WO2005117136A2 - Photovoltaic installation for feeding an electric grid, and central control and monitoring device for a photovoltaic installation - Google Patents

Photovoltaic installation for feeding an electric grid, and central control and monitoring device for a photovoltaic installation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005117136A2
WO2005117136A2 PCT/EP2005/052311 EP2005052311W WO2005117136A2 WO 2005117136 A2 WO2005117136 A2 WO 2005117136A2 EP 2005052311 W EP2005052311 W EP 2005052311W WO 2005117136 A2 WO2005117136 A2 WO 2005117136A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
monitoring device
monitoring
network
solar
central control
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PCT/EP2005/052311
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German (de)
French (fr)
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WO2005117136A3 (en
Inventor
Roland Burger
Richard Schmidt
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Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
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Publication of WO2005117136A2 publication Critical patent/WO2005117136A2/en
Publication of WO2005117136A3 publication Critical patent/WO2005117136A3/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/493—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode the static converters being arranged for operation in parallel
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers

Definitions

  • Photovoltaic system for feeding into an electrical network as well as a central control and monitoring device for a photovoltaic system
  • the invention relates to a photovoltaic system for feeding into an electrical network, in particular into a public power supply network, with a plurality of solar inverters, to each of which a photovoltaic generator can be connected, the
  • Solar inverters are connected to one another via a communication bus for data technology purposes, and a central control and monitoring device, which is also connected to the communication bus, is provided for controlling and monitoring the solar inverters.
  • the invention relates to a central control and monitoring device for such a photovoltaic system.
  • Photovoltaic systems are used to feed electrical current into an electrical network, such as a 1-phase 50 Hz / 230 V voltage network or a 3-phase 50 Hz / 400 V voltage network, for example from an energy supply company.
  • photovoltaic systems can have one or more photovoltaic generators, wherein a photovoltaic generator can consist of one or more solar modules, which in turn can have a large number of interconnected solar cells.
  • Several solar modules are usually connected in series as a "string" so that the input voltage required by the inverter module is reached.
  • the electrical current generated by photovoltaic means is then fed to one or more solar inverters, which convert the supplied DC voltage into a regulated, standardized grid voltage.
  • solar inverters are known for single-phase versions, for example in DE 196 42 522 Cl.
  • a photovoltaic system can also have a system control level for controlling and operating several connected solar inverters.
  • a maximum single-phase feed-in power of 4.6 kVA is permitted.
  • the solar inverter must either be three-phase or several single-phase solar inverters must be provided, which feed in distributed over the three phases of the electrical network. An unbalanced load between the phases of over 4.6 kVA is not permitted.
  • an approved and also single-phase grid monitoring device For single-phase feeding solar inverters up to 4.6kVA, an approved and also single-phase grid monitoring device must be provided. This continuously monitors the network voltage, the network frequency and changes in the network impedance on the network side. If one of the monitoring criteria to be monitored is violated, the feeding solar inverter is switched off safely.
  • the network monitoring device ensures that no mains voltages that are dangerous for the service personnel can be present during maintenance work on the network if the relevant power branches are disconnected from the power supply network.
  • a three-phase network monitoring device can also be used, which is then approved for electrical power up to 30kVA.
  • the relevant solar inverter is switched off for approx. 30 seconds. Then the solar inverter is switched on again, if the above Criteria are again within the permissible range.
  • a central control and monitoring device controls and monitors the solar inverters, which are usually connected to each other via a communication bus.
  • the display unit and input buttons on the control and monitoring device can then be used, for example, to display the current feed-in power, sunshine duration and internal parameters of the connected solar inverters and, if necessary, to change these parameters, for example in the event of an expansion of the photovoltaic system.
  • a disadvantage of the previous modular design of the solar inverters is that the respective grid monitoring devices influence one another when a number of modules of solar inverters are connected in series, which leads to increased unnecessary shutdowns of solar inverters and consequently to losses in terms of the energy fed in.
  • the object is achieved with a photovoltaic system for feeding into an electrical network, the photovoltaic system having a plurality of solar inverters which feed into the electrical network on the output side and a plurality of photovoltaic generators, each of which is connected to an input side of a solar inverter.
  • a communication bus connects the solar inverters to one another in terms of data technology, a central control and monitoring device being provided which is likewise connected to the communication bus for controlling and monitoring the solar inverters and has a network monitoring device which switches off the solar inverters at least temporarily if predetermined network monitoring criteria are not complied with.
  • the great advantage of the invention lies in the fact that a central control and monitoring device takes over the exclusive network monitoring. This prevents mutual interference, for example, due to an impedance jump in a switched-off solar inverter, the otherwise modular solar inverters, each with its own grid monitoring device. Unnecessary shutdowns of individual solar inverters are avoided. The amount of electrical energy fed in is increased.
  • the network monitoring device of the central control and monitoring device can be designed as a single or three-phase system in accordance with the projected solar feed-in power.
  • the network monitoring device can be designed in such a way that it can be exchanged within the central control and monitoring device.
  • the network monitoring devices usually require a technical approval from a national or international approval authority in order to meet the corresponding security requirements.
  • the network monitoring device has measuring means for monitoring a predefinable voltage and / or frequency range and / or a predeterminable impedance jump value.
  • the network monitoring device is particularly suitable for a public single-phase or three-phase 50 Hz AC network, such as in Europe, or also for a 60Hz AC network, e.g. trained in the USA.
  • the task is also solved with a central control and monitoring device for controlling and monitoring several solar inverters of a photovoltaic system for feeding into an electrical network and for monitoring predeterminable network-side monitoring criteria.
  • the figure shows a photovoltaic system PVA according to the invention, which has four photovoltaic generators SM1-SM4 by way of example. For the sake of clarity, their internal structure is not shown any further.
  • the photovoltaic generators SM1-SM4 feed into one solar inverter M1-M4 each.
  • each solar inverter M1-M4 has an inverter module WR, which is connected on the input side to a photovoltaic generator PVA.
  • the solar direct current is converted into a single-phase alternating voltage. For safety reasons - as already shown in the example of the figure - this voltage can be potential-free compared to the voltage level of the photovoltaic generators SM1-SM4.
  • the four solar inverters M1-M4 feed into a phase R, S, T of an electrical network SN in order to achieve an approximately uniform power distribution in this network SN.
  • a network SN is in particular a public 3-phase 50 Hz / 400 V voltage network. With N, all three feeding solar inverters M1-M4 are common neutral.
  • Each M1-M4 solar inverter has a microcontroller ⁇ C as an electronic control unit. This is connected to the inverter module WR via electrical connection lines for controlling, regulating and monitoring or diagnosing the associated inverter module WR.
  • the microcontroller ⁇ C is also connected to a bus interface BA.
  • bus connections are also available as integrated components and tailored to the respective communication bus.
  • a communication bus BUS connects the solar inverters Ml-M4 to one another in terms of data technology, a central control and monitoring device MAS being provided, which is also connected to the communication bus BUS for controlling and monitoring the solar inverters M1-M4.
  • the central control and monitoring device MAS acts as a superordinate "master”, which controls the "slaves", ie the exemplary four solar inverters M1-M4.
  • the central control and monitoring device MAS alone has a grid monitoring device which, at least temporarily, switches off the solar inverters M1-M4 if predetermined grid monitoring criteria are not met, as described at the beginning.
  • the central control and monitoring device MAS advantageously has no power section, e.g. an inverter, but only includes the additional electronic control unit ⁇ C2 required for controlling and monitoring the solar inverters M1-M4 and a bus interface BA for connection to the communication bus BUS.
  • the central control and monitoring device MAS has a display unit DISP and input keys T, by means of which, advantageously, e.g. ongoing operational parameters such as the current electrical feed-in power can be displayed centrally for the entire photovoltaic system PVA.
  • the input keys T it is e.g. possible to make changes to the configuration of the PVA photovoltaic system or to change the DISP operational display.

Abstract

A photovoltaic installation (PVA) for feeding an electric grid (SN) comprises a plurality of solar inverters (M1-M4) whose outputs feed the electric grid, and a plurality of photovoltaic generators (SM1-SM4) connected each to an input of a solar inverter. A communication bus (BUS) interconnects the solar inverters so as to permit data exchange. A central control and monitoring device (MAS) is also connected to the communication bus for controlling and monitoring the solar inverters and has a network monitoring system (ENS) which switches off the solar inverters at least temporarily when predeterminable grid monitoring criteria are not complied with. The great advantage is that a central control and monitoring device takes on exclusively grid monitoring functions, so as to prevent the otherwise modular solar inverters fitted with their own grid monitoring systems from influencing one another, and also preventing the unnecessary switching-off of individual solar inverters.

Description

Beschreibungdescription
Photovoltaikanlage zur Einspeisung in ein elektrisches Netz sowie zentrales Steuer- und Überwachungsgerät für eine Photovol- tai anlagePhotovoltaic system for feeding into an electrical network as well as a central control and monitoring device for a photovoltaic system
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Photovoltaikanlage zur Einspeisung in ein elektrisches Netz, insbesondere in ein öffentliches Energieversorgungsnetz, mit mehreren Solarwechselrichtern, an wel— chen je ein Photovoltaikgenerator anschließbar ist, wobei dieThe invention relates to a photovoltaic system for feeding into an electrical network, in particular into a public power supply network, with a plurality of solar inverters, to each of which a photovoltaic generator can be connected, the
Solarwechselrichter über einen Kommunikationsbus datentechnische untereinander verbunden sind und wobei ein ebenfalls an den Kommunikationsbus angeschlossenes zentrales Steuer- und Überwachungsgerät zur Steuerung und Überwachung der Solarwechselrich- ter vorgesehen ist.Solar inverters are connected to one another via a communication bus for data technology purposes, and a central control and monitoring device, which is also connected to the communication bus, is provided for controlling and monitoring the solar inverters.
Die Erfindung betrifft ein zentrales Steuer- und Überwachungsgerät für eine derartige Photovoltaikanlage.The invention relates to a central control and monitoring device for such a photovoltaic system.
Photov ltaikanlagen dienen der Einspeisung von elektrischem Strom in ein elektrisches Netz, wie z.B. in ein 1-phasiges 50Hz/230V-Spannungsnetz oder in ein 3-phasiges 50Hz/400V-Span- nungsnetz z.B. eines Energieversorgungsunternehmens. Dazu können Photovoltaikanlagen ein oder mehrere Photovoltaikgeneratoren aufweisen, wobei ein Photovoltaikgenerator aus einem oder mehreren Solarmodulen bestehen kann, welches bzw. welche wiederum eine Vielzahl von untereinander verschalteten Solarzellen aufweisen können. Dabei werden üblicherweise mehrere Solarmodule als "String" in Reihe geschaltet, damit die vom Wechselrichtermodul benötige EingangsSpannung erreicht wird. Der auf photovoltai- schem Weg erzeugte elektrische Strom wird dann einem oder mehreren Solarwechselrichtern zugeführt, welcher oder welche, die zugeführte Gleichspannung in eine geregelte standardisierte Netzspannung umwandeln. Derartige Solarwechselrichter sind für 1- phasige Ausführungen z.B. in der DE 196 42 522 Cl bekannt. Eine Photovoltaikanlage kann zudem eine Anlagenleitebene zur Steuerung und Betriebsführung von mehreren angeschlossenen Solarwechselrichtern aufweisen.Photovoltaic systems are used to feed electrical current into an electrical network, such as a 1-phase 50 Hz / 230 V voltage network or a 3-phase 50 Hz / 400 V voltage network, for example from an energy supply company. For this purpose, photovoltaic systems can have one or more photovoltaic generators, wherein a photovoltaic generator can consist of one or more solar modules, which in turn can have a large number of interconnected solar cells. Several solar modules are usually connected in series as a "string" so that the input voltage required by the inverter module is reached. The electrical current generated by photovoltaic means is then fed to one or more solar inverters, which convert the supplied DC voltage into a regulated, standardized grid voltage. Such solar inverters are known for single-phase versions, for example in DE 196 42 522 Cl. A photovoltaic system can also have a system control level for controlling and operating several connected solar inverters.
Der Betrieb von Photovoltaikanlagen, welche in das öffentliche Stromversorgungsnetz eines Energieversorgungsunternehmens einspeisen, unterliegt einschlägigen nationalen oder internationalen Vorschriften.The operation of photovoltaic systems, which feed into the public power supply network of a power supply company, is subject to relevant national or international regulations.
So ist z.B. für das Gebiet der Bundesrepublik Deutschland eine maximale einphasige Einspeiseleistung von 4,6kVA zulässig. Bei einer höheren Einspeiseleistung ist der Solarwechselrichter entweder dreiphasig auszuführen oder es sind mehrere einphasige Solarwechselrichter vorzusehen, welche verteilt auf die drei Pha- sen des elektrischen Netzes einspeisen. Dabei ist eine Schieflast zwischen den Phasen von über 4,6kVA nicht zulässig.For example, for the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany, a maximum single-phase feed-in power of 4.6 kVA is permitted. In the case of a higher feed-in power, the solar inverter must either be three-phase or several single-phase solar inverters must be provided, which feed in distributed over the three phases of the electrical network. An unbalanced load between the phases of over 4.6 kVA is not permitted.
Bei einphasig einspeisenden Solarwechselrichtern bis 4,6kVA ist eine zugelassene und gleichfalls einphasige Netzüberwachungsein- richtung vorzusehen. Diese überwacht netzseitig fortlaufend die Netzspannung, die Netzfrequenz sowie Änderungen der Netzimpedanz. Bei Verletzung einer der zu überwachenden Überwachungskriterien erfolgt eine sichere Abschaltung des einspeisenden Solarwechselrichters. Die Netzüberwachungseinrichtung stellt sicher, dass bei netzseitigen Wartungsarbeiten keine für das Servicepersonal gefährlichen Netzspannungen anliegen können, wenn entsprechende Stromzweige vom Stromversorgungsnetz freigeschalten werden.For single-phase feeding solar inverters up to 4.6kVA, an approved and also single-phase grid monitoring device must be provided. This continuously monitors the network voltage, the network frequency and changes in the network impedance on the network side. If one of the monitoring criteria to be monitored is violated, the feeding solar inverter is switched off safely. The network monitoring device ensures that no mains voltages that are dangerous for the service personnel can be present during maintenance work on the network if the relevant power branches are disconnected from the power supply network.
Für einen höheren Leistungsbereich kann auch eine dreiphasige Netzüberwachungseinrichtung eingesetzt werden, welche dann für eine elektrische Leistung bis 30kVA zugelassen ist.For a higher power range, a three-phase network monitoring device can also be used, which is then approved for electrical power up to 30kVA.
Auf dem Gebiet der Bundesrepublik Deutschland gelten für öffent- liehe elektrische Netze zur Zeit folgende Überwachungskriterien: Netzspannungsbereich: 184V - 265V Netzfrequenzbereich: 49,8Hz - 50,2Hz Impedanzsprung: < 0,5ΩThe following monitoring criteria currently apply to public electrical networks in the Federal Republic of Germany: Mains voltage range: 184V - 265V Mains frequency range: 49.8Hz - 50.2Hz Impedance jump: <0.5Ω
Wird eines der o.g. Überwachungskriterien "verletzt", erfolgt eine Abschaltung des betreffenden Solarwechselrichters für ca. 30 Sekunden. Anschließend erfolgt wieder eine Zuschaltung des Solarwechselrichters, falls die o.g. Kriterien wieder im zulässigen Bereich liegen.If one of the above Monitoring criteria "violated", the relevant solar inverter is switched off for approx. 30 seconds. Then the solar inverter is switched on again, if the above Criteria are again within the permissible range.
Seit einiger Zeit besteht zunehmend der Wunsch von Betreibern von Photovoltaikanlagen, diese erweitern zu können. Die Ursache liegt zum einem darin begründet, dass die Betreiber die Photovoltaikanlage zuerst "im Kleinen" betreiben möchten, um die Ren- tabilitat der Anlage verifizieren zu können, bevor weitere Investitionen getätigt werden.For some time now there has been an increasing desire from operators of photovoltaic systems to be able to expand them. One reason for this is that the operators want to operate the photovoltaic system "on a small scale" first, so that the profitability of the system can be verified before further investments are made.
Zum anderen ist auf dem Gebiet der Bundesrepublik Deutschland seit 1.1.2004 der Betrieb von Anlagen über 4,βkVA z.B. hinsieht- lieh der Einspeisevergütung begünstigt worden, was zu einer, gesteigerten Nachfrage für Erweiterungen bestehender Photovoltaikanlagen geführt hat .On the other hand, the operation of plants with more than 4, βkVA e.g. the feed-in tariff has been favored, which has led to increased demand for extensions to existing photovoltaic systems.
Aus diesem Grund werden vermehrt Solarwechselrichter angeboten, welche in ihrer Zahl entsprechend der projektierten Einspeiseleistung modular aneinander gereiht werden können. Dabei übernimmt ein zentrales Steuer- und Überwachungsgerät die Steuerung und Überwachung der zumeist über einen Kommunikationsbus untereinander verbundenen Solarwechselrichter. Über eine Anzeigeein- heit und Eingabetasten des Steuer- und Überwachungsgeräts können dann z.B. die aktuelle Einspeiseleistung, die Sonnenscheindauer sowie interne Parameter der angeschlossenen Solarwechselrichter dargestellt werden und ggf. diese Parameter abgeändert werden, z.B. im Falle einer Erweiterung der Photovoltaikanlage. Nachteilig am bisherigen modularen Aufbau der Solarwechselrichter ist es, dass die jeweiligen Netzüberwachungseinrichtungen bei Aneinanderreihung mehrerer Module von Solarwechselrichter sich gegenseitig beeinflussen, was zu vermehrten unnötigen Ab- Schaltungen von Solarwechselrichtern und folglich zu Einbußen hinsichtlich der eingespeisten Energie führte.For this reason, more and more solar inverters are being offered, which can be modularly strung together in accordance with the configured feed-in power. A central control and monitoring device controls and monitors the solar inverters, which are usually connected to each other via a communication bus. The display unit and input buttons on the control and monitoring device can then be used, for example, to display the current feed-in power, sunshine duration and internal parameters of the connected solar inverters and, if necessary, to change these parameters, for example in the event of an expansion of the photovoltaic system. A disadvantage of the previous modular design of the solar inverters is that the respective grid monitoring devices influence one another when a number of modules of solar inverters are connected in series, which leads to increased unnecessary shutdowns of solar inverters and consequently to losses in terms of the energy fed in.
Es ist somit eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, eine Photovoltaikanlage anzugeben, welche einen wirtschaftlicheren Betrieb ermöglicht und einen einfacheren Aufbau aufweist.It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a photovoltaic system which enables more economical operation and has a simpler structure.
Es ist eine weitere Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein geeignetes zentrales Steuer- und Überwachungsgerät für eine derartige Photovoltaikanlage anzugeben.It is a further object of the invention to provide a suitable central control and monitoring device for such a photovoltaic system.
Die Aufgabe wird gelöst mit einer Photovoltaikanlage zur Einspeisung in ein elektrisches Netz, wobei die Photovoltaikanlage mehrere Solarwechselrichter, die ausgangsseitig in das elektrische Netz einspeisen, und mehrere Photovoltaikgeneratoren auf- weist, welche je ,an einer Eingangsseite eines Solarwechselrichters angeschlossen sind. Ein Kommunikationsbus verbindet die Solarwechselrichter datentechnisch untereinander, wobei ein zentrales Steuer- und Überwachungsgerät vorgesehen ist, welches gleichfalls mit dem Kommunikationsbus zur Steuerung und Überwa- chung der Solarwechselrichter verbunden ist und eine Netzüberwachungseinrichtung aufweist, welche die Solarwechselrichter bei Nichteinhaltung vorgebbarer Netzüberwachungskriterien zumindest zeitweise abschaltet.The object is achieved with a photovoltaic system for feeding into an electrical network, the photovoltaic system having a plurality of solar inverters which feed into the electrical network on the output side and a plurality of photovoltaic generators, each of which is connected to an input side of a solar inverter. A communication bus connects the solar inverters to one another in terms of data technology, a central control and monitoring device being provided which is likewise connected to the communication bus for controlling and monitoring the solar inverters and has a network monitoring device which switches off the solar inverters at least temporarily if predetermined network monitoring criteria are not complied with.
Der große Vorteil der Erfindung liegt darin begründet, dass ein zentrales Steuer- und Überwachungsgerät die ausschließliche Netzüberwachung übernimmt. Dadurch wird eine gegenseitige Beeinflussung, wie z.B. durch einen Impedanzsprung eines abgeschalteten Solarwechselrichters, der sonst modularen Solarwechselrich- ter mit je einer eigenen Netzuberwachungsreinrichtung vermieden. Unnötige Abschaltungen einzelner Solarwechselrichter werden vermieden. Die eingespeiste elektrische Energiemenge wird erhöht. Die Netzüberwachungseinrichtung des zentralen Steuer- und Überwachungsgeräts kann dabei ein- oder dreiphasig entsprechend der projektierten solaren Einspeiseleistung ausgeführt sein. Die Netzüberwachungseinrichtung kann dabei derart ausgebildet sein, dass diese innerhalb des zentralen Steuer- und Überwachungsgeräts ausgetauscht werden können.The great advantage of the invention lies in the fact that a central control and monitoring device takes over the exclusive network monitoring. This prevents mutual interference, for example, due to an impedance jump in a switched-off solar inverter, the otherwise modular solar inverters, each with its own grid monitoring device. Unnecessary shutdowns of individual solar inverters are avoided. The amount of electrical energy fed in is increased. The network monitoring device of the central control and monitoring device can be designed as a single or three-phase system in accordance with the projected solar feed-in power. The network monitoring device can be designed in such a way that it can be exchanged within the central control and monitoring device.
Dadurch ist es vorteilhaft möglich, z.B. bei Erweiterung der Anlage anstelle einer einphasigen eine dreiphasige Netzüberwa- chungseinrichtung zu verwenden.This makes it advantageously possible, e.g. when expanding the system, use a three-phase network monitoring device instead of a single-phase one.
Die Netzüberwachungseinrichtungen erfordern üblicherweise eine technische Zulassung einer nationalen oder internationalen Zulassungsbehörde, um den entsprechenden Sicherheitsanforderungen zu genügen. Dazu weist die Netzüberwachungseinrichtung Messmittel zur Überwachung eines vorgebbaren Spannungs- und/ oder Frequenzbereichs und/oder eines vorgebbaren Impedanzsprungwerts auf.The network monitoring devices usually require a technical approval from a national or international approval authority in order to meet the corresponding security requirements. For this purpose, the network monitoring device has measuring means for monitoring a predefinable voltage and / or frequency range and / or a predeterminable impedance jump value.
Die Netzüberwachungseinrichtung ist insbesondere für ein öffentliches einphasiges oder dreiphasiges 50Hz-Wechselspannungsnetz, wie z.B. in Europa, oder auch für ein 60Hz-Wechselspannungsnetz, wie z.B. in den USA, ausgebildet.The network monitoring device is particularly suitable for a public single-phase or three-phase 50 Hz AC network, such as in Europe, or also for a 60Hz AC network, e.g. trained in the USA.
Die Aufgabe wird weiterhin gelöst mit einem zentralen Steuer- und Überwachungsgerät zur Steuerung und Überwachung mehrerer Solarwechselrichter einer Photovoltaikanlage zur Einspeisung in ein elektrisches Netz sowie zur Überwachung vorgebbarer netzsei- tiger Überwachungskriterien.The task is also solved with a central control and monitoring device for controlling and monitoring several solar inverters of a photovoltaic system for feeding into an electrical network and for monitoring predeterminable network-side monitoring criteria.
Die Erfindung wird an Hand der nachfolgenden einzigen Figur beispielhaft näher erläutert .The invention is illustrated by way of example with reference to the following single figure.
Dabei zeigt die Figur eine erfindungsgemäße Photovoltaikanlage PVA, welche beispielhaft vier Photovoltaikgeneratoren SM1-SM4 aufweist. Aus Gründen der Übersichtlichkeit ist deren interner Aufbau nicht weiter dargestellt. Die Photovoltaikgeneratoren SM1-SM4 speisen dabei in je einen Solarwechselrichter M1-M4. Im Beispiel der Figur verfügt jeder Solarwechselrichter M1-M4 über ein Wechselrichtermodul WR, welches eingangsseitig mit einem Photovoltaikgenerator PVA verbunden ist. Dabei wird der Solar- gleichstrom in eine einphasige Wechselspannung umgewandelt. Aus Sicherheitsgründen kann - wie bereits im Beispiel der Figur dargestellt - diese Spannung potentialfrei gegenüber der Spannungsebene der Photovoltaikgeneratoren SM1-SM4 sein.The figure shows a photovoltaic system PVA according to the invention, which has four photovoltaic generators SM1-SM4 by way of example. For the sake of clarity, their internal structure is not shown any further. The photovoltaic generators SM1-SM4 feed into one solar inverter M1-M4 each. In the example of the figure, each solar inverter M1-M4 has an inverter module WR, which is connected on the input side to a photovoltaic generator PVA. The solar direct current is converted into a single-phase alternating voltage. For safety reasons - as already shown in the example of the figure - this voltage can be potential-free compared to the voltage level of the photovoltaic generators SM1-SM4.
Im Beispiel der Figur speisen die vier Solarwechselrichter M1-M4 in je eine Phase R, S, T eines elektrischen Netzes SN ein, um eine in etwa gleichmäßige Leistungsverteilung in diesem Netz SN zu erreichen. Ein derartiges Netz SN ist insbesondere ein öffentliches 3-phasiges 50Hz/400V-Spannungsnetz . Mit N ist der al- len drei einspeisenden Solarwechselrichtern M1-M4 gemeinsame Nullleiter.In the example of the figure, the four solar inverters M1-M4 feed into a phase R, S, T of an electrical network SN in order to achieve an approximately uniform power distribution in this network SN. Such a network SN is in particular a public 3-phase 50 Hz / 400 V voltage network. With N, all three feeding solar inverters M1-M4 are common neutral.
Jeder Solarwechselrichter M1-M4 verfügt über einen Mikrocontrol- ler μC als elektronische Steuereinheit. Dieser ist über elektri- sehe Verbindungsleitungen zur Steuerung, Regelung und Überwachung bzw. Diagnose des zugehörigen Wechselrichtermoduls WR mit diesem verbunden.Each M1-M4 solar inverter has a microcontroller μC as an electronic control unit. This is connected to the inverter module WR via electrical connection lines for controlling, regulating and monitoring or diagnosing the associated inverter module WR.
Im Beispiel der Figur ist zudem der Mikrocontroller μC mit einer Busanschaltung BA verbunden. Derartige Busanschaltung sind auch als integrierte Bauelemente erhältlich und auf den jeweiligen Kommunikationsbus zugeschnitten.In the example of the figure, the microcontroller μC is also connected to a bus interface BA. Such bus connections are also available as integrated components and tailored to the respective communication bus.
Ein Kommunikationsbus BUS verbindet die Solarwechselrichter Ml- M4 datentechnisch untereinander, wobei ein zentrales Steuer- und Überwachungsgerät MAS vorgesehen ist, welches gleichfalls mit dem Kommunikationsbus BUS zur Steuerung und Überwachung der Solarwechselrichter M1-M4 verbunden ist. Das zentrale Steuer- und Überwachungsgerät MAS fungiert dabei als übergeordneter "Mas- ter", welcher die "Slaves", d.h. die beispielhaften vier Solarwechselrichter M1-M4 aussteuert. Erfindungsgemäß weist das zentrale Steuer- und Überwachungsgerät MAS alleinig eine Netzüberwachungseinrichtung auf, welche die Solarwechselrichter M1-M4 bei Nichteinhaltung vorgebbarer Netzüberwachungskriterien, wie eingangs beschrieben, zumindest zeit- weise abschaltet .A communication bus BUS connects the solar inverters Ml-M4 to one another in terms of data technology, a central control and monitoring device MAS being provided, which is also connected to the communication bus BUS for controlling and monitoring the solar inverters M1-M4. The central control and monitoring device MAS acts as a superordinate "master", which controls the "slaves", ie the exemplary four solar inverters M1-M4. According to the invention, the central control and monitoring device MAS alone has a grid monitoring device which, at least temporarily, switches off the solar inverters M1-M4 if predetermined grid monitoring criteria are not met, as described at the beginning.
Das zentrale Steuer- und Überwachungsgerät MAS weist vorteilhaft keinen Leistungsteil, wie z.B. einen Wechselrichter auf, sondern umfasst lediglich die zur Steuerung- und Überwachung der Solar- Wechselrichter M1-M4 notwendige weitere elektronische Steuereinheit μC2 sowie eine Busanschaltung BA zur Verbindung mit dem Kommunikationsbus BUS .The central control and monitoring device MAS advantageously has no power section, e.g. an inverter, but only includes the additional electronic control unit μC2 required for controlling and monitoring the solar inverters M1-M4 and a bus interface BA for connection to the communication bus BUS.
Durch den Wegfall des Leistungsteils ist eine äußerst kompakte Bauform des zentralen Steuer- und Überwachungsgeräts MAS möglich.By eliminating the power section, an extremely compact design of the central control and monitoring device MAS is possible.
Im Beispiel der Figur weist das zentrale Steuer- und Überwachungsgerät MAS eine Anzeigeeinheit DISP sowie Eingabetasten T auf, mittels welcher, vorteilhaft z.B. laufende betriebliche Parameter wie die aktuelle elektrische Einspeiseleistung zentral für die gesamte Photovoltaikanlage PVA dargestellt werden können. Mittels der Eingabetasten T ist es z.B. möglich, Änderungen an der Konfiguration der Photovoltaikanlage PVA vorzunehmen oder die betriebliche Anzeige DISP zu ändern. In the example of the figure, the central control and monitoring device MAS has a display unit DISP and input keys T, by means of which, advantageously, e.g. ongoing operational parameters such as the current electrical feed-in power can be displayed centrally for the entire photovoltaic system PVA. With the input keys T it is e.g. possible to make changes to the configuration of the PVA photovoltaic system or to change the DISP operational display.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Photovoltaikanlage (PVA) zur Einspeisung in ein elektrisches Netz (SN) , welche aufweist a) mehrere Solarwechselrichter (M1-M4) , die ausgangsseitig in das elektrische Netz (SN) einspeisen, b) mehrere Photovoltaikgeneratoren (SM1-SM4) , welche je an einer Eingangsseite eines Solarwechselrichters (M1-M4) angeschlossen sind, c) einen Kommunikationsbus (BUS) , welcher zumindest die Solarwechselrichter (M1-M4) datentechnische untereinander verbindet, und d) ein zentrales Steuer- und Überwachungsgerät (MAS) , welches mit dem Kommunikationsbus (BUS) zur Steuerung und Überwachung der Solarwechselrichter (M1-M4) verbunden ist, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, dass das zentrale Steuer- und Überwachungsgerät (MAS) eine Netzüberwachungseinrichtung (ENS) aufweist, welche die Solar- Wechselrichter (M1-M4) bei Nichteinhaltung vprgebbarer Überwachungskriterien zumindest zeitweise abschaltet.1. Photovoltaic system (PVA) for feeding into an electrical network (SN), which has a) a plurality of solar inverters (M1-M4) which feed into the electrical network (SN) on the output side, b) a plurality of photovoltaic generators (SM1-SM4), which each connected to an input side of a solar inverter (M1-M4), c) a communication bus (BUS), which connects at least the solar inverters (M1-M4) for data technology purposes, and d) a central control and monitoring device (MAS), which with the communication bus (BUS) for controlling and monitoring the solar inverters (M1-M4) is connected, characterized in that the central control and monitoring device (MAS) has a network monitoring device (ENS) which detects the solar inverters (M1-M4) in the event of non-compliance The definable monitoring criteria is switched off at least temporarily.
2. Photovoltaikanlage (PVA) nach Anspruch 1, wobei ausschließlich das zentrale Steuer- und Überwachungsgerät (MAS) eine Netzüberwachungseinrichtung (ENS) aufweist.2. Photovoltaic system (PVA) according to claim 1, wherein only the central control and monitoring device (MAS) has a network monitoring device (ENS).
3. Photovoltaikanlage (PVA) nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, wobei die Netzüberwachungseinrichtung (ENS) ein- oder dreiphasig ausgeführt ist .3. Photovoltaic system (PVA) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the network monitoring device (ENS) is designed as one or three phases.
Photovoltaikanlage (PVA) nach Anspruch 1 bis 3, wobei die Netzüberwachungseinrichtung (ENS) eine technische Zulassung einer nationalen oder internationalen Zulassungsbehörde aufweist . Photovoltaic system (PVA) according to claim 1 to 3, wherein the network monitoring device (ENS) has a technical approval of a national or international approval authority.
5. Photovoltaikanlage (PVA) nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, wobei die Netzüberwachungseinrichtung (ENS) Messmittel zur Überwachung eines vorgebbaren Spannungs- und/oder Frequenzbereichs und/oder eines vorgebbaren Impedanzsprung— werts aufweist.5. Photovoltaic system (PVA) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the network monitoring device (ENS) has measuring means for monitoring a predeterminable voltage and / or frequency range and / or a predeterminable impedance jump.
6. Photovoltaikanlage (PVA) nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, wobei das elektrische Netz (SN) ein öffentliches einphasiges oder dreiphasiges 50Hz- bzw. 60Hz-Wechselspan- nungsnetz ist.6. Photovoltaic system (PVA) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the electrical network (SN) is a public single-phase or three-phase 50 Hz or 60 Hz AC voltage network.
7. Zentrales Steuer- und Überwachungsgerät (MAS) zur Steuerung und Überwachung mehrerer Solarwechselrichter (M1-M4) einer Photovoltaikanlage (PVA) nach einem der vorangegangenen An- Sprüche zur Einspeisung in ein elektrisches Netz (SN) sowie zur Überwachung vorgebbarer netzseitiger (SN) Überwachungskriterien . 7. Central control and monitoring device (MAS) for controlling and monitoring several solar inverters (M1-M4) of a photovoltaic system (PVA) according to one of the preceding claims for feeding into an electrical network (SN) and for monitoring specifiable network-side (SN) Monitoring criteria.
PCT/EP2005/052311 2004-05-27 2005-05-19 Photovoltaic installation for feeding an electric grid, and central control and monitoring device for a photovoltaic installation WO2005117136A2 (en)

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