CN212542504U - Diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell device - Google Patents
Diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell device Download PDFInfo
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- CN212542504U CN212542504U CN202021294790.6U CN202021294790U CN212542504U CN 212542504 U CN212542504 U CN 212542504U CN 202021294790 U CN202021294790 U CN 202021294790U CN 212542504 U CN212542504 U CN 212542504U
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Abstract
The utility model provides a diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell device, which comprises an anode, a cathode and a reaction container, wherein the reaction container comprises a reaction chamber and a container wall, and the material of the container wall is a transparent material; the anode is carbon felt and is arranged in the reaction chamber; the cathode is embedded on the side wall of the container wall, so that one side face of the cathode is exposed in the reaction chamber, the other side face of the cathode is exposed outside the reaction container, the cathode sequentially comprises a catalytic layer, a carbon cloth layer, a carbon base layer and a diffusion layer from inside to outside, the catalytic layer of the cathode is exposed in the reaction chamber, the diffusion layer of the cathode is exposed outside the reaction container, and the diffusion layer is a solidified hydrophobic polymer organic matter coating. The utility model discloses a no diaphragm microbial fuel cell device does not set up proton exchange membrane, and the negative pole has avoided moisture loss through set up the diffusion barrier on carbon-based layer, can control the oxygen of suitable volume moreover and see through the diffusion barrier and convey the catalysis layer, improves the efficiency of negative pole reduction reaction, has improved coulomb efficiency.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to a bioelectrochemistry technical field, concretely relates to no diaphragm microbial fuel cell device.
Background
Serious energy shortage and environmental pollution problems are issues that cannot be ignored for achieving higher-speed modern industrial development. Environmental problems affect human survival and development, and are closely related to ecological balance. With the continuous development of human industrialization, over-development of energy and random emission of pollutants cause serious damage to the environment, and people are focusing on exploring new clean energy. The method for removing organic pollutants through microbial degradation is a common method, and part of electricity-generating bacteria can generate trace electric energy when degrading organic matters. Inspired by this, microbial fuel cells are receiving increasing attention.
Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) utilize microorganisms to degrade organic matters in wastewater at an anode, and protons and electrons generated by reduction reach a cathode through a proton exchange membrane or an external circuit to perform reduction reaction. Compared with the conventional fuel cell, the MFC can generate electric power while purifying sewage, and does not cause secondary pollution. MFC is a device that can directly convert bioenergy into electric energy, has advantages such as low maintenance cost, mild operating condition, good biocompatibility, is a high-efficient novel electrochemical technique.
Although MFC has good prospects in the future, it has low output power and high material cost, and still cannot be widely used. The high cost of MFCs is due in large part to expensive proton exchange membranes, which can impede the transport of protons or the diffusion of chemicals, resulting in increased internal resistance of the cell and severely impaired power output of microbial fuel cells.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
The utility model aims to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art and provide a diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell device.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the utility model adopts the following technical scheme: a membrane-less Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) arrangement comprising an anode, a cathode and a reaction vessel, the reaction vessel comprising a reaction chamber and vessel walls, the material of the vessel walls being a light-transmissive material;
the anode is a carbon felt and is arranged in the reaction chamber;
the negative pole is fixed make on the lateral wall of container wall one side of negative pole exposes in the reacting chamber just another side of negative pole exposes outside the reacting vessel, negative pole from interior to exterior includes catalysis layer, carbon cloth layer, carbon-based layer and diffusion layer in proper order, the catalysis layer of negative pole exposes in the reacting chamber, the diffusion layer of negative pole exposes outside the reacting vessel, the diffusion layer is the hydrophobic polymer organic matter coating of solidification.
The traditional microbial fuel cell is provided with a proton exchange membrane between an anode and a cathode, the existence of the proton exchange membrane can weaken the electrical conductivity of a solution, the effective diffusion of protons or the transfer of protons by chemical substances, so that the internal resistance of an MFC is increased, the electricity generation effect of a system is reduced, the cost of the proton exchange membrane is high, but the proton exchange membrane can avoid the loss of moisture in a reaction chamber, and after the proton exchange membrane is removed, the problems of high oxygen permeation amount from the cathode, reduction of coulomb efficiency, moisture loss on the side of the cathode contacting air and the like can be caused, which always troubles the bottleneck technical problem of the development of the traditional microbial fuel cell with the proton exchange membrane to the microbial fuel cell without the diaphragm. The non-membrane microbial fuel cell device improves the cathode, so that the cathode sequentially comprises a catalyst layer, a carbon cloth layer, a carbon base layer and a diffusion layer from inside to outside, and the catalyst layer of the cathode is exposed in the reaction chamber, the diffusion layer of the cathode is exposed outside the reaction container, so that the gas-liquid-solid three-phase interface of the catalytic layer of the cathode can directly perform catalytic reaction, protons generated by anodic oxidation can be diffused to the catalytic layer and directly perform reduction reaction with oxygen transferred to the catalytic layer from the side contacting with air, the process reduces the resistance effect in the mass transfer process, the catalytic layer is directly contacted with water to reduce the barrier effect of an exchange membrane on the transfer of the protons, and the diffusion layer of the cathode is exposed outside the reaction container so that the oxygen exists in any place, the membrane-free microbial fuel cell can be used as a widely-obtained electron acceptor, and the output power and the coulombic efficiency of the membrane-free microbial fuel cell are improved; the cathode of the diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell device forms a carbon cloth layer by taking carbon cloth as a carrier, a catalyst layer is arranged on one surface of the carbon cloth layer, the catalyst layer is exposed in a reaction chamber and is contacted with organic wastewater in the reaction chamber, so that the effect of catalyzing cathode reduction reaction is achieved, and the catalyst layer is directly exposed in a water phase and directly receives proton catalytic reaction due to the removal of a proton exchange membrane, so that the influence of a proton exchange membrane diaphragm on mass transfer and substance diffusion rate is reduced, and the output power and the coulomb efficiency of the diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell are improved; according to the cathode of the diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell device, the carbon base layer is arranged on the other surface of the carbon cloth layer, so that the carbon base layer can promote oxygen diffusion and reduce the internal resistance of the cell to enhance the conductivity; the cathode of the non-membrane microbial fuel cell device avoids the moisture loss of the non-membrane microbial fuel cell by arranging the diffusion layer on the carbon base layer, and can control a proper amount of oxygen to permeate the diffusion layer and be transmitted to the catalyst layer of the cathode, so that the efficiency of the cathode reduction reaction is improved, and the coulomb efficiency of the non-membrane microbial fuel cell is further improved; the anode of the diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell device is a carbon felt, the surface of the anode is attached with an electroactive biomembrane capable of degrading organic matters and generating electricity, and microorganisms can be directly degraded on the surface of the anode to generate electrons and reach the cathode through an external circuit.
Preferably, the reaction vessel is provided with a liquid inlet and outlet and a sealing cover matched with the liquid inlet and outlet.
The liquid inlet and outlet is used for inputting and outputting wastewater to the reaction chamber, the wastewater is input to the reaction chamber through the liquid inlet and outlet before the diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell device operates, the diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell device is sealed by the sealing cover, organic matters in the wastewater are degraded when the diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell device operates under the illumination condition, and the wastewater can be replaced after the content of the organic matters in the wastewater is reduced and the output power of the diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell device is reduced.
Preferably, the carbon-based layer is formed by calcining a carbon black coating.
Preferably, the catalyst layer is a mixture coating of platinum carbon catalyst, carbon black and catalyst support coated on the carbon cloth layer.
Preferably, the diffusion layer is a hydrophobic polymer organic matter coating cured at 300-400 ℃.
Preferably, the catalyst carrier is nafion solution, the hydrophobic polymer organic matter is polytetrafluoroethylene, and the diffusion layer comprises a plurality of layers of polytetrafluoroethylene suspension curing coatings.
Preferably, the material of the container wall is an acrylic material, and the anode material is a porous carbon felt.
Preferably, the reaction chamber is a single chamber reaction chamber.
Preferably, the thickness of the diffusion layer is 0.1-1 mm.
The utility model discloses the people discovers through the research, can make the oxygen volume that conveys the negative pole receive the restriction when the diffusion layer thickness of foretell no diaphragm microbial fuel cell device's negative pole is too thick, be unfavorable for the reduction reaction of negative pole catalysis layer, the diffusion layer of crossing thin can make oxygen excessively get into in the reacting chamber, lead to the decline of coulomb efficiency, and the diffusion layer is too thin can lead to the loss of reacting tank moisture, only when the thickness of diffusion layer accords with, the oxygen volume that diffusion layer was seen through in the control that can be best, make no diaphragm microbial fuel cell's coulomb efficiency reach best effect.
Preferably, a conductive metal ring is arranged on the cathode, the conductive metal ring is arranged around the edge of the surface of the catalytic layer, and the conductive metal ring is insulated and sealed.
The conductive metal ring is used for collecting current on the surface of the catalytic layer of the cathode and connecting the current into a circuit.
The beneficial effects of the utility model reside in that: the utility model provides a no diaphragm microbial fuel cell device, the utility model discloses a no diaphragm microbial fuel cell device improves through the negative pole for the direct catalytic reaction of catalysis layer gas-liquid solid three-phase interface department of negative pole, has improved no diaphragm microbial fuel cell's output and coulomb efficiency; the utility model discloses a no diaphragm microbial fuel cell device's negative pole uses carbon cloth to form the carbon cloth layer as the carrier, through set up the catalysis layer in the one side on carbon cloth layer, the catalysis layer exposes in the reacting chamber with the contact of the indoor organic waste water of reacting, play the effect of catalysis cathode reduction reaction, because proton exchange membrane's getting rid of, make the catalysis layer directly expose in the water phase, directly accept proton catalytic reaction, reduced the influence of proton exchange membrane diaphragm to mass transfer and material diffusion rate, improved no diaphragm microbial fuel cell's output and coulomb efficiency; the cathode of the diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell device is provided with the carbon base layer on the other side of the carbon cloth layer; the cathode of the diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell device of the utility model avoids the moisture loss of the diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell by arranging the diffusion layer on the carbon base layer, and can control the oxygen with proper amount to permeate the diffusion layer and be transmitted to the catalyst layer of the cathode, thereby improving the efficiency of the cathode reduction reaction and further improving the coulomb efficiency of the diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell; the utility model discloses a no diaphragm microbial fuel cell device's positive pole is the carbon felt, and positive pole surface adhesion can degrade the organic matter and produce the electroactive biomembrane of electricity, and the microorganism can directly produce the electron at positive pole surface degradation to reach the negative pole through outer circuit, this process has reduced the resistance of material diffusion in-process, has accelerated reaction rate, has improved no diaphragm microbial fuel cell's coulombic efficiency and output. The utility model discloses a no diaphragm microbial fuel cell is with low costs, and output is high, and coulomb efficiency is high.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a membrane-free microbial fuel cell device according to an embodiment of the present invention; the device comprises a reaction container, a cathode, an anode, a cathode catalytic layer, a cathode carbon cloth layer, a cathode carbon-based layer, a cathode diffusion layer, a conductive metal ring, a fixed-value resistor, a cathode, a reaction chamber, a liquid inlet, a liquid outlet and a liquid outlet, wherein the reaction container 1, the reaction container 2, the anode, the cathode 3, the cathode catalytic layer, the cathode carbon cloth layer, the cathode carbon-based; (a) schematic of the cell device, (b) cathode magnification.
Fig. 2 is a voltage diagram of a membrane-free microbial fuel cell device according to an embodiment of the present invention, (a) shows a membrane MFC, and (b) shows a membrane-free MFC.
Fig. 3 is a power density diagram of a membrane-free microbial fuel cell device according to an embodiment of the present invention, (a) is a membrane MFC, and (b) is a membrane-free MFC.
Detailed Description
For better illustrating the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention, the present invention will be further described with reference to the following embodiments.
A non-membrane microbial fuel cell device is shown in figure 1, the cell device comprises an anode 2, a cathode 9 and a reaction container 1, the reaction container 1 comprises a reaction chamber 10 and a container wall, and the material of the container wall is a light-transmitting material;
the anode 2 is a carbon felt, and the anode 2 is arranged in the reaction chamber 10;
Further, the reaction vessel is provided with a liquid inlet and outlet 11 and a sealing cover matched with the liquid inlet and outlet 11.
Further, the carbon base layer 5 is formed by calcining a carbon black coating.
Further, the catalyst layer 3 is a mixture coating layer of platinum carbon catalyst, carbon black and catalyst carrier coated on the carbon cloth layer.
Further, the diffusion layer 6 is a hydrophobic polymer organic coating cured at 300-400 ℃.
Further, the catalyst carrier is nafion solution, the hydrophobic polymer organic matter is polytetrafluoroethylene, the diffusion layer includes a plurality of layers of polytetrafluoroethylene turbid liquid solidification coating, the material of container wall is ya keli material, anode material is porous carbon felt.
Further, the thickness of the diffusion layer is:
example 1
As shown in fig. 1, the membrane-free microbial fuel cell device according to the embodiment of the present invention includes an anode 2, a cathode 9, and a reaction container 1, where the reaction container 1 includes a reaction chamber 10 and a container wall, and the material of the container wall is a light-transmitting material;
the anode 2 is a carbon felt, and the anode 2 is arranged in the reaction chamber 10;
the cathode 9 is fixed on the side wall of the container wall, so that one side surface of the cathode is exposed in the reaction chamber 10 and the other side surface of the cathode 2 is exposed outside the reaction container 1, the cathode 2 sequentially comprises a catalyst layer 3, a carbon cloth layer 4, a carbon base layer 5 and a diffusion layer 6 from inside to outside, the catalyst layer 3 of the cathode 9 is exposed in the reaction chamber 10, the diffusion layer 6 of the cathode 9 is exposed outside the reaction container 1, and the diffusion layer 6 is a solidified hydrophobic high molecular organic matter coating; the reaction container is provided with a liquid inlet and outlet 11 and a sealing cover matched with the liquid inlet and outlet 11; the carbon base layer 5 is formed by calcining a carbon black coating; the catalyst layer 3 is a mixture coating of a platinum-carbon catalyst, carbon black and a catalyst carrier coated on the carbon cloth layer; the diffusion layer 6 is a hydrophobic polymer organic coating cured at 300-400 ℃; the catalyst carrier is nafion solution, the hydrophobic polymer organic matter is polytetrafluoroethylene, the diffusion layer comprises 4 layers of polytetrafluoroethylene suspension solidified coatings, the thickness of the diffusion layer is 0.1-1 mm, the container wall is made of an acrylic material, and the anode material is a porous carbon felt; and a constant value resistor 8 is connected between the anode and the cathode, and the resistance value of the constant value resistor 8 is 1000 omega.
The preparation method of the membrane-free microbial fuel cell device of the embodiment comprises the following steps:
(1) cutting a carbon cloth with the specification of 10 cm multiplied by 10 cm, punching four corners of the carbon cloth for fixing the carbon cloth with a reaction container, carrying out vortex mixing on 0.1378 g of acetylene black and 2.5 mL of polytetrafluoroethylene suspension with the mass concentration of 40% to obtain carbon black suspension, and carrying out vortex mixing on 0.0442 g of commercial platinum-carbon catalyst, 0.1768 g of acetylene black, 0.5 mL of deionized water, 1.5 mL of 5% Nafion solution and 1.5 mL of isopropanol solution to obtain catalyst suspension; uniformly coating a carbon black suspension on one surface of a carbon cloth, and heating in a muffle furnace at 370 ℃ for 30 min to form a carbon base layer loaded on the carbon cloth layer;
(2) uniformly coating 0.4 g of 60% by mass of polytetrafluoroethylene suspension on a carbon-based layer, heating the carbon-based layer in a muffle furnace at 370 ℃ for 10 minutes to obtain a first polytetrafluoroethylene suspension cured coating on the carbon-based layer, and repeatedly coating 0.4 g of 60% by mass of polytetrafluoroethylene suspension on the carbon-based layer, heating the carbon-based layer in the muffle furnace at 370 ℃ for 10 minutes to form 4 layers of polytetrafluoroethylene suspension cured coatings serving as a diffusion layer of a cathode;
(3) uniformly coating the catalyst suspension on the other surface of the carbon cloth, and naturally air-drying and curing to obtain a catalyst layer of the cathode;
(4) selecting 6 transparent acrylic plates of 10 cm multiplied by 10 cm, cutting a hollow square of 6 cm multiplied by 6 cm at the center, preparing a square titanium wire conductive metal ring with the side length of 7 cm, tightly attaching the conductive metal ring to the surface of a catalytic layer of a cathode, insulating and sealing, fixing the cathode obtained in the step (3) on the hollow acrylic plates, fixedly assembling the transparent acrylic plates into a cube sealed reaction container, exposing the catalytic layer of the cathode in the reaction chamber, exposing a diffusion layer of the cathode outside the reaction container, arranging a liquid inlet and outlet and a sealing cover on the reaction container, and arranging a porous carbon felt as an anode in the reaction chamber.
Connecting a constant value resistor of 1000 omega between a cathode and an anode to form a complete battery system, externally connecting a data collector, recording the voltage condition of the battery system in real time, injecting phosphate buffer nutrient solution into a reaction chamber, replacing the nutrient solution to ensure the microbial activity when the voltage is lower than 50 mV, and collecting and analyzing the voltage output data of the diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell device after continuously running for at least three periods; the phosphate buffered nutrient solution comprises 1 g L-1Sodium acetate, 0.31 g L-1NH4Cl、0.13 g L-1 KCl、2.452 g L-1NaH2PO4•H2O and 4.576 g L-1NaHPO4。
A comparison group is set, and the only difference between the comparison group and the embodiment is as follows: a proton exchange membrane is arranged between the anode and the cathode in the reaction chamber as a diaphragm.
Under the above-mentioned detection conditions, as shown in FIG. 2, the voltage of the MFC of this embodiment is maintained at 0.54 + -0.2V for three cycles, and the voltage of the MFC with membrane of the control group is 0.45 + -0.2V for three cycles, and the operation voltage is significantly increased, as shown in FIG. 3, the maximum power density of the MFC of this embodiment reaches 306.9 mW m-2The improvement is 16.6% over the control with membrane MFC. The MFC of this example had a smaller internal resistance, a higher power density output, and a relatively lower manufacturing cost than the control group.
Example 2
As the embodiment of the present invention relates to a membrane-free microbial fuel cell device, the only difference between the membrane-free microbial fuel cell device of the present embodiment and embodiment 1 is: (2) uniformly coating 0.35 g of 55 mass percent polytetrafluoroethylene suspension on a carbon-based layer, placing the carbon-based layer in a muffle furnace at 370 ℃ for heating for 5 minutes to obtain a first polytetrafluoroethylene suspension solidified coating on the carbon-based layer, and repeatedly coating 0.35 g of 55 mass percent polytetrafluoroethylene suspension on the carbon-based layer, placing the carbon-based layer in the muffle furnace at 370 ℃ for heating for 5 minutes to form 2 layers of polytetrafluoroethylene suspension solidified coatings serving as a diffusion layer of a cathode.
A comparison group is set, and the only difference between the comparison group and the embodiment is as follows: a proton exchange membrane is arranged between the anode and the cathode in the reaction chamber as a diaphragm.
Under the above detection conditions, the voltage of the MFC of this embodiment is maintained at 0.52 ± 0.2V for three cycles, the voltage of the control MFC with membrane is 0.45 ± 0.2V, the operating voltage is significantly increased, and the maximum power density of the MFC of this embodiment reaches 276.21 mW m-2Compared with the control MFC with the membrane, the improvement is 7.3%.
Example 3
As the embodiment of the present invention relates to a membrane-free microbial fuel cell device, the only difference between the membrane-free microbial fuel cell device of the present embodiment and embodiment 1 is: (2) uniformly coating 0.35 g of 60% by mass of polytetrafluoroethylene suspension on a carbon-based layer, heating the carbon-based layer in a muffle furnace at 370 ℃ for 10 minutes to obtain a first polytetrafluoroethylene suspension cured coating on the carbon-based layer, and repeatedly coating 0.35 g of 60% by mass of polytetrafluoroethylene suspension on the carbon-based layer, heating the carbon-based layer in the muffle furnace at 370 ℃ for 10 minutes to form 6 layers of polytetrafluoroethylene suspension cured coatings serving as a diffusion layer of a cathode.
Under the above detection conditions, the voltage of the MFC of this embodiment is maintained at 0.49 ± 0.2V for three cycles, the voltage of the control MFC with membrane is 0.45 ± 0.2V, the operating voltage is significantly increased, and the maximum power density of the MFC of this embodiment reaches 282.34 mW m-2The improvement is 9.3% over the control with membrane MFC.
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting the protection scope of the present invention, and although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the technical solutions of the present invention can be modified or replaced with equivalents without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell device is characterized in that the cell device comprises an anode, a cathode and a reaction container, wherein the reaction container comprises a reaction chamber and a container wall, and the material of the container wall is a light-transmitting material;
the anode is a carbon felt and is arranged in the reaction chamber;
the negative pole is fixed make on the lateral wall of container wall one side of negative pole exposes in the reacting chamber just another side of negative pole exposes outside the reacting vessel, negative pole from interior to exterior includes catalysis layer, carbon cloth layer, carbon-based layer and diffusion layer in proper order, the catalysis layer of negative pole exposes in the reacting chamber, the diffusion layer of negative pole exposes outside the reacting vessel, the diffusion layer is the hydrophobic polymer organic matter coating of solidification.
2. The membrane-free microbial fuel cell device according to claim 1, wherein the reaction vessel is provided with a liquid inlet and outlet port and a sealing cover fitted to the liquid inlet and outlet port.
3. The membrane-free microbial fuel cell device of claim 1, wherein the carbon-based layer is formed by calcining a carbon black coating.
4. The membrane-free microbial fuel cell device of claim 1, wherein the diffusion layer is a cured hydrophobic polymer organic coating.
5. The membrane-free microbial fuel cell device of claim 4, wherein the hydrophobic polymer organic substance is polytetrafluoroethylene, and the diffusion layer comprises a plurality of layers of polytetrafluoroethylene suspension curing coatings.
6. The membrane-free microbial fuel cell device of claim 1, wherein the material of the container wall is an acrylic material, and the anode material is a porous carbon felt.
7. The membrane-free microbial fuel cell device of claim 1, wherein the reaction chamber is a single-chamber reaction chamber.
8. The membrane-free microbial fuel cell device according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the diffusion layer is 0.1 to 1 mm.
9. The membrane-free microbial fuel cell device of claim 1, wherein the cathode is provided with a conductive metal ring, the conductive metal ring is arranged around the edge of the surface of the catalytic layer and the conductive metal ring is sealed in an insulating manner.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111769314A (en) * | 2020-07-03 | 2020-10-13 | 广州大学 | Diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell device and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN113461138A (en) * | 2021-06-25 | 2021-10-01 | 江西师范大学 | Apparatus for sewage treatment and sewage treatment method |
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2020
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111769314A (en) * | 2020-07-03 | 2020-10-13 | 广州大学 | Diaphragm-free microbial fuel cell device and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN113461138A (en) * | 2021-06-25 | 2021-10-01 | 江西师范大学 | Apparatus for sewage treatment and sewage treatment method |
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