in the examples of A-F polyesters (including their salts).

In one embodiment, the surfactant is aryl sulfonic acid (or alkali metal, alkaline earth metal sulfonate or a mixture thereof) substituted with a hydrocarbon group. The aryl group in the arylsulfonic acid may be phenyl or naphthyl. In one embodiment, the aryl sulfonic acid substituted with a hydrocarbon group comprises an alkyl substituted benzenesulfonic acid.

A hydrocarbon (in particular alkyl) group usually contains from 8 to 30, or from 10 to 26, or from 10 to 15 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the surfactant is a mixture of C ₁₀ -C ₁₅ alkylbenzenesulfonic acids. Examples of sulfonates include dodecyl or tridecyl benzenesulfonates or condensed naphthalenesulfonates and petroleum sulfonates, as well as sulfosuccinates and their derivatives.

In one embodiment, the surfactant is in the form of a neutral or basic surfactant, typically a salt of an alkali or alkaline earth metal. The alkali metal is selected from lithium, potassium or sodium; and the alkaline earth metal is selected from calcium or magnesium. In one embodiment, the alkali metal is sodium. In one embodiment, the alkaline earth metal is calcium.

In one embodiment, the surfactant is a derivative of a polyolefin. Typical examples of polyolefins include polyisobutylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, a copolymer obtained from isobutene and butadiene, a copolymer obtained from isobutene and isoprene, or mixtures thereof.

Typically, the polyolefin derivative contains a polyolefin-substituted acylating agent, which optionally subsequently reacts to form an ester and / or amino ester. The acylating agent can be prepared from carboxylic reagents (which, when reacted with a polyolefin, give the desired acylating agent, i.e. a substrate for a surfactant). Carboxylic reagents contain functional groups, for example, such reagents are carboxylic acid or its anhydride. Examples of carboxylic reagents include alpha, beta unsubstituted mono - or polycarboxylic acids or their derivatives. Thus, examples of acylating agents include (meth) acrylic acid, methyl (meth) acrylate, maleic acid or its anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid or its anhydride, or mixtures thereof, each of these reagents can usually be in the form of saturated materials ( such as succinic anhydride) after reacting with a polyolefin.

In one embodiment, the polyolefin is a polyisobutene derivative with a number average molecular weight of at least 250, 300, 500, 600, 700, or 800, and up to 5000 or more, often up to 3000, 2500, 1600, 1300, or 1200. Typically , not more than 5% (by weight) of isobutylene used to obtain derivative molecules has an Mn (number average molecular weight) of not more than 250, most often the polyisobutylene used to obtain the derivative has an Mn of at least 800. The polyisobutylene used to obtain a derivative, preferably with erzhit terminal vinylidene groups of at least of 30%, more often, at least in an amount of 60% or comprises a terminal vinylidene group in an amount of at least 75% or 85%. The polydispersity index (the ratio of weight average to number average molecular weights) of the Mw / Mn polyisobutylene used to obtain the derivative can be more than 5, most often from 6 to 20.

In various embodiments, the polyisobutene is replaced with succinic anhydride, wherein the polyisobutene substituent group has a number average molecular weight ranging from 1500 to 3000, or from 1800 to 2300, or from 700 to 1700, or from 800 to 1000. The ratio of amber groups to the equivalent mass of polyisobutene usually ranges from 1.3 to 2.5, or from 1.7 to 2.1, or from 1.0 to 1.3, or from 1.0 to 1.2.

In one embodiment, the surfactant is an ester of polyisobutylene-dihydro-2,5-furandion and pentaerythritol, or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the surfactant is a polyisobutylene succinic anhydride derivative, for example, polyisobutylene succinimide or derivatives thereof. In one embodiment, the surfactant contains partially or completely no basic nitrogen atom.

Other typical derivatives of polyisobutylene succinic anhydrides include hydrolyzed derivatives of succinic anhydride, esters or dibasic acids. Derivatives of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride are preferably used for the preparation of dispersions of a metal-containing base. Explanations about a large group of derivatives of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride are given in US patent No. 4708753 and 4234435.

In another embodiment, the surfactant is salixarene (or salixarat if it is in the form of a metal salt). Salixarene is defined as an organic substrate of salixarate. Salixarene can be represented as a compound with linear parts, containing one link with the formula (I) or (II):

or

wherein each end of the compound has a terminal group with the formula (III) or (IV):

such groups are linked by divalent linking groups, which may be the same or different for each bond;

where f is an integer equal to 1, 2 or 3, in one aspect 1 or 2;

R ² represents a hydroxyl or hydrocarbon group, and j is 0, 1 or 2;

R ³ represents hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group;

R ⁴ represents a hydrocarbon group or a substituted hydrocarbon group;

g is 1, 2 or 3, it being contemplated that at least one R ⁴ group contains 8 or more carbon atoms; and

where the compound on average contains at least one of the units (I) or (III) and at least one of the units (II) or (IV), and the ratio of the total number of units (I) and (III) to the total units (II) and (IV) in the composition is from about 0.1: 1 to 2: 1.

The U group in formulas (I) and (III) may be —OH or —NH ₂ , or —NHR ¹ , or —N (R ¹ ) ₂ group located in one or more ortho, meta, or para positions with respect to to -COOR ³ group. R ¹ represents a hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms. In the case where the U group is an —OH group, formulas (I) and (III) are derivatives of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (often referred to as salicylic acid), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, or from mixtures thereof. In the case where U is an —NH ₂ group, formulas (I) and (III) are derivatives of 2-aminobenzoic acid (which is often called anthranilic acid), 3-aminobenzoic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid, or mixtures thereof.

A divalent linking group, which may be the same or different in each case, includes an alkylene or methylene bridge, such as —CH ₂ - or —CH (R) -, an ether bridge, such as —CH ₂ OCH ₂ - or —CH (R ) OCH (R) -, where R is an alkyl group containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and where methylene and ether bridges are derivatives of formaldehyde or aldehyde with 2-6 carbon atoms.

Often the terminal group in formulas (III) or (IV) in addition contains 1 or 2 hydroxymethyl groups in the ortho position to the hydroxyl group. In one embodiment of the invention, hydroxymethyl groups are present. In one embodiment, hydroxymethyl groups are not present. A more detailed description of the chemistry of salixarene and salixarate is disclosed in patent EP 1 419 226 B1, including the preparation methods defined in Examples 1-23 (starting from 42 lines, 11 pages and up to 47 lines, 13 pages).

In one embodiment, the surfactant contains partially or completely no fatty acid or its derivatives, such as esters. In one embodiment, the surfactant is different from a fatty acid and its derivatives.

In one embodiment, the surfactant comprises at least hydrocarbon-substituted arylsulfonic acids, derivatives of polyolefins, polyesters or salixarenes (or salixarats).

In various embodiments, the surfactant is substantially free or completely free of phospholipids (such as lecithin) and / or amino acids (such as sarcosines).

In one embodiment, the molecular weight of the surfactant is not more than 1000. In another embodiment, not more than 950, for example, 250, 300, 500, 600, 700, or 800.

The amount of surfactant or metal-containing base in the dispersion may vary, as shown in table 1, where the organic medium and, optionally, water, the rest. In one embodiment, the amount of oil present in the dispersion ranges from 25 mass% to 55 mass%.

Table 1 Options for implementation (in% by weight of the dispersion) Additive one 2 3 four Metal base 17-90 25-80 35-70 40-65 Surface-active substance 0.01-30 1-30 2-30 5-25

Organic environment

The organic medium may contain a viscous lubricating oil, liquid fuel, a hydrocarbon solvent, or mixtures thereof. Typically, the organic solvent contains a viscous lubricating oil or liquid fuel.

The organic medium may optionally contain water, usually in an amount up to 1%, or in an amount of 2%, or 3% by weight of the dispersion. In various embodiments, the organic medium is substantially free or completely free of water.

Viscous lubricating oils

In one embodiment, the organic medium comprises a viscous lubricating oil. Such oils include natural and synthetic oils, oils obtained by hydrocracking, hydrogenation or hydrotreating, unrefined, refined or regenerated oils and mixtures thereof.

Crude oils are those that are obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source, usually without a subsequent purification step (or followed by a slight purification).

Refined oils are similar to unrefined oils, except that they undergo further processing in one or more stages of purification in order to improve one or more of their properties. Purification methods are known in the art and include solvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid or alkaline extraction, filtration, filtering and the like.

Regenerated oils are also known as recovered or refined oils, and they are obtained through processes similar to those used to produce refined oils, and often additional processing is carried out according to methods aimed at removing spent additives and oil decay products.

Natural oils used in the manufacture of the inventive lubricants include animal oils, vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil, lard oil), mineral lubricants, such as liquid petroleum oils and solvent-treated or acid-treated mineral lubricants, paraffinic, naphthenic or mixed paraffin-naphthenic types, and oils derived from coal or shale, or mixtures thereof.

Synthetic lubricating oils are also suitable, which include hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and copolymerized olefins (e.g. polybutylene, polypropylene, propylene-isobutylene copolymers), poly (1-hexenes), poly (1-octenes), poly (1-decenes ) and mixtures thereof, alkylbenzenes (e.g. dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di- (2-ethylhexyl) -benzenes), polyphenyls (e.g. biphenyls, triphenyls, alkylated polyphenyls), alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl ethers and logs and homologs or mixtures thereof.

Other synthetic lubricating oils include synthetic oils that can be obtained by Fischer-Tropsch reactions, and, as a rule, they can be Fischer-Tropsch hydroisomerized hydrocarbons or paraffins.

Viscous lubricating oils can be defined as defined by the American Petroleum Institute (API) guidelines for the interchangeability of base oils. There are five following groups of base oils: group I (sulfur content> 0.03 mass%, saturated hydrocarbon content <90 mass%, viscosity index 80-120), group II (sulfur content ≤0.03 mass%, saturated hydrocarbon content ≥ 90 mass%, viscosity index 80-120), group III (sulfur content ≥30.03 mass%, saturated hydrocarbon content ≥90 mass%, viscosity index ≥120), group IV (all polyalphaolefins (PAOs)) and group V ( all others not in groups I, II, III, or IV). Viscous lubricating oil contains API oil of group I, group II, group III, group IV, group V, and mixtures thereof. Often, a viscous lubricating oil is an API Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV oil, and mixtures thereof. Alternatively, the viscous lubricating oil is often an API oil of group I, group II, group III, or a mixture thereof.

Liquid fuel

Liquid fuel at ambient conditions is usually a liquid. Liquid fuels include hydrocarbon fuels, non-hydrocarbon fuels, or mixtures thereof. The hydrocarbon fuel may be a petroleum distillate, such as gasoline, as defined by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) D4814, or diesel as determined by ASTM D975. In one embodiment, the liquid fuel is gasoline, and in another embodiment, the liquid fuel is leaded gasoline or unleaded gasoline. In another embodiment, the liquid fuel is diesel. Hydrocarbon fuels include hydrocarbon produced by the process of converting gas to liquid, for example, hydrocarbons produced by a process such as, for example, the Fischer-Tropsch process. Non-hydrocarbon fuels include an oxygen-containing composition (often called an oxygenate), alcohol, ether, ketone, carboxylic acid ester, nitroalkane, or mixtures thereof. The non-hydrocarbon fuel is methanol, ethanol, methyl tert-butyl ether, methylethyl ketone, transesterified oils and / or fats from plants and animals, such as rapeseed oil methyl ester and soybean oil methyl ether, and nitromethane. Mixtures of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon fuels include gasoline and methanol and / or ethanol, diesel fuel and ethanol, and diesel fuel and transesterified vegetable oil, for example rapeseed oil methyl ester. In one embodiment, the liquid fuel is a non-hydrocarbon fuel or a mixture thereof.

Dispersion can be used as the only additive for fuel composition. In one embodiment, the dispersion is used as one additive in combination with other additives to improve performance in order to obtain a fuel composition. In one embodiment, the invention provides a fuel composition comprising (i) a dispersion that includes: (a) a metal-containing base, (b) a surfactant and (c) an organic medium in which the metal-containing base is dispersed, (ii) a viscous lubricating oil and (iii) other additives to improve performance.

The fuel composition may thus contain a viscous lubricating oil as defined above, in addition to the amount that can be represented by an organic dispersion medium.

Other additives to improve performance

The fuel composition optionally contains other additives to improve performance. Other additives for improving performance include at least one agent selected from metal deactivators, detergents, dispersants, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, antioxidants, pricing inhibitors, demulsifiers, pour point depressants, seal swell regulators, biocides, anti-fouling agents, flow improvers (including polymethacrylates, maleic anhydride and styrene copolymers , Polyalphaolefins, and ethylene vinyl acetates), additives for improving the cold flow, or mixtures thereof. Typically, a fully formulated fuel will contain one or more of these additives to improve performance.

Additives to improve performance, such as anti-wear additives, are usually included in the fuel in the lubricant of a two-stroke marine diesel cylinder.

Demulsifiers

Demulsifiers are known. In one embodiment, the dispersion further comprises demulsifiers or mixtures thereof. Examples of demulsifiers include trialkyl phosphates, polyethylene glycols, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides and ethylene oxide propylene oxide polymers, alkoxylated alkyl phenol resins, or mixtures thereof.

Dispersants

Dispersants are often known as ash-free dispersants, since they do not contain ash-forming metals before mixing them in a lubricating oil composition, and they usually do not add any ash-forming metals when added to the lubricant. Dispersants also include polymeric dispersants. The ashless dispersants are characterized by the presence of a polar group attached to a hydrocarbon chain with a relatively high molecular weight. Typical ashless dispersants include N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides. Examples of N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides include polyisobutylene succinimide with a number average molecular weight in the range of 350 to 5000 or 500 to 3000. Succinimide dispersants and their preparation are disclosed, for example, in US Pat. No. 4,234,435. Succinimide dispersants are usually an imide formed from a polyamine, typically poly (ethyleneamine).

In one embodiment, the invention further comprises at least one dispersant that is a derivative of polyisobutylene succinimide with a number average molecular weight in the range of 350 to 5000 or 500 to 3000. The polyisobutylene succinimide may be used alone or in combination with other dispersants.

In one embodiment, the invention further comprises at least one dispersant obtained from polyisobutylene, amine and zinc oxide, which upon reaction form a polyisobutylene succinimide complex with zinc. Zinc polyisobutylene succinimide complex can be used individually or in combination.

Another class of ashless dispersants are Mannich bases. Mannich dispersants are reaction products of alkyl phenols with aldehydes (in particular with formaldehyde) and amines (in particular with polyalkylene polyamines). An alkyl group typically contains at least 30 carbon atoms.

In one embodiment, the dispersant comprises a polyisobutylene amine, which is described in US Pat. Nos. 5,567,845 and 5,496,383 and is commercially available from BASF.

Dispensers can also be subsequently processed by traditional methods by interaction with any agent. Among these agents are sources of boron, such as boric acid or borates, urea, thiourea, dimercaptothiodiazoles, carbon disulfide, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid anhydrides, maleic anhydride, nitriles, epoxides and phosphoric compounds.

Detergents

The fuel composition also optionally contains neutral or basic detergents. Suitable detergent substrates include sulfonates, salixarates, salicylates, salts of carboxylic acids, salts of phosphoric acid, salts of mono- and / or dithiophosphoric acid, phenolates, including alkyl phenolates and alkyl phenolates associated with sulfur, or saligenins.

In various embodiments, the fuel composition further comprises at least one compound selected from sulfonates and phenolates. If available, detergents are, as a rule, basic. The ratio of TOC (total base number) that the dispersion gives to the TOC given by the detergent can vary from 1:99 to 99: 1 or from 15:85 to 85:15.

Antioxidant

Antioxidant compounds are known, these include amine antioxidants (e.g., alkylated diphenylamine), spatially hindered phenol, molybdenum dithiocarbamate, and mixtures thereof. Antioxidant compounds can be used individually or in combination.

The hindered phenolic antioxidant often contains a secondary butyl and / or tertiary butyl group as a hindered substituent. In addition, a substituent — a hydrocarbon group and / or a bridging group linking it to a second aromatic group — is often introduced into the phenolic group. Examples of suitable spatially hindered phenolic antioxidants include 2,6-ditretbutylphenol, 4-methyl-2,6-ditretbutylphenol, 4-ethyl-2,6-ditretbutylphenol, 4-propyl-2,6-ditretbutylphenol or 4-butyl-2 6-ditretbutylphenol, 2,6-ditretbutylphenol. In one embodiment, the spatially hindered phenolic antioxidant is an ester, which may be, for example, Ciba Irganox ™ L-135. A more detailed description of the chemistry of suitable ester-containing spatially hindered phenolic antioxidants is found in US Pat. No. 6,559,105.

Suitable examples of molybdenum dithiocarbamates that can be used as antioxidants are commercial materials sold under the trade names such as Vanlube 822 ™ and Molyvan ™ A from RTVanderbiltCo., Ltd., and Adeka Sakura-Lube ™ S-100, S -165 and S-600 from Asahi Denka Kogyo KK and mixtures thereof.

Antiwear additive

The fuel composition, in addition, optionally contains at least one anti-wear additive. Examples of suitable anti-wear additives include sulfonated olefin, sulfur-containing ash-free anti-wear additives, metal dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates (e.g. zinc dialkyldithiophosphates), thiocarbamate compounds, such as thiocarbamate esters, thiocarbamide, thiocarbamide, thiocarbamide, thiocarbamide .

Dithiocarbamate-containing compounds can be prepared by reacting dithiocarbamic acid or its salt with an unsaturated compound. Dithiocarbamate-containing compounds can also be prepared by simultaneously reacting an amine, carbon disulfide and an unsaturated compound. As a rule, the reaction proceeds at a temperature of 25 ° C to 125 ° C. US Pat. Nos. 4,758,362 and 4,999,969 describe dithiocarbamate compounds and methods for their preparation.

Examples of suitable olefins that can be sulfonated to form a sulfonated olefin include propylene, butylene, isobutylene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene, undecyl, tridecene, tetradecene, pentadecene, hexadecene, heptadecene, octa octadecene, nonadecene, eicosen or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, hexadecene, heptadecene, octadecene, octadecene, nonodecene, eicosen or mixtures thereof, and their dimers, trimers and tetramers are particularly suitable olefins. Alternatively, the Diels-Alder adduct of a diene, for example, 1,3-butadiene, or an unsaturated ester, for example, butyl (meth) acrylate, can be an olefin.

Another class of sulfonated olefins are fatty acids and their esters. Fatty acids are most often obtained from vegetable or animal oil, which usually contains from 4 to 22 carbon atoms. Examples of suitable fatty acids and their esters include triglycerides, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid or mixtures thereof. Fatty acids are often obtained from lard oil, melt oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, fatty acids and / or esters thereof are mixed with olefins.

In an alternative embodiment, the ashless antiwear additive may be a monoester of a polyol and an aliphatic carboxylic acid, often an acid containing from 12 to 24 carbon atoms. Often the monoester of the polyol and aliphatic carboxylic acid is in the form of a mixture with sunflower oil or with a similar compound, which may be contained in the mixture of the friction transducer in an amount of 5 to 95, in several embodiments, in an amount of 10 to 90, or 20 to 85 , or from 20 to 80 percent by weight of the specified mixture. Aliphatic carboxylic acids (in particular monocarboxylic acid) that form esters are those that typically contain from 12 to 24 or from 14 to 20 carbon atoms. Examples of carboxylic acids include dodecanoic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, behenic acid and oleic acid.

Polyols include diols, triols and alcohols with a higher amount of alcohol OH groups. Polyhydric alcohols include ethylene glycols, including di-, tri- and tetraethylene glycols, propylene glycols, including di-, tri- and tetrapropylene glycols, glycerin, butanediol, hexanediol, sorbitol, arabitol, mannitol, sucrose, fructose, glucose, cyclohexanediol-erythritol and erythritol di- and tripentaerythritol. Often the polyol is diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, glycerin, sorbitol, pentaerythritol or dipentaerythritol.

A commercially available monoester, known as "monooleate glycerin", is believed to contain 60 ± 5 percent by weight chemical particles of glycerol monooleate, along with 35 ± 5 percent glycerol dioleate, and not more than 5 percent trioleate and oleic acid .

Other additives may also be used in the lubricant composition to improve performance, such as corrosion inhibitors, including octylamine octanoate, condensation products of dodecenyl succinic acid or anhydride and a fatty acid, for example oleic acid, with polyamine; metal deactivators, including derivatives of benzotriazoles, 1,2,4-triazoles, benzimidazoles, 2-alkyldithiobenzimidazoles or 2-alkydithiobenzothiazoles; foaming inhibitors, including copolymers of ethyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and optionally vinyl acetate; pour points, including copolymers of maleic anhydride esters and styrene, polymethacrylates, polyacrylates or polyacrylamides; and friction coefficient modifiers, including derivatives of fatty acids such as amines, esters, epoxides, fatty imidazolines, condensates of carboxylic acids and polyalkylene-polyamines, and ammonium salts of alkylphosphoric acids. The method of obtaining the dispersion

Dispersion can be obtained through physical processes, namely, through any one or more different physical processes, i.e. through the stages of physical processing. Examples of physical processes include crushing, grinding or crushing, or combinations of these processes. As a rule, the crushing process crushes the metal-containing base so that its average particle size is at least 10 nanometers and not more than 1 μm. Crushing processes include the use of a rotor-stator mixer, a vertical ball mill, a horizontal ball mill, a spider mill, a spherical mill, a grinder, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the physical processes for producing dispersion include the use of a vertical or horizontal ball mill.

In one embodiment, the invention further provides a method for producing a dispersion, which comprises the steps of:

(1) mixing (a) at least two metal-containing bases, where each metal in the metal-containing base has an average oxidation state of +2 or higher, (b) a surfactant and (c) an organic medium to form a suspension;

(2) grinding the suspension of step (1) to form a dispersion. In another embodiment, the dispersion can be obtained by forming a dispersion of one metal-containing base as explained in international publication WO 2005/097952, with the additional step of combining several single dispersions of the metal-containing base (by mixing them with each other) to obtain a dispersion containing (a ) at least two metal-containing bases, in which each metal in the metal-containing base has an average oxidation state of +2 or higher, (b) a surfactant and in (c) organic medium. In the case where the dispersion is obtained by combining several single dispersions of metal-containing bases, it is generally accepted that all single dispersions of metal-containing bases contain the same or compatible surfactants and an organic medium. If surfactants and organic media are not compatible, unstable dispersions may form.

In various embodiments, the crushing process can be carried out in a vertical or horizontal ball mill. Any of these two crushing processes in a ball mill can lead to a decrease in the particle size of the metal-containing base due to high-energy collisions of the metal-containing base with at least one ball and / or other agglomerates, aggregates, solid particles of the metal-containing base or mixtures thereof. Usually the average size of the balls and their mass exceeds the required average particle size of the metal-containing base. In some cases, the balls are a mixture with different particle sizes. Balls used in grinding can be materials known to those skilled in the art, such as ceramic, glass, stone or composite materials.

A mill typically contains balls that comprise at least 40% or at least 60% of the mill volume. For example, the range may be from 60 volume% to 95 volume%. A more detailed description of the preparation of the dispersion is presented in US patent application US 2005/010631.

Industrial application

A method for controlling by-products or pollutants generated during the combustion of a fuel dispersion is suitable for many open or closed flame combustion systems. Appropriate combustion systems include power plants, internal combustion engines, industrial or marine compressor engines, and turbines (which typically burn distillate, heating oil, or heavy petroleum oils).

In various embodiments, a suitable dispersion is added to the fuel in an amount that ranges from 1 ppm to 10,000 ppm, or from 20 ppm to 7,500 ppm, or from 100 ppm to 5,000 ppm, or from 200 ppm to 3,000 ppm, or from 500 ppm up to 2000 ppm.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for controlling by-products or pollutants generated during fuel combustion, which includes supplying fuel containing the dispersion described above. The use of dispersion in fuel can provide the ability to control by-products or pollutants from fuel combustion. Typically, by-products and pollutants from fuel combustion entail two or more problems, such as emissions of sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxides and the formation of particulate matter, the formation of vanadates, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the fuel dispersion comprises a calcium base and a base capable of varying the level of sulfur oxide emissions and the formation of particulate matter. In one embodiment, the fuel dispersion comprises magnesium bases and a base capable of altering the formation of vanadates, the level of sulfur oxide emissions and the formation of particulate matter.

The following examples illustrate the invention. These examples are not exhaustive, and they are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

Examples

Preparative dispersion examples

A number of dispersions (Preparative Examples 1-3) containing a metal-containing base, organic medium, and surfactant obtained from a suspension weighing about 15 kg were prepared using a Dyno-Mill ECM Multi-Lab laboratory horizontal ball mill, commercially available from WABAG , Basel using zirconium / yttrium balls with a diameter of 0.3 mm, with a residence time of about 10 minutes at a peripheral speed of about 8 m · s ^-1 . Where necessary, the average particle size of the dispersion is determined after cooling using a Coulter® LS230 particle size analyzer. Prepared dispersions are fluid.

Preparative Example 1: Magnesium Oxide Dispersion

The dispersion is obtained by crushing about 50 weight% of magnesium oxide, Magchem 40 ex Martin Marietta, in the presence of about 40 weight% of a 100 N base oil and about 10 weight% of a surfactant, which is alkylbenzenesulfonic acid.

Preparative Example 2: Iron Oxide Dispersion

The dispersion is obtained by crushing about 70 weight% iron oxide (Fe ₂ O ₃ ) commercially available from the company under the registered trademark Bayferrox® 160, about 18 weight% 100 N base oil and about 12 weight% surfactant, which is alkylbenzenesulfonic acid.

Preparative Example 3: Dispersion of Cerium Oxide

The dispersion is obtained by crushing about 50 weight% cerium oxide (CeO), about 40 weight% 100 N base oil and about 10 weight% surfactant (polyolefinamine ester esterified with 2- (dimethylamino) ethanol).

Example 1: Dispersion containing three metals

A dispersion containing three metals is obtained by mixing the product of Preparative Example 1 with a commercially available cerium sulfonate powder and an iron salt of octadecanoic acid. The mass ratio of metals magnesium: cerium: iron in the final product is approximately 150: 10: 5. The product forms a stable dispersion that does not show significant separation after 12 weeks.

Example 2: Dispersion containing three metals

A dispersion containing three metals is obtained by mixing portions of the product formed in Preparative Examples 1-3. The mass ratio of metals magnesium: cerium: iron in the final product is approximately 150: 10: 5. The product forms a stable dispersion that does not show significant separation after 12 weeks. More than 85% of the dispersion particles have an average size of less than 0.46 microns.

Example 3: Dispersion containing three metals

A dispersion containing three metals is obtained by mixing powders of magnesium oxide, calcium hydroxide and iron oxide (Fe ₂ O ₃ ). The resulting three-metal powder is then added to a mixture containing about 10 weight% of a succinimide-based surfactant, about 39.6 weight% of an SN 100 base oil and about 0.4 weight% of a demulsifier. The final dispersion contains 37.5 mass% of magnesium oxide, about 10.5 mass% of calcium hydroxide and about 2 mass% of iron oxide. The resulting dispersion is able to solidify, and its particle size leaves from about 0.14 to 0.2 microns.

Fuel Compositions 1-3

The products of examples 1-3 are loaded into liquid fuel in an amount of about 1000 ppm in the appropriate order. The resulting fuel is burned, the use of dispersion reduces the amount of by-products or pollutants generated during fuel combustion.

Fuel Compositions 4-6

The products of examples 1-3 are loaded into liquid fuel in an amount of about 1300 ppm in the appropriate order. The resulting fuel is burned, the use of dispersion reduces the amount of by-products or pollutants generated during fuel combustion.

Fuel Compositions 7-9

The products of examples 7-9 are loaded into liquid fuel in an amount of about 1,500 ppm in the appropriate order. The resulting fuel is burned, the use of dispersion reduces the amount of by-products or pollutants generated during fuel combustion.

Fuel Compositions 10-12

The products of examples 10-12 are loaded into liquid fuel in an amount of about 700 ppm in the appropriate order. The resulting fuel is burned, the use of dispersion reduces the amount of by-products or pollutants generated during fuel combustion.

Fuel Compositions 13-15

The products of examples 13-15 are loaded into liquid fuel in an amount of about 1750 ppm in the appropriate order. The resulting fuel is burned, the use of dispersion reduces the amount of by-products or pollutants generated during fuel combustion.

While the invention is explained in relation to its preferred embodiments, it should be understood that various modifications of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the description. Therefore, it is intended that the invention disclosed herein encompass such modifications that fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims (19)

1. The method of regulation of by-products or pollutants generated during the combustion of fuel, comprising the use of a dispersion obtained by physical processes of crushing or grinding, comprising at least one organic medium, at least one surfactant and a mixture, at least two metal-containing bases that are uniformly dispersed in the specified organic medium and in which each metal has an average oxidation state of +2 or higher, with the following weight ratios nia, wt.%:
at least two metal-containing bases 40-65 at least one surfactant 5-25 at least one organic medium rest,
adding dispersion to the fuel and burning the dispersion, wherein the first of at least two metal-containing bases is present in an amount of at least 50 wt.% of the total metal-containing bases and includes a metal selected from the group of metals including iron, magnesium, calcium, and mixtures thereof ,
the second metal-containing base is present in an amount of at least 50 wt.% of the total weight of the metal-containing bases and includes a metal selected from the group of metals including magnesium, calcium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium and mixtures thereof, wherein
the first metal-containing base is different from the second metal-containing base, and
the dispersion is not an aqueous emulsion. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that three metal-containing bases are used, the first and second metal-containing bases being different from the third metal-containing base. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that a mixture is used in which each metal of the metal-containing base has an average oxidation state ranging from +2 to +4 or from +2 to +3. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that a mixture is used in which the metal-containing base includes oxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides, sulfonates, carboxylates, or mixtures thereof. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that a mixture is used that includes the first and second metal-containing bases at the following content,% of the total mass of available metal-containing bases:
first metal base 75 second metal base 25 6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that a metal-containing base with an average particle size of 20-1000 nm is used. 7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that they use a surfactant with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of 1-40. 8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one surfactant is used selected from the group consisting of substituted aryl sulfonic acids, polyolefin substituted acylating agents or salixarenes. 9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that they burn liquid or solid fuel or a mixture thereof. 10. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that at least two properties inherent in the by-products or pollutants formed during fuel combustion are selected, selected from the group including an altered emission of sulfur oxides, an altered emission of nitrogen oxides, an altered formation particulate matter, altered formation of vanadates or a combination thereof. 11. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the dispersion is obtained by mixing a surfactant, an organic medium and at least two metal-containing bases, in which each metal in the metal-containing bases has an average oxidation state of +2 or higher, s the formation of a suspension, and crushing the resulting suspension. 12. A method of regulating by-products or pollutants generated during fuel combustion, comprising using a dispersion obtained by physical processes of crushing or grinding, comprising at least one organic medium, at least one surfactant and a mixture, at least three metal-containing bases that are uniformly dispersed in the indicated organic medium and in which each metal has an average oxidation state of +2 or higher, with the following mass eniyah, wt.%:
at least three metal-containing bases 40-65 at least one surfactant 5-25 at least one organic medium rest,
adding dispersion to the fuel and burning the dispersion, wherein the first metal-containing base is represented in an amount of more than 50 wt.% of the total mass of metal-containing bases and includes a metal selected from the group of metals including iron, magnesium, calcium and mixtures thereof,
the second metal-containing base is represented in an amount of less than 50 wt.% of the total weight of the metal-containing bases and includes a metal selected from the group of metals including magnesium, calcium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium and mixtures thereof, wherein the first metal-containing base is different from a second metal-containing base and a third metal-containing base is different from the first and second metal-containing bases, and
the dispersion is not an aqueous emulsion. 13. The method according to p. 12, characterized in that the said third metal-containing base includes a metal selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium, barium, platinum, lead, manganese, strontium, and mixtures thereof. 14. A fuel composition comprising a fuel and a dispersion comprising a mixture of at least two metal-containing bases in which each metal has an average oxidation state of +2 or higher, at least one surfactant and at least one , one organic medium in which metal-containing bases are uniformly dispersed in the following weight ratios, wt.%:
at least two metal-containing bases 40-65 at least one surfactant 5-25 at least one organic medium rest,
and is characterized by production through crushing or grinding processes, moreover
the first of at least two metal-containing bases is present in an amount of at least 50 wt.% of the total weight of the metal-containing bases and includes a metal selected from the group of metals including iron, magnesium, calcium, and mixtures thereof,
the second metal-containing base is present in an amount of at least 50 wt.% of the total weight of the metal-containing bases and includes a metal selected from the group of metals including magnesium, calcium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium and mixtures thereof, wherein
the first metal-containing base is different from the second metal-containing base, and
the dispersion is not an aqueous emulsion. 15. The composition according to 14, comprising three metal-containing bases, and the third metal-containing base is different from the first and second metal-containing bases. 16. The composition according to any one of paragraphs.14-15, characterized in that it further includes at least an additive to improve performance selected from the group comprising metal deactivators, detergents, dispersants, friction coefficient modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, pricing inhibitors, demulsifiers, pour point depressants, seal swell regulators, biocides, anti-fouling agents, flow improvers, flow improvers cold flow or mixtures thereof. 17. A fuel dispersion containing at least three metal-containing bases in which each metal has an average oxidation state of +2 or higher, at least one surfactant and at least one organic medium in which uniformly dispersed metal-containing base, in the following weight ratios, wt.%:
at least three metal-containing bases 40-65 at least one surfactant 5-25 at least one organic medium rest,
and is characterized by production through crushing or grinding processes, moreover
the first of at least two metal-containing bases is present in an amount of more than 50 wt.% of the total metal-containing bases and includes a metal selected from the group of metals, including iron, magnesium, calcium, and mixtures thereof,
the second metal-containing base is represented in an amount of less than 50 wt.% of the total weight of the metal-containing bases and includes a metal selected from the group of metals, including magnesium, calcium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium and mixtures thereof, while
the first metal-containing base is different from the second metal-containing base and the third metal-containing base is different from the first and second metal-containing bases, and
the dispersion is not an aqueous emulsion. 18. The dispersion according to claim 17, characterized in that the third metal-containing base is different from the first and second metal-containing bases. 19. The use of dispersion in fuel to reduce the amount of by-products or pollutants containing a mixture of at least two metal-containing bases in which each metal has an average oxidation state of +2 or higher, at least one surfactant and, at least one organic medium in which metal-containing bases are uniformly dispersed, in a weight ratio, wt.%:
at least two metal-containing bases 40-65 at least one surfactant 5-25 at least one organic medium rest,
and is characterized by production through crushing or grinding processes, moreover
the first of at least two metal-containing bases is present in an amount of at least 50 wt.% of the total weight of the metal-containing bases and includes a metal selected from the group of metals including iron, magnesium, calcium, and mixtures thereof,
the second metal-containing base is present in an amount of at least 50 wt.% of the total weight of the metal-containing bases and includes a metal selected from the group of metals including magnesium, calcium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium and mixtures thereof, wherein the first metal-containing base is different from the second metal-containing base and the dispersion is not a water-containing emulsion.