CN101150200A - An animalcule fuel battery and its preparation - Google Patents
An animalcule fuel battery and its preparation Download PDFInfo
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- CN101150200A CN101150200A CNA2006100478201A CN200610047820A CN101150200A CN 101150200 A CN101150200 A CN 101150200A CN A2006100478201 A CNA2006100478201 A CN A2006100478201A CN 200610047820 A CN200610047820 A CN 200610047820A CN 101150200 A CN101150200 A CN 101150200A
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Abstract
This invention relates to a microorganism fuel cell characterizing in applying a proton exchange membrane to separate anode and cathode chambers, using new methylene blue as the electronic media body and decorated carbon paper as the electrode material, which can utilize microbial bacteria to convert chemical energy in it to electroc energy under mild condition without pollution.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the biological fuel cell technology, structure, electron mediator and the electrode preparation method of particularly a kind of microbiological fuel cell (MFC).It can be by the metabolism of microbe, and the chemical energy that biomass are stored is converted into electric energy, can provide power supply for micro device; Microbiological fuel cell of the present invention also can be used for waste water treatment.
Background technology
Microbiological fuel cell is to utilize microbial bacteria as biocatalyst, will be stored in the device that chemical energy in the biomass is converted to electric energy.It is made up of cathode chamber and anode chamber's two parts usually.Separate with proton exchange membrane between cathode chamber and the anode chamber.At anode chamber's biocatalyst with matrix as oxidations such as (glucose, starch, marine algas), electron transfer to external circuit.Proton moves to cathode chamber by proton exchange membrane.Generate water in cathode chamber proton, oxygen, electron reaction.
The approach that MFC transmits electronics according to microbe roughly can be divided into two classes: a class is the electronic media build, direct electron conversion can not take place between most of microbe bacterium and the electrode, thereby needs electron transfer that electron mediator produces the microbial bacteria metabolism to electrode.Another kind of is no electron mediator type, between some bacterium energy and the electrode direct electron conversion takes place, but efficient is extremely low.Another is exactly by the microbial bacteria fermentation of biomass, produce small-molecule substances such as hydrogen, ethanol, these materials on electrode by catalyst oxidation, electron transfer is arrived external circuit, this quasi-microorganism fuel cell need be made catalyst with noble metal, and the same problem that exists catalyst easily to poison with direct alcohol fuel battery, electrode life is short, and the discharge performance of battery is poor.
Electron mediator as microbiological fuel cell will have following condition: 1. wanting can be water-soluble and good stable arranged, not by the metabolism of bacterium institute, 2 its redox reaction speed on electrode very fast and have the oxidation state of good invertibity .3. amboceptor be easy to permeates cell membranes arrive cell interior reduction components 4. its go back ortho states and should facilitate penetration of cell membrane and break away from cell, its oxidation state must be chemically stable, soluble, and does not all adsorb at cell and electrode surface.
Microbiological fuel cell is not subjected to the restriction of Carnot Engine circulation, and the energy conversion efficiency height is simple in structure, safe and reliable, environment is not almost polluted, and raw material sources is extensive.Can utilize the unavailable multiple organic and inorganic material of general fuel cell to act as a fuel, even can utilize sewage, marine alga, bottom sediment, animal wastes etc.Microbiological fuel cell operating condition gentleness generally is to work in normal temperature, normal pressure, approaching neutral environment.This makes low, the high safety of battery maintenance cost, and the cultivation of microbe does not need exacting terms usually.This battery has broad application prospects in fields such as minitype portable portable power source and senser elements.
United States Patent (USP) [US 2004/0241528A1] has been introduced a kind of miniature biological fuel cell, and as matrix, methylene blue is as electron mediator with glucose, and Cr/Au is as anode electrode material, and the power output of battery is low, and price is expensive.
United States Patent (USP) [US 2004/0241771A1] has been introduced a kind of structure and composition of microbiological fuel cell.Use dimethyl diaminophenazine chloride as electron mediator, graphite felt is as electrode, and the specific area of electrode is little, and the internal resistance of cell is relatively large, and bacterium poor growth in neutral red solution, and the delivery efficiency of battery is low.
United States Patent (USP) [US 2005/0208343A1] is introduced does not a kind ofly have a microbiological fuel cell that proton exchange membrane does not have electron mediator.The internal resistance of battery is less relatively, but the comparison difficulty that operates, electronic switch efficient is low.
Summary of the invention
Purpose of the present invention mainly provides the preparation method of a kind of structure about microbiological fuel cell, electronics matchmaker valency body and electrode material.The present invention selects for use suitable material as electron mediator, improves the electronic switch efficient between bacterium and the electrode; The employing carbon paper is an electrode material, reduces the internal resistance of battery, improves electrode collection electronics and gets ability; Carbon paper electrode is handled modification, further improved the performance of battery, reduced the internal resistance of battery
For achieving the above object, the technical solution used in the present invention is
A kind of microbiological fuel cell, it adopts proton exchange membrane that the cathode chamber and the anode chamber of battery are separated, and uses new methylene blue to make electron mediator, uses the carbon paper after modifying to make electrode material, and electrode is modified, and has improved the performance of battery.
The concentration of described new methylene blue is 10-80 μ mol/L; Electrode material after the modification is meant deposition one deck platinum on carbon paper, and deposits one deck conducting polymer on platinum, and conducting polymer can be polyaniline or polypyrrole; The matrix that adopts is glucose, and its concentration is 0-0.55mol/L; Electrolyte is a phosphate buffer solution, and its concentration is 0.01-0.1mol/L.
The concrete preparation process of described microbiological fuel cell is:
1) processing method of proton exchange membrane:
A) with proton exchange membrane successively at 3～5%H
2O
2, deionized water, 0.1-0.5mol/L H
2SO
4Solution was handled in the deionized water 1～1.1 hour, and treatment temperature is 75～85 ℃; Proton exchange membrane after the processing is placed in the deionized water standby;
B) in battery case, adopt proton exchange membrane that battery case is divided into cathode chamber and anode chamber, anode chamber and anode chamber cover with lid, and the anode chamber feeds N
2Deoxygenation, the cathode chamber bubbling air;
2) preparation of carbon paper electrode:
A) cut a carbon paper, be wired to external circuit, epoxy resin is coated in lead and carbon paper coupling part, prevents that copper from dissolving the generation electric current in electrolyte;
B) carbon paper electrode is placed in the absolute ethyl alcohol and soaked 1-5 minute, use deionized water rinsing then, carbon paper is made negative electrode, platinized platinum is made anode, energising deposition platinum in platinum acid chloride solution, and current density is 5-30mA/cm
2, the time is 5-30min;
C) will deposit the carbon paper of platinum, in acid aniline solution, make cyclic voltammetry scan, allow deposition one deck polyaniline on the electrode, aniline solution concentration 0.01-0.1mol/L in the acid solution, the potential range of scanning is-0.1～1.2V, sweeps speed and is 0.1-0.5V/s, 15-30 circulation;
3) electrode after will modifying is put into battery case, flood chamber solution in cathode chamber and anode chamber respectively, and in the anode chamber, add microbial cells, make microbiological fuel cell.
The present invention has following advantage:
1. use new methylene blue (NMB), improved the anode electronic switch efficient of battery, improved battery performance.
2. adopting carbon paper is material, has reduced battery cost.The electrode material of microbiological fuel cell is generally graphite rod, carbon paper, carbon cloth or hot tearing graphite felt.These carbon-based materials have very high stability, can not dissolve in solution, also do not pollute the environment, and cheaply are easy to get.
3. the present invention modifies electrode, has improved battery performance.Plate one deck platinum at carbon paper, this coating conductivity height, corrosion resistance height; And on platinum coating, deposit polyaniline, improved battery performance.
4. simplify the cell preparation program, reduced preparation cost simultaneously.Biological fuel cell of the present invention can utilize microbial bacteria that the chemical energy that is stored in the biomass is converted to electric energy under the condition of gentleness, and clean and effective is pollution-free.
5. the electrode of the present invention's preparation is applicable to biological fuel cell, especially microbiological fuel cell; Described electrode structure and enzyme biological fuel cell, directly hydrazine types of fuel cells, hydrogen-oxygen fuel electrode structure are similar, therefore also are applicable to the preparation of such fuel cell electrode; And the electrode structure in itself and the electrochemical sensor is similar, therefore also is applicable to the electrode preparation of electrochemical sensor.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the fundamental diagram of existing microbiological fuel cell;
Fig. 2 is the battery discharge curve chart of specific embodiments of the invention 1;
Fig. 3 is the battery discharge curve chart of specific embodiments of the invention 2;
Fig. 4 is the stability curve of the battery of specific embodiments of the invention 1.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
1) cultivation of bacterium
A) in the 500ml conical flask, add 1.2g tryptone 2g yeast extract 1gNaCl, add water to the 100mL scale and use the magnetic stirring apparatus mixing, regulate pH 7.0, bottleneck covers with aluminium-foil paper, after 0.1Mpa 15min sterilization, cooling, insert preserve in 4 ℃ of refrigerators standby.
B) get Escherichia coli E.coli bacterial classification (DH5R), added in the fluid nutrient medium in 100: 1 by volume, under 37 ℃ of temperature, shaking table (200r min
-1) the middle cultivation 24 hours, taking-up is inserted in 4 ℃ of refrigerators standby.
2) processing of proton exchange membrane:
A) with proton exchange membrane successively at 3%H
2O
2, redistilled water, 0.5mol/LH
2SO
4Solution was handled 1 hour in the redistilled water, and treatment temperature is 85 ℃;
B) proton exchange membrane after the processing is placed in the deionized water standby.
3) preparation of carbon paper electrode
A) size of area as required cuts two carbon paper 4.5mg/cm
2, the geometrical surface of carbon paper electrode is 2 * 3cm
2, carbon paper electrode is placed in the absolute ethyl alcohol soaked two minutes, use deionized water rinsing afterwards;
B) on carbon paper, deposit platinum:
1. carbon paper electrode is placed in the absolute ethyl alcohol and soaked two minutes, go into the back and use deionized water rinsing, carbon paper is made negative electrode, platinized platinum is made anode, energising deposition platinum in platinum acid chloride solution, and current density is 30mA/cm
2, the time is 10min.
2. will deposit the carbon paper of platinum, at 0.1mol/L H
2SO
4Make cyclic voltammetric in the+0.1mol/L aniline solution, scan to such an extent that potential range is 1.2V, sweep speed for 0.1V/s, 15 circulations allow deposition one deck polyaniline on the electrode.
C) carbon paper is connected to external circuit with copper conductor, and epoxy resin is coated in copper conductor and carbon paper coupling part, prevents that copper from dissolving the generation electric current in electrolyte.The copper conductor other end and resistance box (1-10000 Europe) couple together, and regulate resistance, the variation of recording voltage, and the power P=VI of battery, Fig. 2 are the voltage of battery and the relation of power output and current density.Fig. 4 is that cell voltage is to time relation when 1000 Europe; Be dipped in the deionized water carbon paper standby.
4) connection of battery case
A) connect into U type battery case with two L type glass tubes, the diameter of the pipe of coupling part is 13mm, and the total length of coupling part is 30mm, in the middle of the Nafion film is stuck in U type battery case is divided into cathode chamber and anode chamber, the volume of electrolyte solution is 50mL, and covers the rubber stopper lid;
Adopt Nafion 112 films (Dupont company) as proton exchange membrane, its processing procedure is as follows: with Nafion 112 films of certain size successively at 3%H
2O
2, redistilled water, 0.5mol/L H
2SO
4Solution was handled 1 hour in the redistilled water, and treatment temperature is 80 ℃.Nafion 112 films after handling are placed in the redistilled water standby.
B) feed N in the anode chamber
2Deoxygenation, the cathode chamber aerating oxygen stirs with magnetic stirring apparatus at negative electrode;
C) wherein anode chamber's solution consist of 0.1mol/L phosphate buffer solution (PBS)+5mLE.coli+0.55mol/L glucose+80 μ mol/L NMB.Cathode chamber is the 0.1mol/L iron cyanide+0.1mol/L PBS, and the pH of the electrolyte solution of negative electrode and anode is 7.U type battery case is inserted in the magnetic agitation Water Tank with Temp.-controlled, 37 ℃ of temperature controls.The fundamental diagram of existing microbiological fuel cell as shown in Figure 1.
Embodiment 2
1) cultivation of bacterium
A) in the 500ml conical flask, add 3g tryptone 0.5g yeast extract 1g NaCl, add water to the 100mL scale and use the magnetic stirring apparatus mixing, regulate pH 7.3, bottleneck covers with aluminium-foil paper, after 0.1Mpa 15min sterilization, cooling, insert preserve in 4 ℃ of refrigerators standby.
B) get Escherichia coli E.coli bacterial classification (DH5R), added in the fluid nutrient medium by 100: 1, under 37 ℃ of temperature, shaking table (200r min
-1) the middle cultivation 24 hours, taking-up is inserted in 4 ℃ of refrigerators standby.
2) processing of proton exchange membrane:
A) with proton exchange membrane successively at 5%H
2O
2, redistilled water, 0.5mol/L H
2SO
4Solution was handled 1.1 hours in the redistilled water, and treatment temperature is 75 ℃;
B) proton exchange membrane after the processing is placed in the deionized water standby.
3) preparation of carbon paper electrode
A) size of area as required cuts two carbon paper 4.5mg/cm
2, the geometrical surface of carbon paper electrode is 2 * 3cm
2, carbon paper electrode is placed in the absolute ethyl alcohol soaked two minutes, use deionized water rinsing afterwards;
B) on carbon paper, deposit platinum:
1. carbon paper electrode is placed in the absolute ethyl alcohol and soaked two minutes, go into the back and use deionized water rinsing, carbon paper is made negative electrode, platinized platinum is made anode, energising deposition platinum in platinum acid chloride solution, and current density is 10mA/cm
2, the time is 30min.
2. will deposit the carbon paper of platinum, at 0.1mol/L H
2SO
4Make cyclic voltammetric in the+0.1mol/L aniline solution, scan to such an extent that potential range is 0.2V, sweep speed for 0.1V/s, 15 circulations allow deposition one deck polyaniline on the electrode.Make anode with the electrode slice that this method makes, carbon paper of the same area is made negative electrode.
C) carbon paper is connected to external circuit with copper conductor, and epoxy resin is coated in copper conductor and carbon paper coupling part, prevents that copper from dissolving the generation electric current in electrolyte.The copper conductor other end and resistance box (1-10000 Europe) couple together, and regulate resistance, the variation of recording voltage, and the power P=VI of battery, Fig. 2 are the voltage of battery and the relation of power output and current density.Fig. 4 is that cell voltage is to time relation when 1000 Europe; Be dipped in the deionized water carbon paper standby.
4) connection of battery case
A) connect into U type battery case with two L type glass tubes, the diameter of the pipe of coupling part is 13mm, and the total length of coupling part is 30mm, in the middle of the Nafion film is stuck in U type battery case is divided into cathode chamber and anode chamber, the volume of electrolyte solution is 50mL, and covers the rubber stopper lid;
Adopt Nafion 112 films (Dupont company) as proton exchange membrane, its processing procedure is as follows: with Nafion 112 films of certain size successively at 3%H
2O
2, redistilled water, 0.5mol/L H
2SO
4Solution was handled 1 hour in the redistilled water, and treatment temperature is 80 ℃.Nafion 112 films after handling are placed in the redistilled water standby.
B) feed N in the anode chamber
2Deoxygenation, the cathode chamber aerating oxygen stirs with magnetic stirring apparatus at negative electrode;
C) wherein anode chamber's solution consist of 0.1mol/L phosphate buffer solution (PBS)+5mL
E.coli+0.55mol/L glucose+20 μ mol/L NMB.Cathode chamber is the 0.1mol/L iron cyanide+0.1mol/L PBS, and the pH of negative electrode and anode is 7.U type battery case is inserted in the magnetic agitation Water Tank with Temp.-controlled, 37 ℃ of temperature controls.The fundamental diagram of existing microbiological fuel cell as shown in Figure 1.
As can be seen from Figure 2, current density is at 390mA/m
2The time, the power density of battery reaches maximum 116mW/m
2Current density is at 391mA/m as can be seen from Figure 3
2The time, the output power density of battery reaches maximum 123mW/m
2In order to investigate the stability of battery, the variation of biological fuel cell voltage when 1000 Europe of embodiment 1 design, as shown in Figure 4, and discharge 300m, voltage attenuation is slow, shows good stable.
Claims (6)
1. microbiological fuel cell, it is characterized in that: it adopts proton exchange membrane that the cathode chamber and the anode chamber of battery are separated, and uses new methylene blue to make electron mediator, uses the carbon paper after modifying to make electrode material.
2. according to the described microbiological fuel cell of claim 1, it is characterized in that: the concentration of described new methylene blue is 10-80 μ mol/L.
3. according to the described microbiological fuel cell of claim 1, it is characterized in that: the electrode material after the described modification is meant deposition one deck platinum on carbon paper, and deposits one deck conducting polymer on platinum.
4. according to the described microbiological fuel cell of claim 3, it is characterized in that: described conducting polymer is polyaniline or polypyrrole.
5. according to the described microbiological fuel cell of claim 1, it is characterized in that: the matrix that adopts is glucose, and its concentration is＞0-0.55mol/L; Electrolyte is a phosphate buffer solution, and its concentration is 0.01-0.1mol/L.
6. the preparation method of the described microbiological fuel cell of claim 1 is characterized in that:
1) processing method of proton exchange membrane:
A) with proton exchange membrane successively at 3～5%H
2O
2, deionized water, 0.1-0.5mol/L H
2SO
4Solution was handled in the deionized water 1～1.1 hour, and treatment temperature is 75～85 ℃; Proton exchange membrane after the processing is placed in the deionized water standby;
B) in battery case, adopt proton exchange membrane that battery case is divided into cathode chamber and anode chamber, anode chamber and anode chamber cover with lid, and the anode chamber feeds N
2Deoxygenation, the cathode chamber bubbling air;
2) preparation of carbon paper electrode:
A) cut a carbon paper, be wired to external circuit, epoxy resin is coated in lead and carbon paper coupling part, prevents that copper from dissolving the generation electric current in electrolyte;
B) carbon paper electrode is placed in the absolute ethyl alcohol and soaked 1-5 minute, use deionized water rinsing then, carbon paper is made negative electrode, platinized platinum is made anode, energising deposition platinum in platinum acid chloride solution, and current density is 5-30mA/cm
2, the time is 5-30min;
C) will deposit the carbon paper of platinum, in acid aniline solution, make cyclic voltammetry scan, allow deposition one deck polyaniline on the electrode, aniline solution concentration 0.01-0.1mol/L in the acid solution, the potential range of scanning is-0.1～1.2V, sweeps speed and is 0.1-0.5V/s, 15-30 circulation;
3) electrode after will modifying is put into battery case, flood chamber solution in cathode chamber and anode chamber respectively, and in the anode chamber, add microbial cells, make microbiological fuel cell.
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|---|---|---|---|
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| CNB2006100478201A CN100511807C (en) | 2006-09-20 | 2006-09-20 | An animalcule fuel battery and preparation thereof |
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Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102122716A (en) * | 2011-01-24 | 2011-07-13 | 清华大学 | Microbial fuel cell semicoke electrode and preparation method thereof |
| CN102231440A (en) * | 2011-04-20 | 2011-11-02 | 哈尔滨佳泰达科技有限公司 | Water body sediment microbiological fuel cell generating set and cathode processing method thereof |
| CN102610843A (en) * | 2012-03-29 | 2012-07-25 | 南京大学 | Microbial fuel cell |
| CN103268950A (en) * | 2013-05-03 | 2013-08-28 | 浙江大学 | Rotating disc type film-coated mediated ammoxidation microbiological fuel cell |
| CN104157883A (en) * | 2014-07-14 | 2014-11-19 | 浙江大学 | Preparation method of anode of direct methanol fuel cell |
| CN104577146A (en) * | 2015-01-20 | 2015-04-29 | 浙江大学 | Method for modifying direct methanol fuel cell anode catalyst |
| CN106290527A (en) * | 2015-05-21 | 2017-01-04 | 北京化工大学 | A kind of water quality toxicity monitoring method based on anaerobic pretreatment Yu air cathode MFC |
| CN109873171A (en) * | 2019-03-04 | 2019-06-11 | 中国科学技术大学 | A kind of microorganism electrochemical system combination electrode and preparation method thereof |
| CN111146451A (en) * | 2019-12-27 | 2020-05-12 | 扬州大学 | Lotus root starch carbon sphere biofuel cell and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (3)
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| US7160637B2 (en) * | 2003-05-27 | 2007-01-09 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Implantable, miniaturized microbial fuel cell |
| CN1283020C (en) * | 2004-09-24 | 2006-11-01 | 浙江大学 | Microbial fuel cell |
| CN100380724C (en) * | 2005-11-30 | 2008-04-09 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Air cathode biological fuel cell for electric generation from organic waste water |
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- 2006-09-20 CN CNB2006100478201A patent/CN100511807C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102122716A (en) * | 2011-01-24 | 2011-07-13 | 清华大学 | Microbial fuel cell semicoke electrode and preparation method thereof |
| CN102231440A (en) * | 2011-04-20 | 2011-11-02 | 哈尔滨佳泰达科技有限公司 | Water body sediment microbiological fuel cell generating set and cathode processing method thereof |
| CN102610843A (en) * | 2012-03-29 | 2012-07-25 | 南京大学 | Microbial fuel cell |
| CN102610843B (en) * | 2012-03-29 | 2014-05-21 | 南京大学 | Microbial fuel cell |
| CN103268950A (en) * | 2013-05-03 | 2013-08-28 | 浙江大学 | Rotating disc type film-coated mediated ammoxidation microbiological fuel cell |
| CN104157883A (en) * | 2014-07-14 | 2014-11-19 | 浙江大学 | Preparation method of anode of direct methanol fuel cell |
| CN104577146A (en) * | 2015-01-20 | 2015-04-29 | 浙江大学 | Method for modifying direct methanol fuel cell anode catalyst |
| CN106290527A (en) * | 2015-05-21 | 2017-01-04 | 北京化工大学 | A kind of water quality toxicity monitoring method based on anaerobic pretreatment Yu air cathode MFC |
| CN109873171A (en) * | 2019-03-04 | 2019-06-11 | 中国科学技术大学 | A kind of microorganism electrochemical system combination electrode and preparation method thereof |
| CN109873171B (en) * | 2019-03-04 | 2020-12-25 | 中国科学技术大学 | Composite electrode for microbial electrochemical system and preparation method thereof |
| CN111146451A (en) * | 2019-12-27 | 2020-05-12 | 扬州大学 | Lotus root starch carbon sphere biofuel cell and preparation method thereof |
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| CN100511807C (en) | 2009-07-08 |
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