JP2009516029A - Method for controlling by-products or pollutants from fuel combustion - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention provides a method for controlling by-products or pollutants from fuel combustion comprising combusting a fuel comprising a dispersion, the dispersion comprising (a) a mixture of at least two metal bases. Wherein each metal of the metal base has a mean oxidation state of about (+2) or higher, (b) at least one surfactant; and (c) at least one organic medium. Here, the metal base includes an organic medium that is uniformly dispersed in the organic medium.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method comprising supplying a dispersion to a fuel, the dispersion comprising (a) a mixture of at least two metal bases, wherein each metal of the metal base is (+2 ) Or higher average oxidation state. This method can control by-products or pollutants from fuel combustion.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In recent years, attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants / emissions emitted from fuel combustion. Examples of pollutants include sulfur oxides (eg, sulfur trioxide), nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and particulate matter. These pollutants are known to have a detrimental effect on greenhouse gas levels or contribute to other problems such as smog. In the case of particulate matter, research has also pointed out adverse effects on human, animal and plant health. Other by-products of fuel combustion include vanadate precipitates. Vanadate precipitates are believed to form corrosive low melting slag that forms precipitates. It is desirable to burn fuel while keeping contaminants to a minimum.

  U.S. Patent No. 6,057,031 discloses providing a fuel composition comprising a metal base that has a solids content greater than about 35 wt% of the dispersion. The disclosed composition employs one metal base per dispersion.

Patent document 2 is disclosing the fuel addition composition which can reduce a vanadate precipitate. The composition includes a dispersion comprising a metal inorganic oxygen-containing compound, a liquid that dissolves in oil, and a fatty acid or ester derivative thereof.
International Publication No. 2005/097952 Pamphlet International Publication No. 04/026996 Pamphlet

  However, none of the above dispersions provide an improved method of reducing the large number of pollutants emitted during fuel combustion. Accordingly, it would be advantageous to provide a method for controlling pollutants from fuel combustion. The present invention provides such a method by providing a dispersion that synergistically reduces the number of pollutants emitted during fuel combustion.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a method for controlling by-products or pollutants from fuel combustion comprising combusting a fuel containing the dispersion, the dispersion comprising: (a) at least two metal bases Wherein each metal of the metal base has an average oxidation state of about (+2) or higher, (b) at least one surfactant; and (c) at least one organic A medium, wherein the metal base is uniformly dispersed in the organic medium.

  In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for controlling by-products or contaminants from fuel combustion comprising combusting a fuel comprising a dispersion, the dispersion comprising: (a) at least three metals A mixture of bases, wherein each metal of the metal base has an average oxidation state of about (+2) or higher; (b) at least one surfactant; and (c) at least one An organic medium, wherein the metal base is uniformly dispersed in the organic medium.

  In one aspect, the invention provides (a) a mixture of at least three metal bases, wherein each metal of the metal base has an average oxidation state of about (+2) or higher, (b At least one surfactant; and (c) at least one organic medium, wherein the metal base is uniformly dispersed in the organic medium.

  In one aspect, a composition is provided comprising (i) a fuel; and (ii) a dispersion, wherein the dispersion is (a) a mixture of at least two metal bases, wherein each of the metal bases The metal has an average oxidation state of about (+2) or higher, (b) at least one surfactant; and (c) at least one organic medium, wherein the metal base is the organic base An organic medium that is uniformly dispersed in the medium.

  In one aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising (i) a fuel; and (ii) a dispersion, wherein the dispersion is (a) a mixture of at least three metal bases, wherein Each metal of the metal base has an average oxidation state of about (+2) or higher, (b) at least one surfactant; and (c) at least one organic medium, wherein the metal The base includes an organic medium that is uniformly dispersed in the organic medium.

  In one aspect, the present invention provides a dispersion in a fuel (the dispersion is (a) a mixture of at least three metal bases to reduce by-products or pollutants formed from fuel combustion, Wherein each metal of the metal base has an average oxidation state of about (+2) or higher, (b) at least one surfactant; and (c) at least one organic medium, wherein Wherein the metal base is uniformly dispersed in the organic medium).

Detailed Description of the Invention The present invention provides a method for controlling by-products or pollutants from fuel combustion, as disclosed above. Furthermore, the present invention provides the compositions disclosed above.

  In one aspect, the invention is other than a water-containing emulsion.

  As used herein, the term “free of” for all chemistries disclosed herein, except for metal bases, is used in the specification and claims. Sometimes, it is defined as having no substance, except for the amount present as an impurity, eg, a trace amount or an ineffective amount. Typically, in this embodiment, the abundance is less than about 0.05 wt% or less than about 0.005 wt% by weight of the dispersion.

  As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the impurities in the metal base are typically about 1 wt% to about 3 wt% of the metal base. The reason that the impurities are typically about 1 wt% to about 3 wt% of the metal base is believed to be due to the mining process. Typically, the main impurities in the metal base include calcium carbonate, silica or silicate.

  In other embodiments, the dispersion may be opaque or translucent or translucent or transparent, or any gradation between such descriptions.

Fuel fuels include liquid fuels, biofuels, solid fuels, or mixtures thereof. In one aspect, the fuel is a solid fuel. In another aspect, the fuel is a liquid fuel. An example of a suitable solid fuel is coal.

  When the fuel comprises a liquid fuel, this liquid fuel may also be utilized as a suitable organic medium for preparing the dispersion. Therefore, to avoid duplication of description, a more detailed description of the liquid fuel is disclosed in the organic media section below.

Metal bases Metal base dispersions include divalent, trivalent, tetravalent metals or mixtures thereof.

  In some embodiments, the metal base can further comprise a monovalent metal base. In one aspect, the metal base is derived from a monovalent metal including lithium, potassium, sodium, copper, or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the metal oxidation state of the metal base is other than (+1).

  In another aspect, the average oxidation state of the metal base ranges from about (+2) to about (+4), or from about (+2) to about (+3). Typically, the metal of the metal base is a divalent or trivalent metal. In one aspect, the metal base is derived from a divalent metal including magnesium, calcium, barium or mixtures thereof. The metal may also be multivalent, such as monovalent, divalent, or trivalent, and examples include cerium, copper, or iron. In one aspect, the metal base is derived from a tetravalent metal and includes cerium.

In other embodiments, the base of the metal base includes oxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides, sulfonates, carboxylates (eg, C _1-30 or C _8-24 straight chain). Or branched alkyl carboxylates), nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, sulfites, nitrites, phosphonates, or mixtures thereof.

  In other embodiments, the base of the metal base includes oxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides, sulfonates, carboxylates, or mixtures thereof. Optionally, the metal base further comprises crystal water or adsorbed (or bound) water. In one aspect, the metal base is crystalline.

In other embodiments, the first metal base includes iron oxide (Fe ₂ O ₃ , FeO or Fe ₃ O ₄ ), iron carboxylates (eg, octadecanoate containing iron), magnesium hydroxide, hydroxide Calcium, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide or mixtures thereof are included.

In other embodiments, the second metal base includes cerium oxide (CeO or CeO ₂ ), cerium sulfonate, iron oxide (Fe ₂ O ₃ , FeO or Fe ₃ O ₄ ), iron carboxylates (eg, iron Octadecanoate), copper oxide (CuO) or chromium oxides.

In one aspect, the metal base is magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, cerium oxide (CeO or CeO ₂ ), iron oxide (Fe ₂ O ₃ , FeO or Fe ₃ O). ₄ ) substantially free of metal bases other than 2 or 3 bases selected from the group consisting of copper oxide (CuO) or chromium oxides, and mixtures thereof.

  In one aspect, the first metal base comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of iron, magnesium, calcium and mixtures thereof; the second metal base is magnesium, calcium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium, And a metal selected from the group consisting of mixtures thereof, wherein the first metal base is different from the second metal base.

In one aspect, when at least two metal bases are present in the mixture, a metal base is employed in which each metal of the metal base has an oxidation state of about (+2) or higher, wherein the metal is selected from Can be:
(I) the first metal base comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of iron, magnesium, calcium and mixtures thereof;
(Ii) the second metal base comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, iron, copper, chromium, and mixtures thereof, provided that the first metal base is different from the second metal base. And (iii) optionally another metal base other than the metal base of (i) or (ii).

  In one aspect, the first metal base is present in a greater weight than the second metal base. The weight of the first metal base present may be about 50 wt% greater, about 75 wt% greater, or about 95 wt% greater than the total amount of metal base present. The weight of the second metal base present may be less than about 50 wt%, less than about 25 wt%, or less than about 5 wt% of the total amount of metal base present.

In one aspect, when there are at least three metal bases in the mixture, a metal base is employed in which each metal of the metal base has an oxidation state of about (+2) or higher, wherein the metal is selected from Can be:
(I) the first metal base comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of iron, magnesium, calcium and mixtures thereof;
(Ii) the second metal base comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium, and mixtures thereof, provided that the first metal base is the second metal base And (iii) at least one other metal base, wherein the metal of the metal base is calcium, magnesium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium, barium, platinum, lead, manganese, strontium , And mixtures thereof; provided that the third metal base is different from the metal base already employed in (i) and (ii).

  In one aspect, the metal of the metal base of (iii) is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium, and mixtures thereof; provided that the third metal base is (i) and ( It differs from the metal base already employed in ii).

  When at least three metal bases are employed, in one aspect, two of the metal bases are derived from calcium and magnesium bases. The third (or higher, ie fourth or fifth) metal base may be derived from a metal selected from the group consisting of cerium, iron, copper, chromium, and mixtures thereof.

  The amount of metal base present in the dispersion, i.e. the solids content, exceeds about 15 wt% of the dispersion, about 17 wt% to about 90 wt%, or about 25 wt% to about 80 wt%, or about 35 wt% to about 70 wt%, Alternatively, it may range from about 40 wt% to about 65 wt%. This amount is determined with respect to the initial dispersion and does not include any additional diluents that may be substantially mixed, for example, to form a fully formulated lubricating composition, Contains no solid and non-volatile components from other sources.

  Metal bases are typically in solid form and are not very soluble in organic media. In other embodiments, the metal base in the dispersion is from about 20 nanometers to less than about 1 μm, or from about 30 nanometers to about 0.7 μm, or from about 50 nanometers to about 0.4 μm, or from about 80 nanometers to An average particle size in the range of about 0.3 μm.

  The metal base generally comprises at least one of oxides, hydroxides or carbonates. Examples of suitable metal bases include magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, cerium oxide, iron oxide or mixtures thereof. In one aspect of the invention, the metal base is present in a mixture, such as commercially available dolmitic lime.

  When the present invention further comprises a metal base having an oxidation state of (+1), examples of suitable metal bases include sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, anhydrous Examples thereof include lithium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide monohydrate, lithium carbonate, lithium oxide, or a mixture thereof.

  In one aspect, the dispersion further comprises a coordination compound such as ferrocene (based on cyclopentadienyl), carboxylate or sulfonate.

Surfactants Surfactants include ionic (cationic or anionic) or nonionic compounds. In general, the surfactant stabilizes the dispersion of the metal base in the organic medium.

  Suitable surfactant compounds include hydrophilicity in the range of about 1 to about 40, or about 1 to about 20, or about 1 to about 18, or about 2 to about 16, or about 2.5 to about 15. Compounds having a lipophilic balance (HLB) are included. In other aspects, the HLB may be about 11 to about 14, or less than about 10, such as about 1 to about 8, or about 2.5 to about 6. Combinations of surfactants having individual HLB values outside these ranges may be used provided that the composition of the final surfactant blend is within these ranges. If the surfactant has an effective acidic group, the surfactant may be a metal salt of this acidic group, in which case the metal is derived from a metal base.

Examples of surfactants suitable for the present invention are disclosed in McCutcheon's Emulsifiers and Detergents , 1993, North America and International Edition. Common examples include alkanolamides, alkylaryl sulfonates, amine oxides, poly (oxyalkylene) compounds containing block copolymers with alkylene oxide repeat units (eg Pluronic ^™ ), carboxylated alcohols Ethoxylates, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated alkylphenols, ethoxylated amines and amides, ethoxylated fatty acids, ethoxylated fatty acid esters and fatty oils, fatty acid esters, glycerol esters, glycol esters, imidazolines Derivatives, phenates, lecithins and derivatives, lignins and derivatives, monoglycerides and derivatives, olefin sulfonates, phosphate esters and derivatives, Poxylated and ethoxylated fatty acids or alcohols or alkylphenols, sorbitan derivatives, sucrose esters and derivatives, sulfates or alcohols or ethoxylated alcohols or fatty acid esters, polyisobutylene succinicimide and derivatives It is done.

  In one aspect, the surfactant comprises polyesters as defined in US Pat. No. 3,778,287, column 2 line 44 to column 3 line 39. Examples of suitable polyester surfactants are prepared in US Pat. No. 3,778,287 as disclosed in polyester examples AF, including salts thereof.

  In one aspect, the surfactant is a hydrocarbyl substituted aryl sulfonic acid (or sulfonate) of an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or mixture thereof. The aryl group of the aryl sulfonic acid may be phenyl or naphthyl. In one aspect, the hydrocarbyl substituted aryl sulfonic acid comprises an alkyl substituted benzene sulfonic acid.

Hydrocarbyl (especially alkyl) groups typically contain from about 8 to about 30, or from about 10 to about 26, or from about 10 to about 15 carbon atoms. In one embodiment the surfactant _is a mixture of alkyl benzene sulphonic acids C 10 _{-C 15.} Examples of sulfonates include dodecylbenzenesulfonates and tridecylbenzenesulfonates or condensed naphthalenes or petroleum sulfonates, and sulfosuccinates and derivatives.

  In one aspect, the surfactant is in the form of a natural surfactant or an overbased surfactant, typically forming a salt with an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal. Alkali metals include lithium, potassium or sodium; alkaline earth metals include calcium or magnesium. In one aspect, the alkali metal is sodium. In one aspect, the alkaline earth metal is calcium.

  In one aspect, the surfactant is a derivative of a polyolefin. Typical examples of polyolefins include polyisobutene; polypropylene; polyethylene; copolymers derived from isobutene and butadiene; copolymers derived from isobutene and isoprene; or mixtures thereof.

  Typically, the polyolefin derivative further comprises a polyolefin substituted acylating agent that is optionally reacted to form an ester and / or aminoester. The acylating agent can be prepared from a carboxylic acid reactant (reacting with the polyolefin to provide the desired acylating agent, ie, a substrate for the surfactant). Carboxylic acid reactants include functional groups such as carboxylic acids or anhydrides thereof. Examples of carboxylic acid reactants include alpha, beta-unsaturated mono- or polycarboxylic acids, anhydride esters or derivatives thereof. Thus, examples of carboxylic acid reactants include (meth) acrylic acid, methyl (meth) acrylate, maleic acid or anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid or anhydride, or mixtures thereof, each of which is typically Specifically, it may be in the form of a saturated material (eg, succinic anhydride) after reaction with the polyolefin.

  In one aspect, the polyolefin is a derivative of polyisobutene having a number average molecular weight of at least 250, 300, 500, 600, 700, or 800 to 5000 or more, often up to 3000, 2500, 1600, 1300, or 1200. is there. Typically, less than about 5% by weight of polyisobutylene used to make derivative molecules is less than about 250

を有し、非常に多くの場合、誘導体を製造するために用いられるポリイソブチレンは、少なくとも約８００の

And very often the polyisobutylene used to produce the derivative is at least about 800

を有する。誘導体を製造するために用いられるポリイソブチレンは、好ましくは、少なくとも約３０％の末端ビニリデン基を含み、非常に多くの場合、少なくとも約６０％または少なくとも約７５％または約８５％の末端ビニリデン基を含む。誘導体を製造するために用いられるポリイソブチレンは、多分散性を有してもよく、

Have The polyisobutylene used to make the derivative preferably contains at least about 30% terminal vinylidene groups, very often at least about 60% or at least about 75% or about 85% terminal vinylidene groups. Including. The polyisobutylene used to produce the derivative may have polydispersity,

は、約５より大きく、非常に多くの場合、約６〜約２０である。

Is greater than about 5 and very often from about 6 to about 20.

  In various embodiments, the polyisobutene is substituted with succinic anhydride, and the polyisobutene substituent is about 1,500 to about 3,000, or about 1,800 to about 2,300, or about 700-1, about 700, Or a number average molecular weight in the range of about 800 to about 1000. The ratio of succinic groups per equivalent of polyisobutene is typically from about 1.3 to about 2.5, or from about 1.7 to about 2.1, or from about 1.0 to about 1.3, or It is in the range of about 1.0 to about 1.2.

  In one aspect, the surfactant is a polyisobutenyl-dihydro-2,5-furandione ester having pentaerythritol, or a mixture thereof. In one aspect, the surfactant is a polyisobutylene succinic anhydride derivative, such as polyisobutylene succinimide or a derivative thereof. In one aspect, the surfactant is substantially free or free of basic nitrogen.

  Other typical derivatives of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride include hydrolyzed succinic anhydride, esters or dibasic acids. Polyisobutylene succan derivatives are preferred for the production of metal base dispersions. Large groups of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride derivatives are taught in US Pat. No. 4,708,753 and US Pat. No. 4,234,435.

  In another aspect, the surfactant comprises salixarene (or salixarate if in the form of a metal salt). Salixarene is defined as an organic substrate for salixarate. Salixarene is of the formula (I) or (II):

または

Or

の少なくとも１つの単位を含む実質的に直鎖状の化合物によって表わされ、該化合物の各々の末端は、式（ＩＩＩ）または（ＩＶ）：

Wherein each terminus of the compound is represented by the formula (III) or (IV):

の末端基を有し、このような基は、二価の架橋基によって連結され、各々の連結に対して同じであるかまたは異なっていてもよく；式中、ｆは、約１、２または３であり、一態様では、約１または２であり；Ｒ^２は、ヒドロキシルまたはヒドロカルビル基であり、ｊは、約０、１、または２であり；Ｒ^３は、水素またはヒドロカルビル基であり；Ｒ^４は、ヒドロカルビル基または置換されたヒドロカルビル基であり；ｇは、約１、２または３であり、ただし、少なくとも１つのＲ^４基は、８個以上の炭素原子を含み；ここで、前記化合物は、平均して、少なくとも１つの単位（Ｉ）または（ＩＩ）、および少なくとも１つの単位（ＩＩ）または（ＩＶ）を含み、組成物中の単位（Ｉ）および（ＩＩＩ）の総数と単位（ＩＩ）および（ＩＶ）の総数との比は、約０．１：１〜約２：１である。

Wherein such groups are linked by a divalent bridging group and may be the same or different for each linkage; where f is about 1, 2 or 3 and in one aspect about 1 or 2; R ² is a hydroxyl or hydrocarbyl group; j is about 0, 1, or 2; R ³ is a hydrogen or hydrocarbyl group; R ⁴ is a hydrocarbyl group or a substituted hydrocarbyl group; g is about 1, 2 or 3, provided that at least one R ⁴ group contains 8 or more carbon atoms; The compound comprises on average at least one unit (I) or (II) and at least one unit (II) or (IV), the total number and units of units (I) and (III) in the composition (II) and (IV) The ratio to the total number is about 0.1: 1 to about 2: 1.

The U group in formulas (I) and (III) is —OH or —NH ₂ or —NHR ¹ or —N (R) located in one or more ortho, meta, or para positions relative to the —COOR ³ group. ¹ ) _Two groups may be sufficient. R ¹ is a hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 5 carbon atoms. When the U group comprises an —OH group, the formulas (I) and (III) can be converted to 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (often called salicylic acid), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid or mixtures thereof Derived from. When U is a —NH ₂ group, formulas (I) and (III) can be converted to 2-aminobenzoic acid (often anthranilic acid), 3-aminobenzoic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid or mixtures thereof. Derived from.

The divalent bridging group may be the same or different in each case, an alkylene bridge or a methylene bridge such as —CH ₂ — or —CH (R) —, and —CH ₂ OCH ₂ — or — Including ether bridges such as CH (R) OCH (R)-, where R is an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, wherein the methylene bridge and ether bridge are formaldehyde or 2-6 Derived from an aldehyde with 1 carbon primitive.

  In many cases, the terminal group of formula (III) or (IV) further comprises 1 or 2 hydroxymethyl groups ortho to the hydroxy group. In one aspect of the invention, a hydroxymethyl group is present. In one aspect of the invention, no hydroxymethyl group is present. A more detailed description of salixarene and salixarate chemistry is disclosed in EP 1 419 226 B1, including the preparation methods defined in Examples 1 to 23 (page 11, line 42 to page 13, line 47). .

  In one aspect, the surfactant is substantially free or free of fatty acids or derivatives thereof, such as esters. In one aspect, the surfactant is other than a fatty acid or derivative thereof.

  In one aspect, the surfactant comprises at least hydrocarbyl-substituted aryl sulfonic acids, polyolefin derivatives, polyesters or salixarenes (or salixarates).

  In other embodiments, the surfactant is substantially free or free of phospholipids (eg, lecithin) and / or amino acids (eg, sarcosines).

  In one aspect, the surfactant has a molecular weight of less than 1000, and in another aspect, has a molecular weight of less than about 950, such as less than about 250, about 300, about 500, about 600, about 700, or about 800. .

  The amount of surfactant and metal base in the dispersion may vary as shown in Table 1, with the remainder being the organic medium and optionally water. In one aspect, the amount of organic medium present in the dispersion varies from about 25 wt% to about 55 wt%.

Table 1

有機媒体
有機媒体は、潤滑粘度の油、液体燃料、炭化水素溶媒またはそれらの混合物を含んでもよい。典型的には、有機溶媒は、潤滑粘度または液体燃料を含む。

Organic Medium The organic medium may comprise an oil of lubricating viscosity, a liquid fuel, a hydrocarbon solvent or a mixture thereof. Typically, the organic solvent comprises a lubricating viscosity or liquid fuel.

  In some cases, the organic solvent typically comprises up to about 1 wt%, or about 2 wt% or about 3 wt% water of the dispersion. In other embodiments, the organic solvent is substantially free or free of water.

In one aspect of the oil of lubricating viscosity , the organic medium comprises an oil of lubricating viscosity. Such oils include natural and synthetic oils, oils derived from hydrocracking, hydrogenation and hydrofinishing, crude oils, refined and rerefined oils, and mixtures thereof. It is.

  Crude oil is generally oil obtained directly from natural or synthetic sources with no (or little) further processing.

  Refined oils are similar to crude oils, except that they have been further processed in one or more purification steps to improve one or more properties. Purification techniques are known in the art and include solvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid or base extraction, filtration, leaching and the like.

  Rerefined oils, also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oils, are obtained by a process similar to that used to obtain refined oils and are often directed to the removal of used additives and oil decay products It is further processed by the technique.

  Natural oils useful for producing the lubricants of the present invention include animal oils, vegetable oils (eg, castor oil, lard oil), mineral lubricating oils such as liquid petroleum, and paraffinic, naphthenic or mixed paraffins. Included are naphthenic solvent-treated or acid-treated mineral lubricating oils and oils derived from coal or shale or mixtures thereof.

  Synthetic lubricating oils are useful and include hydrocarbon oils such as polymeric tetrahydrofurans, polymerized olefins and interpolymerized olefins (eg, polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene isobutylene copolymers); poly (1- Hexene) s, poly (1-octenes), poly (1-decenes), and mixtures thereof; alkylbenzenes (eg, dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di- (2-ethylhexyl) ) -Benzenes); polyphenyls (eg, biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenyls); alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and their derivatives, analogs and homologs, and Mix of Thing, and the like.

  Other synthetic lubricants are included. Synthetic oils can be made by the Fischer-Tropsch reaction and can typically be hydroisomerized Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons or waxes.

  Oils of lubricating viscosity may also be defined as specified in the American Petroleum Institute (API) Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines. The five base oils are as follows: Class I (sulfur content> 0.03 wt%, and / or <90 wt% saturates, viscosity index 80-120); Class II (sulfur content ≦ 0.03 wt%, And ≧ 90 wt% saturates, viscosity index 80-120); III (sulfur content ≦ 0.03 wt%, and ≧ 90 wt% saturates, viscosity index ≧ 120); IVs (polyalphaolefins (PAOs)) All); and class V (all others not included in classes I, II, III, or IV). Oils of lubricating viscosity include API Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, Group V oils, and mixtures thereof. In many cases, the oil of lubricating viscosity is an API Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV oil, and mixtures thereof. Alternatively, the oil of lubricating viscosity is often an API Group I, Group II, Group III oil, or mixtures thereof.

Liquid fuel Liquid fuel is usually liquid at ambient conditions. Liquid fuels include hydrocarbon fuels, biofuels (eg, biodiesel), non-hydrocarbon fuels, or mixtures thereof. The hydrocarbon fuel may be a gasoline distillate as specified in ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) specification D4814, or a petroleum distillate such as diesel fuel as specified in ASTM specification D975. . In one aspect, the liquid fuel is gasoline and in another aspect, the liquid fuel is leaded or unleaded gasoline. In another aspect, the liquid fuel is diesel fuel. Hydrocarbon fuels include hydrocarbons prepared by a gas-to-liquid process, such as hydrocarbons prepared by a process such as the Fischer-Tropsch process. Non-hydrocarbon fuels include oxygen-containing compositions (often referred to as oxygenates), alcohols, ethers, ketones, esters of carboxylic acids, nitroalkanes, or mixtures thereof. Non-hydrocarbon fuels include methanol, ethanol, methyl t-butyl ether, methyl ethyl ketone, transesterified oils and / or fats from plants and animals, such as rapeseed methyl ester and soy methyl ester, and nitromethane. Mixtures of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon fuels include a mixture of gasoline and methanol and / or ethanol, a mixture of diesel fuel and ethanol, and a mixture of diesel fuel and transesterified vegetable oil, such as rapeseed methyl ester. . In one aspect, the liquid fuel is a non-hydrocarbon fuel or a mixture thereof.

  The dispersion may be used as a single additive to the fuel composition. In one aspect, the dispersion is used as one additive in combination with other performance additives to provide a fuel composition. In one aspect, the present invention provides (i) (a) a metal base; (b) a surfactant; and (c) a dispersion comprising an organic medium in which the metal base is dispersed; (ii) an oil of lubricating viscosity; iii) providing a fuel composition comprising other performance additives;

  Accordingly, the fuel composition can include an oil of lubricating viscosity as defined above in addition to the amount that may be present as the organic medium of the dispersion.

Other performance additive fuel compositions optionally include other performance additives. Other performance additives include at least one metal deactivator, detergent, dispersant, friction modifier, rust inhibitor, antioxidant, antifoam, demarcifier, pour point depressant, seal expansion agent, Biocides, antifouling agents, flow improvers (including polymethacrylates, maleic anhydride-styrene interpolymers, polyalphaolefins, and ethylene vinyl acetates), low temperature flow improvers, and mixtures thereof. Including. Typically, a fully formulated fuel contains one or more of these performance additives.

  Performance additives such as antiwear agents are typically included in the fuel of two-stroke marine diesel cylinder lubricants.

Demarcifiers Demarcifiers are known. In one aspect, the dispersion further comprises a demarcifier, or a mixture thereof. Examples of demarcifiers include trialkyl phosphates, polyethylene glycols, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides and (ethylene oxide-propylene oxide) polymers, alkoxylated alkylphenol resins or mixtures thereof.

Dispersant dispersants are often known as ashless dispersants. This is because the dispersion does not contain any ash-forming metal before it is mixed with the lubricating oil composition and usually does not provide any ash-forming metal when added to the lubricant. The dispersion also includes a polymer dispersant. Ashless type dispersions are characterized by polar groups attached to relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chains. Typical ashless dispersions include N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides. Examples of N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides include polyisobutylene succinimides in which the number average molecular weight of the polyisobutylene substituent is in the range of 350 to 5000, or 500 to 3000. Succinimide dispersants and their preparation are disclosed, for example, in US Pat. No. 4,234,435. Succinimide dispersants are typically imides formed from polyamines, typically poly (ethyleneamine).

  In one aspect, the present invention further comprises at least one dispersant derived from polyisobutylene succinimide having a number average molecular weight in the range of 350-5000, or 500-3000. The polyisobutylene succinimide may be used alone or in combination with other dispersants.

  In one aspect, the present invention further comprises at least one dispersant derived from polyisobutylene, an amine and zinc oxide to form a polyisobutylene succinimide complex with zinc. The polyisobutylene succinimide complex with zinc can be used alone or in combination.

  Another class of ashless dispersant is Mannich base. Mannich dispersants are reaction products of alkylphenols with aldehydes (especially formaldehyde) and amines (especially polyalkylene polyamines). The alkyl group typically contains at least 30 carbon atoms.

  In one aspect, the dispersant includes polyisobutylene-amines described in US Pat. Nos. 5,567,845 and 5,496,383, which are commercially available from BASF.

  The dispersant may also be post-treated by conventional methods by reaction with any of a variety of drugs. Among these are boron sources such as boric acid or borates, urea, thiourea, dimercaptothiadiazoles, carbon disulfide, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, hydrocarbon-substituted succinic anhydrides, maleic anhydride There are acids, nitriles, epoxides, and phosphorus compounds.

The detergent fuel composition optionally further comprises a neutral or overbased detergent. Suitable detergent substrates include sulfonates, salixates, salicylates, carboxylates, phosphoric acid salts, mono- and / or di-thiophosphates, alkylphenates and sulfur bonds. Phenates, including alkyl phenates, or saligenins are included.

  In other aspects, the fuel composition further comprises at least one sulfonate and phenate. When present, the detergent is typically overbased. The ratio of TBN induced by the dispersion to TBN induced by the detergent may range from 1:99 to 99: 1, or 15:85 to 85:15.

Antioxidant Antioxidant compounds are known and include amine antioxidants (eg alkylated diphenylamines), hindered phenols, molybdenum dithiocarbamates, and mixtures thereof. Antioxidant compounds may be used alone or in combination.

Hindered phenol antioxidants often contain secondary butyl and / or tertiary butyl groups as sterically hindered groups. The phenol group is often further substituted by a bridging group linked to a hydrocarbyl group and / or a second aromatic group. Examples of suitable hindered phenol antioxidants include 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-ethyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol. 4-propyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol or 4-butyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol. In one aspect, the hindered phenol antioxidant is an ester and may include, for example, Ciba's Irganox ^™ L-135. A more detailed description of the chemistry of suitable ester-containing hindered phenol antioxidants can be found in US Pat. No. 6,559,105.

Suitable examples of molybdenum dithiocarbamates that can be used as antioxidants include R.I. T.A. Vanderbilt Co. , Ltd., Ltd. Vanlube 822 ^TM and Molyvan ^TM A, and Adeka Sakura-Lube ^TM S-100, S-165 and S-600 from Asahi Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd. Commercial products sold under the name, and mixtures thereof.

The antiwear fuel composition optionally further comprises at least one antiwear agent . Examples of suitable antiwear agents include sulfurized olefins, sulfur-containing ashless antiwear additives, metal dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates (eg, zinc dialkyldithiophosphates), thiocarbamate containing compounds such as thiocarbamate esters, Carbamate amides, thiocarbamic acid esters, alkylene-linked thiocarbamates, and bis (S-alkyldithiocarbamyl) disulfides.

  Dithiocarbamate-containing compounds can be prepared by reacting dithiocarbamic acid or a salt with an unsaturated compound. A dithiocarbamate-containing compound can also be prepared by reacting an amine, carbon disulfide and an unsaturated compound simultaneously. Generally, this reaction occurs at a temperature of 25 ° C to 125 ° C. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,758,362 and 4,997,969 describe dithiocarbamate compounds and methods for making them.

  Examples of suitable olefins that may be sulfurized to form sulfurized olefins include propylene, butylene, isobutylene, pentene, hexane, heptene, octane, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene, undecyl, tridecene, tetradecene, pentadecene, Hexadecene, heptadecene, octadecene, octadecenene, nonodecene, eicosene or mixtures thereof. In one aspect, hexadecene, heptadecene, octadecene, octadecenene, nonodecene, eicosene or mixtures thereof and their dimers, trimers and tetramers are particularly useful olefins. Alternatively, the olefin may be a Diels-Alder adduct of a diene such as 1,3-butadiene and an unsaturated ester such as butyl (meth) acrylate.

  Another class of sulfurized olefins includes fatty acids and their esters. Fatty acids are often obtained from vegetable or animal oils and typically contain 4 to 22 carbon atoms. Examples of suitable fatty acids and their esters include triglycerides, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid or mixtures thereof. Often the fatty acids are obtained from lard oil, tall oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower seed oil or mixtures thereof. In one aspect, fatty acids and / or esters are mixed with olefins.

  In an alternative embodiment, the ashless antiwear agent may be a polyol and an aliphatic carboxylic acid, often a monoester of an acid containing from 12 to 24 carbon atoms. Often, the monoester of polyol and aliphatic carboxylic acid is in the friction modifier mixture 5 to 95 weight percent of the mixture, in other embodiments 10 to 90, or 20 to 85, or 20 to 80. It is in the form of a mixture with sunflower oil etc. which may be present in weight percent. The aliphatic carboxylic acids (particularly monocarboxylic acids) that form esters are typically aliphatic carboxylic acids containing 12 to 24 or 14 to 20 carbon atoms. Examples of carboxylic acids include dodecanoic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, behenic acid, and oleic acid.

  Polyols include diols, triols, and alcohols containing a higher number of alcohol OH groups. Polyhydric alcohols include ethylene glycols including di-, tri- and tetraethylene glycols; propylene glycols including di-, tri- and tetrapropylene glycols; glycerol; butanediol; hexanediol; sorbitol; arabitol; Mannitol; sucrose; fructose; glucose; cyclohexanediol; erythritol; and pentaerythritol, including di- and tripentaerythritol. Often the polyol is diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, pentaerythritol or dipentaerythritol.

  Commercially available monoesters known as “glycerol monooleate” include 60 ± 5 weight percent species glycerol monooleate, and 35 ± 5 percent glycerol dioleate, and less than 5 percent trioleic acid It is believed to contain salt and oleic acid.

  Rust preventive agent containing condensation product of fatty acid and polyamine such as octylamine octoate, dodecyl succinic acid or anhydride and oleic acid; benzotriazoles, 1,2,4-triazoles, benzimidazoles, 2-alkyl Metal deactivators comprising derivatives of dithiobenzimidazoles or 2-alkyldithiobenzothiazoles; antifoaming agents comprising copolymers of ethyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and optionally vinyl acetate ;; maleic anhydride-styrene Pour point depressants, including esters, polymethacrylates, polyacrylates or polyacrylamides; amines, esters, epoxides, fatty imidazolines, carboxylic acids and polyalkylene-polyamines condensation products, and alkyl groups Other performance additives such as friction modifiers including fatty acid derivatives such as amine salts of acid may be also used in the lubricating composition.

Dispersion Preparation Process Dispersions can be prepared by any one or more of a physical process, in other words, various physical processes, ie, physical processing steps. Examples of physical processes include agitation, milling, grinding, grinding or mixing thereof. Typically, this process grinds the metal base to an average particle size of at least 10 nanometers to less than 1 μm. The milling process includes using a rotor stator mixer, vertical bead mill, horizontal bead mill, basket mill, ball mill, pearl mill or mixtures thereof. In one aspect, the physical process of preparing the dispersion includes using a vertical or horizontal bead mill.

In one aspect, the present invention further provides:
(1) (a) at least two metal bases, wherein each metal of the metal base has an average oxidation state of about (+2) or higher; (b) a surfactant; and (C) mixing an organic medium to form a slurry;
(2) The process of preparing the dispersion including the process of grinding the slurry of process (1) and forming a dispersion is provided.

  In another aspect, the dispersion may be prepared by forming a single metal dispersion taught in International Publication No. WO 2005/097952, combining a plurality of single metal base dispersions (they Additional steps (by mixing together) may form a dispersion comprising: at least two metal bases, wherein each metal of the metal base is about (+2 A metal base having an average oxidation state of or higher; (b) a surfactant, and (c) an organic medium. When the dispersion is prepared by combining a plurality of single metal base dispersions, it contains the same or compatible surfactant compound and organic medium for all single metal base dispersions It is common. If the surfactant and organic medium are not compatible, unstable dispersions may be formed.

  In other aspects, the milling process may be performed in a vertical or horizontal bead mill. Any bead milling process may involve the use of metal bases by high energy collisions of metal bases using at least one bead; and / or other metal base agglomerates, aggregates, solid particles; or mixtures thereof. Causes particle size reduction. The beads typically have an average particle size and mass that is greater than the desired average particle size of the metal base. In some cases, the beads are a mixture of different average particle sizes. The beads used for grinding may be made of materials known to those skilled in the art, such as metal ceramics, glass, stone, or composite materials.

  The mill typically includes beads that are present at least about 40 vol%, or at least about 60 vol% of the mill. The range includes, for example, about 60 vol% to about 95 vol%. A more detailed description of making the dispersion is disclosed in US Patent Application No. US05 / 010631.

  The following examples provide an illustration of the present invention. These examples are not exhaustive and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

Dispersion Preparation Examples A series of dispersions (Preparation Examples 1 to 3) comprising a metal base, an organic medium and a surfactant were prepared from a slurry weighing about 15 kg, and A. B. A. G. , Basel, lab-scale Dyno-Mill ECM Multi-Lab horizontal bead mill, using 0.3 mm diameter zirconia / yttria beads for about 10 minutes at a tip speed of about 8 ms- ^1. Dwell time. If necessary, the average particle size of the dispersed particles is measured after cooling by a Coulter® LS230 Particle Size Analyzer. The dispersion prepared is flowable.

Production Example 1: Magnesium oxide dispersion dispersion is about 50 wt% magnesium oxide, Magchem 40, for example, in the presence of about 40 wt% 100 N base oil and about 10 wt% alkylbenzene sulfonic acid surfactant. Prepared by milling Martin Marietta.

Production Example 2: The iron oxide dispersion dispersion is about 70 wt% iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3), about 18 wt% 100 N base oil commercially available from Bayer as Bayferrox® 160. And about 12 wt% alkylbenzene sulfonic acid surfactant.

Production Example 3: A cerium oxide dispersion is esterified with about 50 wt% cerium oxide (CeO), about 40 wt% 100 N base oil, and about 10 wt% surfactant (2- (dimethylamino) ethanol). Polyolefin aminoesters).

Example 1: Three Metal Dispersion A three metal dispersion is prepared by mixing the product of Preparation Example 1 with commercially available cerium sulfonate powder and iron octodecanoate. The final product has a magnesium: cerium: iron metal weight ratio of about 150: 10: 5. The product forms a stable dispersion that does not show significant stratification after 12 weeks.

Example 2: Three Metal Dispersion A three metal dispersion is prepared by blending a portion of the product formed in Preparation Examples 1-3. The final product has a magnesium: cerium: iron metal weight ratio of about 150: 10: 5. The product forms a stable dispersion that does not show significant stratification after 12 weeks. The dispersion has greater than about 85% dispersed particles having a particle size of less than about 0.46 microns.

Example 3: Three Metal Dispersion Three metal dispersions are prepared by mixing magnesium oxide, calcium hydroxide and iron oxide (Fe2O3) in powder form. The resulting three metal powders are then added to about 10 wt% succinimide surfactant and about 39.6 wt% SN100 base oil and about 0.4 wt% demarcifier. The final dispersion contains 37.5 wt% magnesium oxide, about 10.5 wt% calcium hydroxide, and about 2 wt% iron oxide. The resulting dispersion is flowable and has an average particle size of about 0.14 to about 0.2 microns.

Fuel composition 1-3
Examples 1-3 are each processed at about 1000 ppm in liquid fuel. The resulting fuel is combusted and the use of the dispersion results in a reduction of by-products or pollutants from the fuel combustion.

Fuel composition 4-6
Examples 4-6 are each treated at about 1300 ppm in liquid fuel. The resulting fuel is combusted and the use of the dispersion results in a reduction of by-products or pollutants from the fuel combustion.

Fuel composition 7-9
Examples 7-9 are each treated at about 1500 ppm in liquid fuel. The resulting fuel is combusted and the use of the dispersion results in a reduction of by-products or pollutants from the fuel combustion.

Fuel composition 10-12
Examples 10-12 are each treated at about 700 ppm in liquid fuel. The resulting fuel is combusted and the use of the dispersion results in a reduction of by-products or pollutants from the fuel combustion.

Fuel composition 13-15
Examples 13-15 are each treated at about 1750 ppm in liquid fuel. The resulting fuel is combusted and the use of the dispersion results in a reduction of by-products or pollutants from the fuel combustion.

  Although the present invention has been described in terms of its preferred embodiments, it should be understood that various modifications thereof will become apparent to those skilled in the art reading this specification. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the invention disclosed herein is intended to include such modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Methods for controlling by-products or contaminants from industrially utilized fuel combustion dispersions are useful for many direct flame or closed flame combustion systems. Suitable combustion systems include power generators, internal combustion engines, industrial and marine compression engines and turbines (usually burning spilled fuel oil, residual fuel oil or heavy oil).

  In other embodiments, suitable dispersions are fuels in the range of about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm, or about 20 ppm to about 7500 ppm, or about 100 ppm to about 5000 ppm, or about 200 ppm to about 3000 ppm, or about 500 ppm to about 2000 ppm. To be added.

  In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of controlling by-products and pollutants from fuel combustion comprising providing a fuel comprising a dispersion described herein. The use of dispersions in fuels can provide a means to control by-products and pollutants from fuel combustion. Typically, by-products and pollutants from fuel combustion are modified sulfur oxide emissions, modified nitrogen oxide emissions, modified particulate matter production, modified vanadate production or they Including two or more properties from a mixture of In one aspect, the fuel dispersion includes a calcium base that can modify sulfur oxide emissions and particulate matter production. In one aspect, the fuel dispersion includes a magnesium base that can modify vanadate production, sulfur oxide emissions, and particulate matter production.

Claims (20)

  A method of controlling by-products or pollutants from fuel combustion comprising burning a fuel containing a dispersion, the dispersion comprising: (a) a mixture of at least two metal bases, wherein Wherein each metal of the metal base has a mean oxidation state of about (+2) or higher, (b) at least one surfactant; and (c) at least one organic medium, wherein , Wherein the metal base is uniformly dispersed in the organic medium.   The method of claim 1, wherein the average oxidation state of each metal base ranges from about (+2) to about (+4), or from about (+2) to about (+3).   The method of claim 1, wherein the metal base comprises oxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides, sulfonates, carboxylates, or mixtures thereof. The mixture of the at least two metal bases is
(I) a first metal base comprising a metal selected from the group consisting of iron, magnesium, calcium and mixtures thereof;
(Ii) a second metal base comprising a metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium, and mixtures thereof, wherein the first metal base is the second metal base A method according to claim 1, comprising a second metal base that is different from the metal base of; and (iii) optionally another metal base other than the metal base of (i) or (ii).   The first metal base is present in excess of about 50 wt% of the total weight of metal base present; and the second metal base is about 50 wt% of the total weight of metal base present 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the method is present in less than 5%.   The first metal base is present in excess of about 75 wt% of the total weight of metal base present; and the second metal base is about 25 wt% of the total weight of metal base present 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the method is present in less than 5%.   The method of claim 1, wherein the dispersion has the metal base present in a range from about 25 wt% to about 80 wt%, or from about 35 wt% to about 70 wt% of the dispersion.   The method of claim 1, wherein the metal base has an average particle size in the dispersion that ranges from about 20 nanometers to less than about 1 μm.   The method of claim 1, wherein the surfactant has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) in the range of about 1 to about 40.   The method of claim 1, wherein the surfactant comprises at least a hydrocarbyl substituted aryl sulfonic acid, a polyolefin substituted acylating agent, or salixarenes.   The method of claim 1, wherein the dispersion comprises (a) 40-65 wt% metal base; (b) 5-25 wt% surfactant; and (c) an organic medium in which the metal base is dispersed. .   The method of claim 1, wherein the fuel comprises a liquid fuel, a solid fuel, or a mixture thereof.   By-products or pollutants from the fuel combustion are from modified sulfur oxide emissions, modified nitrogen oxide emissions, modified particulate matter production, modified vanadate production, or mixtures thereof The method of claim 1, comprising two or more characteristics of:   A method for controlling by-products or pollutants from fuel combustion comprising burning a fuel comprising a dispersion, the dispersion comprising: (a) a mixture of at least three metal bases, wherein Wherein each metal of the metal base has a (+2) or higher average oxidation state, a mixture, (b) at least one surfactant; and (c) at least one organic medium, wherein A method comprising an organic medium, wherein the metal base is uniformly dispersed in the organic medium. The mixture of at least three metal bases is
(I) a first metal base comprising a metal selected from the group consisting of iron, magnesium, calcium and mixtures thereof;
(Ii) a second metal base comprising a metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium, and mixtures thereof, wherein the first metal base is the second metal base A second metal base different from the metal base of; and (iii) at least one other metal base, wherein the metal of the metal base is calcium, magnesium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium, barium A metal base selected from the group consisting of platinum, lead, manganese, strontium, and mixtures thereof;
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the third metal base is different from the metal base already employed in (i) and (ii).   (I) a fuel; and (ii) a dispersion comprising: (a) a mixture of at least two metal bases, wherein each metal of the metal base is about (+2) or A composition having a higher average oxidation state, (b) at least one surfactant; and (c) at least one organic medium, wherein the metal base is uniformly dispersed in the organic medium A composition comprising an organic medium.   The composition of claim 16, wherein the dispersion comprises at least three metal bases.   Metal deactivator, cleaning agent, dispersant, friction modifier, rust inhibitor, antioxidant, antifoaming agent, demarcifier, pour point depressant, seal expansion agent, biocide, antifouling agent, fluidity 17. The composition of claim 16, further comprising at least other performance additives selected from the group consisting of improvers, cold flow improvers, and mixtures thereof.   (A) a mixture of at least three metal bases, wherein each metal of the metal base has an average oxidation state of about (+2) or higher; (b) at least one surfactant; And (c) at least one organic medium, wherein the metal base is uniformly dispersed in the organic medium.   Use of a dispersion in a fuel to reduce by-products or pollutants formed from fuel combustion, wherein the dispersion is (a) a mixture of at least two metal bases, wherein Each metal of the metal base has a mean oxidation state of about (+2) or higher, (b) at least one surfactant; and (c) at least one organic medium, wherein Use comprising an organic medium, wherein the metal base is uniformly dispersed in the organic medium.