CN109546961B - Single-sensor photovoltaic module optimizer and control method thereof - Google Patents
Single-sensor photovoltaic module optimizer and control method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
- H02S40/30—Electrical components
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
- H02M3/157—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators with digital control
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
Abstract
The invention discloses a single-sensor photovoltaic module optimizer and a control method thereof. In the optimizer, the input end of a DC-DC converter is connected to a photovoltaic cell, the output end of the DC-DC converter is connected to a digital pulse width modulator through a differential sampling conditioning circuit, an A/D module and an MPPT algorithm module in sequence, and the output end of the digital pulse width modulator is connected to a switching tube of the DC-DC converter through a driving circuit. The control method comprises the steps of initializing a single-sensor photovoltaic module optimizer, detecting output voltage of the DC-DC converter, determining the change speed of the duty ratio, adjusting the current duty ratio and outputting the current duty ratio to a switching tube of the DC-DC converter until the output of the DC-DC converter reaches the maximum power point and the like. The MPPT control method has the advantages that the MPPT control can be realized only by one voltage sensor, and the requirements on A/D precision, sensor precision, controller performance and the like are lower. The single-sensor photovoltaic module optimizer adopting the control method disclosed by the invention is higher in starting and adjusting speed and higher in optimizing precision.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of photovoltaic power generation, in particular to a single-sensor photovoltaic module optimizer and a control method thereof.
Background
The clean solar energy is utilized to generate electricity, and the method is an effective method for solving the current energy shortage. As a main form of solar power generation, photovoltaic power generation has obvious power loss when a system suffers from mismatch problems such as local shadow shielding, inconsistent parameters of internal photovoltaic components and the like. The power loss problem under the mismatch condition not only reduces the power output range of the photovoltaic power generation system under different external environments, but also increases the risk of out-of-control operation of the photovoltaic power generation system. Therefore, the method for improving the output power of the photovoltaic power generation system under the mismatch condition is researched, and the method has important effects on improving the efficiency of the photovoltaic power generation system and ensuring the stable operation of the system.
The reasons for significant power loss of photovoltaic power generation systems under mismatch conditions are mainly two: firstly, because the output characteristic curve of the photovoltaic power generation system presents a multimodal characteristic when mismatch occurs, the traditional Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm is interfered by a plurality of extreme points, and the global maximum power Point is difficult to find; secondly, when mismatch occurs, the voltage and current corresponding to the maximum power point of each photovoltaic cell are no longer the same, even if the system successfully finds the global maximum power, the photovoltaic cells connected in series and in parallel in the system cannot simultaneously work at the respective maximum power point, and the generating potential cannot be fully exerted.
The Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking (DMPPT) technology effectively improves the output Power of the photovoltaic Power generation system under the mismatch condition by connecting each photovoltaic cell in the photovoltaic Power generation system with a DC-DC converter. With the popularization and development of the DMPPT technology, various DC-DC converters for realizing the power optimization of a photovoltaic power generation system under the mismatch condition are provided. For convenience of research and application, researchers and engineers have developed the concept of a photovoltaic optimizer to refer collectively to such converters.
The existing photovoltaic optimizer mostly adopts an MPPT algorithm with mature technologies such as a fixed voltage method, a disturbance observation method, a conductance incremental method and the like. Photovoltaic optimizers based on perturbed view methods are most widely used. The photovoltaic optimizer based on the disturbance observation method simultaneously comprises a voltage sensor and a current sensor inside the device. To further reduce system cost, researchers have proposed the concept of a single-sensor photovoltaic optimizer. Compared to conventional photovoltaic optimizers, single-sensor photovoltaic optimizers offer significant cost advantages in DMPPT technology due to the reduced number of sensors.
The existing single-sensor photovoltaic optimizer mostly needs complex comparison and accurate operation as support to realize control, and compared with the traditional photovoltaic optimizer, the requirements on hardware precision, controller performance and the like are higher; therefore, the cost of the conventional single-sensor photovoltaic optimizer is generally high, the cost advantage of the conventional single-sensor photovoltaic optimizer compared with the conventional photovoltaic optimizer is seriously weakened, and the practical application and popularization of the single-sensor photovoltaic optimizer are greatly limited.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a single-sensor photovoltaic module optimizer and a control method thereof, which overcome the defects of high cost and complex control of the conventional single-sensor photovoltaic module optimizer on the premise of ensuring the optimization speed and precision.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a single sensor photovoltaic module optimizer comprising a DC-DC converter; the input end of the DC-DC converter is connected to the photovoltaic cell, the output end of the DC-DC converter is connected to the digital pulse width modulator sequentially through the differential sampling conditioning circuit, the A/D module and the MPPT algorithm module, and the output end of the digital pulse width modulator is connected to a switching tube of the DC-DC converter through the driving circuit.
Further, the DC-DC converter is a Boost converter, a quadratic Boost converter, a Buck converter or a Buck-Boost converter.
A control method of a single-sensor photovoltaic module optimizer, comprising:
step 1: initializing a single-sensor photovoltaic module optimizer: setting an initial value D0 of duty ratio and a speed k of duty ratio change1Speed regulation threshold value A and duty ratio change speed k2Steady state threshold B and position factor i ═ 1; wherein k is1>k2；
Step 2: detecting output voltage V of DC-DC convertero(n) calculating Δ Vo(n)＝Vo(n)-Vo(n-1); wherein n is an output voltage sampling point;
and step 3: determining the duty ratio change speed k: such as | Δ Vo(n)|>Let k be k1(ii) a Such as | Δ Vo(n)|<A, let k equal to k2；
And 4, step 4: such as | Δ Vo(n)|<>0, adjusting the current duty ratio to be D (n) ═ D (n-1) + ik delta t, outputting the duty ratio to a switching tube of the DC-DC converter, and then returning to the step 2 until the output of the DC-DC converter reaches the maximum power point, and keeping the current duty ratio; wherein Δ t is the interval between D (n) and D (n-1);
and 5: after the output of the DC-DC converter reaches the maximum power point, the delta V is continuously monitoredo(n) when | Δ Vo(n)|>When the current duty ratio is equal to B, the current duty ratio is adjusted to D (n), D (n-1) + ik delta t, and the current duty ratio is output to a switch of the DC-DC converterTube, after which Δ V is further calculated and judgedo(n): such as Δ Vo(n)>0, making i equal to 1; such as Δ Vo(n)<0, then i is made to be-1; and then returns to step 4.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the MPPT control can be realized by only one voltage sensor, and the requirements on A/D precision, sensor precision, controller performance and the like are lower.
2. The single-sensor photovoltaic module optimizer adopting the control method disclosed by the invention is higher in starting and adjusting speed and higher in optimizing precision.
3. The invention collects the output voltage of the photovoltaic module optimizer for control, and can further reduce the use of the sensor in the occasion that the system needs to monitor the later-stage load voltage.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a circuit topology and a control diagram according to a first embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph comparing the efficiency of the optimizer based on perturbed view with that of the first embodiment under different lighting conditions.
Fig. 3 is a comparison diagram of the startup speed of the optimizer, wherein a and b are simulation diagrams of the output power of the converter in comparison with the other optimizer based on disturbance observation method in the first embodiment of the present invention during the startup speed comparison, respectively.
Fig. 4 is a comparison graph of steady-state power oscillation of the optimizer, wherein a and b are simulation graphs of the output power of the converter in comparison with the first embodiment of the optimizer based on disturbance observation method in the steady-state power oscillation process, respectively.
Fig. 5 is a comparison graph of the adjustment time of the optimizer, wherein a and b are respectively simulation graphs of the output power of the converter in the comparison adjustment time process according to the first embodiment of the present invention and the first embodiment of the optimizer based on the disturbance observation method.
Fig. 6 is a circuit topology and control diagram of a second embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
The single-sensor photovoltaic module optimizer comprises a DC-DC converter, a differential sampling conditioning circuit, a digital controller and a driving circuit. Wherein: the input end of the DC-DC converter is connected with the photovoltaic cell, and MPPT is realized by adjusting the output voltage of the photovoltaic cell.
The differential sampling conditioning circuit is used for collecting an analog signal of the output voltage of the DC-DC converter and transmitting the analog signal into the digital controller. The digital controller takes an analog signal of the output voltage of the DC-DC converter as input and takes a PWM waveform as output. The driving circuit amplifies the power of the PWM waveform output by the digital controller to drive the switch-on and switch-off of a switch tube in the DC-DC converter, so that MPPT is realized.
The digital controller comprises an A/D (analog-to-digital conversion) module, an MPPT algorithm module and a digital pulse width modulator module. Wherein: and the A/D module converts the analog signal of the output voltage of the DC-DC converter collected by the differential sampling conditioning circuit into a digital signal.
The MPPT algorithm module takes a digital signal of the output voltage of the converter as input and takes a duty ratio signal which changes in real time as output. And the digital pulse width modulator module modulates the duty ratio signal output by the MPPT algorithm module into a corresponding PWM waveform.
Example one
Fig. 1 shows that one embodiment of the present invention is: a Boost type single sensor photovoltaic module optimizer and a self-adaptive control method thereof are basically disclosed. The device comprises a basic Boost converter, a differential sampling conditioning circuit, a digital controller and a driving circuit.
The input end of the converter is connected with the output end of the photovoltaic cell, and MPPT is realized by adjusting the output voltage of the photovoltaic cell. The sampling circuit collects the analog signal of the output voltage of the converter and transmits the analog signal into the digital controller. The digital controller comprises an A/D (analog-to-digital conversion) module, an MPPT algorithm module and a digital pulse width modulator module. The A/D module converts analog signals of the output voltage of the Boost converter collected by the differential sampling conditioning circuit into corresponding digital signals. The MPPT algorithm module takes a digital signal of the output voltage of the converter as input and takes a duty ratio signal which changes in real time as output. And the digital pulse width modulator module modulates the duty ratio signal output by the MPPT algorithm module into a corresponding PWM waveform. The driving circuit is used for amplifying the power of the PWM waveform output by the digital controller so as to drive the on and off of the switching tube of the converter.
The working process and principle of the device are as follows:
after the photovoltaic optimizer starts to work, the system is initialized. The initialization process includes: setting an initial value of the duty ratio, the duty ratio change speed before passing a threshold value, a speed regulation threshold value, the duty ratio change speed after passing the threshold value, a position factor, emptying output voltage sampling data and the like.
In this example, the initial value of the duty ratio is set to D0, and the duty ratio change speed before the threshold is exceeded is set to k1Setting the speed regulation threshold value to A, and setting the duty ratio change speed to k after the threshold value is passed2The initial value of the position factor is set to 1. Wherein k is1≈10k2. After the initialization operation, the digital controller controls the duty ratio to be uniformly increased. In the process of uniformly increasing the duty ratio, the differential sampling circuit collects the output voltage V of the Boost convertero(n) and calculating Δ V by a digital controllero(n)＝Vo(n)-Vo(n-1)。
The self-adaptive regulation of the duty ratio change speed is realized by comparing delta V inside the digital controlleroAnd (n) realizing the absolute value and the set duty ratio speed regulation threshold value A. Δ VoWhen the absolute value of (n) is larger than A, the duty ratio change speed is kept at the initial set value k1. In contrast, Δ VoWhen the absolute value of (n) is smaller than A, the change speed of the duty ratio becomes k2. Delta V in optimum duty ratio searching processoAnd (n) is zero, which indicates that the system reaches the maximum power point, stops updating the duty ratio and stores the value of the current duty ratio.
When the illumination changes obviously, the output voltage of the converter changes obviously. When the steady state threshold B is exceeded, the control duty cycle is continuously increased and Δ V is detectedo(n) to determine the position of the current duty cycle. The method specifically comprises the following steps: by Δ V during duty cycle increaseoAnd (n) judging the position of the current duty ratio. If Δ Vo(n)>0, then the optimal duty cycle is located to the right of the current duty cycle. Controlling the duty cycle to continue increasing to find the optimumDuty cycle, position coefficient i remains at 1. If Δ Vo(n)<0, then the optimal duty cycle is located to the left of the current duty cycle. The control duty cycle continues to decrease to find the optimum duty cycle and the position coefficient i becomes-1. And after the system determines the current duty ratio position, searching for the optimal duty ratio in a new round. The system works circularly, and the accurate maximum power tracking of the photovoltaic cell under any external environment can be realized.
Converter input capacitance C in this exampleiOutput capacitor C of the converteroAll values of (2) were 220. mu.F. The value of the filter inductance L is 680 mu H. The switching tube S is an MOSFET with a switching frequency of 10 kHz.
FIG. 2 is a graph comparing optimizer tracking efficiency. According to simulation waveforms, the tracking efficiency of the photovoltaic optimizer under different illumination conditions is remarkably higher than that of a photovoltaic optimizer based on a disturbance observation method.
Fig. 3 is a comparison diagram of the startup speed of the optimizer, wherein a and b are simulation diagrams of the output power of the converter in comparison with the other optimizer based on disturbance observation method in the first embodiment of the present invention during the startup speed comparison, respectively. According to simulation waveforms, the system reaches a steady state within 18ms in the starting process of the photovoltaic optimization system, and the photovoltaic optimization system reaches the steady state within 730ms based on a disturbance observation method. Compared with the prior art, the invention has faster starting speed.
Fig. 4 is a comparison graph of steady-state power oscillation of the optimizer, wherein a and b are simulation graphs of the output power of the converter in comparison with the first embodiment of the optimizer based on disturbance observation method in the steady-state power oscillation process, respectively. According to the simulation waveform, the following steps are carried out: the output power of the system is stabilized at 175.5W in a steady state; the output power of the photovoltaic optimizer system based on the disturbance observation method fluctuates between 173W and 175W at the steady state. By contrast, the steady state power oscillation of the present invention is smaller.
Fig. 5 is a comparison graph of the adjustment time of the optimizer, wherein a and b are respectively simulation graphs of the output power of the converter in the comparison adjustment time process according to the first embodiment of the present invention and the first embodiment of the optimizer based on the disturbance observation method. According to the simulation waveform, the following steps are carried out: the illumination intensity is 1000W/m2The dip is 600W/m2The system of the invention recoversThe steady state adjustment time is 45 ms; the adjustment time for the photovoltaic optimizer system to recover the steady state based on the disturbance observation method is 500 ms. The comparison shows that the adjusting time of the invention is shorter.
Example two
Fig. 6 shows a second embodiment of the present invention, which is basically the same as the first embodiment, except that: the converter controlled by the present example is a quadratic Boost converter. Compared with the first embodiment, the converter of the present embodiment has a significantly improved voltage transfer ratio, and is therefore more suitable for applications requiring a wide input range and a high voltage gain.
The invention can be used for Boost converters and quadratic Boost converters in the above embodiments, and also can be used for Buck converters, Buck-Boost converters and various DC-DC converter topologies derived from the Buck-Boost converters.
Claims (1)
1. A control method of a single-sensor photovoltaic module optimizer is characterized in that the single-sensor photovoltaic module optimizer comprises a DC-DC converter; the input end of the DC-DC converter is connected to a photovoltaic cell, the output end of the DC-DC converter is connected to a digital pulse width modulator through a differential sampling conditioning circuit, an A/D module and an MPPT algorithm module in sequence, and the output end of the digital pulse width modulator is connected to the control end of a switching tube of the DC-DC converter through a driving circuit; the differential sampling conditioning circuit collects the output voltage of the DC-DC converter; the method comprises the following steps:
step 1: initializing a single-sensor photovoltaic module optimizer: setting an initial value D0 of duty ratio and a speed k of duty ratio change1Speed regulation threshold value A and duty ratio change speed k2Steady state threshold B and position factor i ═ 1; wherein k is1>k2；
Step 2: detecting output voltage V of DC-DC convertero(n) calculating Δ Vo(n)＝Vo(n)-Vo(n-1); wherein n is an output voltage sampling point;
and step 3: determining the duty ratio change speed k: such as | Δ Vo(n)|>Let k be k1(ii) a Such as | Δ Vo(n)|<A, let k equal to k2；
And 4, step 4: such as | Δ Vo(n)|<>0, adjusting the current duty ratio to be D (n) ═ D (n-1) + ik delta t, outputting the duty ratio to a switching tube of the DC-DC converter, and then returning to the step 2 until the output of the DC-DC converter reaches the maximum power point, and keeping the current duty ratio; wherein Δ t is the interval between D (n) and D (n-1);
and 5: after the output of the DC-DC converter reaches the maximum power point, the delta V is continuously monitoredo(n) when | Δ Vo(n)|>When B is equal, the current duty ratio is adjusted to D (n) D (n-1) + ik delta t and output to a switching tube of the DC-DC converter, and then delta V is further calculated and judgedo(n): such as Δ Vo(n)>0, making i equal to 1; such as Δ Vo(n)<0, then i is made to be-1; and then returns to step 4.
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| US8923373B2 (en) * | 2011-06-10 | 2014-12-30 | Didier Boivin | Powerline control interface in photovoltaic environment for frequency and amplitude modulation transmitter |
| WO2017087988A1 (en) * | 2015-11-19 | 2017-05-26 | Beamreach Solar, Inc. | Multi-modal maximum power point tracking optimzation solar photovoltaic system |
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