WO2021137720A1 - Method for monitoring and managing electrical power consumption - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to managing electrical power consumption in the home. Claimed is a system which includes the electric power grid in a home, means for measuring power, and means for controlling load. The home grid is fed by an external grid and is configured in the form of individual lines having individual shutoff devices on supply lines for low priority, medium priority, high priority and extra high priority consumers. The medium priority consumers are connected to a supply line such as to allow phase switching, deactivation and deferral of the operation of a consumer to a different designated time. Sensors for monitoring and transmitting instantaneous current and voltage values to a microcontroller are installed on the supply line of said consumers. A group of high priority consumers is connected to a supply line via a phase switcher, allowing both forward and reverse phase switching. The extra high priority consumers are optionally connected to a guaranteed voltage unit. The microcontroller receives monitoring information about instantaneous current and voltage values, and also receives information about the weather, the microclimate, open doors and windows, movement in the home, the status of a home microgeneration source, and air conditioning, heating and ventilation system parameters.

Description

METHOD FOR MONITORING AND MANAGING ELECTRIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION

The field of technology. The invention relates to the electric power industry, mainly to monitoring and controlling the consumption of electrical energy by household consumers in the house.

State of the art. In electrical networks, there is a daily unevenness in the consumption of electrical energy, in connection with which there is a power shortage during peak hours. To align the daily load schedule, various mechanisms are used, including a stepped tariff for the cost of the consumed unit of energy (kWh), depending on the level of the connected limited maximum power P _max and the period of energy consumption during the day.

The purpose of managing the power consumption of consumers in the house, taking into account the specified tariff policy, is to ensure the reliability and the maximum possible amount of power consumption by household consumers at the established power limit P _max , prevent their premature shutdown due to the triggering of the input protective devices and economical use of resources for energy consumption in the house. To this end, various methods of monitoring the parameters of the consumed electric current and automated control of the consumption of electrical energy are currently being used, including using microcontrollers that provide shutdown operations, limiting and distributing the load by energy sources, network phases, time of day, load balancing network phases (phase balancing). In addition, renewable energy sources, uninterruptible power supplies and energy storage are used. At the same time, surplus electricity from renewable energy sources of its own microgeneration in many countries is allowed to be returned to the grid.

The task and the technical result of the proposed solution is the possibility of increasing the volume of energy consumption with a limited maximum value of the current strength, reducing the peak and high tariff components of electricity consumption, reducing the cost of electricity consumption (purchased energy), ensuring uninterrupted power supply to priority consumers while limiting less priority consumers in the house and efficient use own renewable microgeneration, which is possible due to the compilation of an hourly schedule of generated own capacity based on the weather forecast available on the Internet, and the calculation of flexible consumption schedules for low-priority and medium-priority consumers, the sum of capacities of which (according to these schedules) will be as close as possible to the schedule of microgeneration capacity.

There is a known technical solution implemented in the OhmPilot product of the Austrian company Fronius AG, which knows the current balance between consumption in the house and microgeneration, and in the case when there is an excess of microgeneration power, this excess is sent to an ohmic load (as a rule, to a hot water boiler) through the OhmPilot device, which is a PWM (pulse width modulator) that regulates the consumption of the boiler from 0 to 100% of its rated power. The claimed method for controlling low- and medium-priority loads contains much more flexibility than the mentioned OhmPilot product, which allows you to regulate consumption as in the case of excess power produced by microgeneration by connecting a variety of loads (including through a modulator, for this there are inputs AUX1, AUX2, AUX3 for alternative power supply of low priority loads) and in case of insufficient power output by disconnecting such loads. Make accurate prediction of consumption impossible due to the presence of higher priority loads, which the user can turn on at his own discretion, however, you can adjust to the current consumption schedule, knowing the statistics of higher priority loads.

There are known methods and systems for monitoring and controlling energy consumption of consumers in a house, which are close in the prior art to the claimed technical solution, described below.

The known method and system for managing power supply and electrical load according to US patent N ° 20100312414, 09.12.2010, IPC G01 R11 / 00, nat. cl. US N 700/295. This method consists in intelligent automatic load shedding using logic controllers that respond to signals from disturbance sensors. An intelligent system that implements this method is connected with a system of signal sensors in real time, which it uses to recognize disturbances and develop proposals for switching off consumers. This system is capable of solving the problem with the ability to anticipate the recognition of repetitive disturbances. This is achieved through self-learning on load shedding, according to the shedding schedules available in the system memory.

At the same time, a method of data flow control and load shedding is proposed, depending on the amount of power reserve in the system, varying in the range from 0 to the value of the unit power of the system generator. In this regard, this method of energy management is limited in scope. It is not suitable for systems with centralized power supply, at the same time, it is effective for use in autonomous power systems (for a floating platform, etc.).

The known method and device for uninterruptible power supply of consumers under the patent RU

2341859, IPC H02J 3/32, publ. 20.12.2008, Bul.

35. In this solution, consumers are connected by means of switching to a centralized network, an alternative energy source and storage energy by means of an inverter, while monitoring and control of switching is carried out by the controller.

This method consists in converting the kind of current, first alternating current into direct current, and then direct current into alternating current. The need for double conversion of the type of current causes additional electrical losses, the complexity and rise in the cost of its implementation, ultimately - to a decrease in economic efficiency.

A known method for monitoring and controlling the process of electricity consumption and a device for its implementation according to the patent RU N ° 2473916, IPC G01R 11/00, published on January 27, 2013, Bul. N ° 3. In this method, the transmission of commands to connect consumers is carried out through load switching devices controlled by signals from energy meters with an assigned indicator, combined into groups that measure the power consumed by the receiver (load). The transfer of information from these groups is carried out using wired communication channels to control devices for the group of meters. Recording in the non-volatile memory unit the values of the resistances and the lengths of the supply lines of the network from the transformer substation is carried out in order to calculate the difference between the supplied and consumed energy.

The disadvantage of this method is the high cost and significant complexity of the individual collection and transmission of data, calculations and control.

A device is known in which the electrical load is uniformly distributed over the phases of the network - patent RU Ns 2200364, IPC H02J 1/10, publ. 03/10/2003, Bul. N “7. It contains phase current sensors, a variety of switching tools, and a processor for controlling phase switching based on pairwise matching of phase currents.

The disadvantage of this device is that it does not provide power management of consumers, taking into account priority of consumer groups. For this reason, the power supply of priority consumers in it is not reliable enough.

The known method of supplying the load of the power supply system according to the patent RU N "2442263, publ. 02/10/2012 in Bul. N "4, which consists in extracting separately the reactive and active components of the power of the groups of symmetrical phases for powering consumers. The disadvantage of this method is its limited use - for supplying a DC load.

The known method, system and device for controlling the amount of electricity consumed by household appliances installed in the house, according to the patent RU N ° 2242832, publ. 20.12.2004 in Bul. 235, by Aisa Valerio. This patent for a method, system and device is adopted as a prototype. The method consists in connecting consumers to a network connected to a source of electricity, setting the maximum permissible level of power consumption, providing consumers with power management tools, measuring the instantaneous total level of power consumption, transmitting information about the consumed electric power with a frequency varying over time to the consumer control facilities, providing load regulation capability for controls.

The control system for the amount of electricity according to this patent contains a plurality of electricity consumers connected to a data transmission network, a measuring device located outside the specified electricity consumers, connected to the specified network and suitable for measuring the instantaneous total electricity consumption by the system of household electrical appliances, while each consumer is equipped with a control means the level of consumed electricity, using information on the instantaneous level of consumed electrical power by the instrument system so that the closer the instantaneous the total level of consumption of electrical power to the maximum permissible level, the higher the frequency of information output.

The disadvantage of the method taken as a prototype is the absence of dividing electricity consumers into groups based on the identity of the requirements for power reliability and the possible functions of the switching means on the power lines of these groups of consumers, with the establishment of priorities in power consumption for the mentioned groups of consumers. This does not allow to effectively manage the power consumption of consumers, restriction of individual groups of consumers, the distribution of other groups of consumers by energy sources, network phases and power supply time.

The essence of the features of the invention.

Household consumers of electricity differ in the requirements for the reliability of power supply and the means of switching their connections to the power supply network, some of them allow the possibility of regulating their own load, allow reduced power consumption modes, allow short interruptions in the power supply, some consumers do not even allow the voltage sine wave to break. In the present invention, all household consumers, depending on the requirements for the reliability of their power supply and the capabilities of the means of switching on the supply lines, are divided into 4 groups - special priority; high priority; medium priority; low priority.

The group of special priority consumers includes consumers that do not allow breaking the sinusoid of the supply current voltage. These consumers, first of all, include IT servers, television, computer equipment, routers, servers, communications and signaling. These consumers, as a rule, even after a short interruption of power supply, do not resume their mode of operation from the point preceding the power failure. They do not provide for temporary disconnection at the moment of peak load, nor for switching to another phase or to a backup source or source of energy of its own micro-generation. In the proposed the system monitors energy consumption and this information is used in the future for forecasting.

The group of special priority consumers also includes household electrical appliances that do not allow breaking the sinusoid of the supply voltage, i.e. which do not allow switching over to a backup power supply with the help of switching means. An example of such receivers are all devices with electronic (digital) control - microwave ovens, multicooker, hob, washing machine, dryer, etc., that is, all consumers who are not able to resume their work after a short interruption of power supply.

The group of high-priority consumers includes electrical appliances that allow switching the power supply to an alternate phase or a renewable energy source. In the kitchen, such appliances are toasters and coffee machines.

The group of medium-priority consumers includes consumers that allow power switching and short-term disconnection, that is, a short-term transfer of their work to another time. These consumers include vacuum cleaners, irons, and hair dryers in bathrooms. In the kitchen, this is a secondary power input for the hob of a stove (designed to distribute the load between two or more phases, but does not supply power to the control electronics of this electrical appliance), an oven (if it is equipped with an electromechanical control), a microwave with an electromechanical control, as well as electric kettles. Circuitry, they are powered through 2 series-connected relays (one switching to an alternative phase, and the second disconnecting). The switching of medium-priority loads in the equipment is realized by serial connection of two contact groups of different relays intended for switching high-priority (switching) and low-priority (temporary disconnection) loads, and such a serial connection of two relays is realized jumpers on adjacent control channels - one high-priority and one low-priority. This implementation allows the flexible use of switching resources in the equipment, for example, if the board provides 12 relays - 6 for low-priority loads (disconnection) and 6 for high-priority (phase switching), then by rearranging the jumpers it is possible to organize 2 channels of medium-priority loads, while remaining available 4 high-priority channels and 4 low-priority channels, i.e. within the framework of one implementation of a board with 12 relays, configurations 6 + 0 + 6, 5 + 1 + 5, 4 + 2 + 4, 3 + 3 + 3 are possible (high-priority, medium-priority and low-priority load connection channels).

These consumers are of high priority in terms of their importance, however, they allow short-term disconnection. Therefore, during the peak, the control algorithm, first of all, determines (based on the available power) the possibility of continuing their operation by switching to another phase in order to avoid phase overload in the presence of available power on the phase alternative for a given consumer. If there is no available power in the alternative phase, then this consumer will be temporarily turned off until the available power appears either in the default phase of the consumer, or in its alternative phase. Thus, temporary disconnection of medium priority loads is carried out only if there is no available power. In this case, the operating cycle of such devices can be predicted in order to ensure the required power consumption by selecting the duty cycle.

The group of low-priority consumers includes consumers who allow their temporary shutdown, for example, during peak modes during overloads, at high hourly tariffs, the cost of kWh. This group includes pool pumps, waterfall pumps, floor heaters, hot water heaters, a dishwasher (all modern dishwashers have a non-volatile memory and resume their working cycle from the moment preceding the interruption food). A special place is occupied by loads responsible for heating and air conditioning (air conditioners, heat pumps and electric underfloor heating). Heating systems have high thermal inertia, and therefore it is not very important for them at what periods of time they consume electrical energy, it is important that they are provided with energy while maintaining a certain duty cycle, for example, within 40-60%, then the heating systems will provide the necessary comfort due to the production of the necessary thermal energy, while maintaining the required duty cycle for time intervals comparable to the time constant of the thermal inertia of the room, but they will not consume the available power at the moments of peak.

With cooling systems (air conditioning) in the summer, everything is more complicated. If such a system is based on a chiller, then, as a rule, an inertial tank is provided, which prevents frequent starting / stopping of the chiller compressors (in order to reduce wear), and you can use this inertia to temporarily turn off the chiller compressor (which is the largest consumer in home) in order to effectively deal with peaks in consumption. It is only a matter of adapting the permissible switch-off time to the realized inertia of the cooling circuit in order to maintain comfort.

The essence of the invention as a method. A method for monitoring and managing the consumption of electrical energy by consumers in a house, including connecting household consumers to the electrical network using switching means, setting a limited maximum power consumption (Pmax), equipping consumers with power consumption control devices, measuring instantaneous values of the total consumed power (current), setting priorities for energy consumers in terms of reliability and method of switching on connection lines, transmission of monitoring information to a microcontroller, power management of household consumers connected to an external network and own sources of electrical energy.

A group of consumers of a high priority level, which does not allow the voltage sine wave to break, is connected to an optional guaranteed voltage node with the ability to receive power from a centralized, backup and storage source of electrical energy.

A group of consumers of a high-priority level, allowing short-term outages during switching times, is distributed evenly between the phases of the network and connected to the network through switching means that provide the ability to automatically switch to a backup source and switch phases in direct and negative sequence.

The consumers of the group of the medium-priority level are distributed evenly over the phases of the network and connected to the network through switching means, which provide the possibility of shifting the time of their operation according to the timer.

The consumers of the low-priority level group are distributed evenly over the phases of the network, connected to the network through switching means, which ensure their shutdown in advance of the time of occurrence of peak loads.

In order to control electricity consumption, instantaneous values of voltages and consumed currents are monitored in the phases of the feeder and supply lines of consumer groups, and the specified monitoring information is periodically transmitted to the microcontroller. An electronic interface is installed for connecting to the Internet and accessing monitoring information with the ability to remotely turn on / off / control heating, air conditioning and hot water supply systems. Carry out automated forecasting of electricity consumption for heating based on remote measurement of temperature and humidity in rooms, detection of open window and door openings, monitoring of microclimate parameters and control of the air conditioning system. Determine the lack of habitability of the premises for closing the detected open door and window openings, as well as stopping the air conditioning and hot water production systems. Automated control of consumers' power consumption is carried out based on the results of forecasting consumer loads. They collect and process statistical monitoring information for the previous time of power consumption management of consumers in the house. Create an electronic database of consumed power / currents, outdoor climate parameters and microclimate parameters inside the house with reference to annual and daily energy consumption schedules, control the simultaneity of work of groups of consumers with different priorities. Controls the load of the hot water recirculation and the cold water supply system.

With a shortage of power reserve during peak hours and high tariffs for the cost of a unit of electrical energy, consumers are switched to a backup power source with a battery, if any.

In the presence of a source of its own microgeneration, the energy generated by it is consumed primarily through the compilation of flexible set schedules in order to minimize the purchase of energy from the power supply company.

The group of special priority consumers is optionally connected to a storage power source, mainly to an inverter with a battery.

A group of high-priority consumers is connected to the network through switching means that provide the ability to switch them to less loaded phases of the network, mainly by changing the phases one step forward / backward.

A group of low-priority consumers is connected to the network through switching means that ensure their shutdown during periods of high hourly tariffs of supplied energy and the presence of peaks of its consumption.

To prevent imbalances in the phase loads, the current values in the neutral wire are monitored. In addition, they control the distortion of the harmonic forms of the voltage sinusoid in the phase wires.

With a power reserve in the network below the established minimum, mainly equal to the unit load of the largest priority electrical receiver, the frequency of transmission of monitoring information about instantaneous values of currents and voltages to the microcontroller is multiplied (10 ... 20 times).

The essence of the invention as a complex providing the implementation of the proposed method. The complex for monitoring and managing the consumption of electrical energy by household consumers includes the electrical network of the house connected to an external source of energy, consumers of electricity connected to the specified network, means for measuring the power consumed by consumers, and means for controlling the electrical load. The complex is distinguished by the fact that a group of high-priority consumers is connected to the guaranteed voltage node, a group of high-priority consumers is connected to the network using power relays that provide the ability to switch the phases of the network. Medium priority consumers are connected to the network using power relays with the ability to disconnect from the network for transferring their work to another time according to a flexible settable schedule and / or switching the phases of the network. Low-priority consumers are connected to the network using power relays, which are automatically triggered to turn off by a signal from the microcontroller about the appearance of peak loads in the network or a change in the hourly electricity tariff, multiphase switching facilities for consumers and consumers are connected to a microcontroller that controls the loads and their phase distribution and time shift. The microcontroller is equipped with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and connected to sensors for measuring voltages and currents in the phase wires of consumers and phases of the feeders, including external current sensors connected through connectors and located on the phase wires of the feeder and loads, and internal current sensors as part of the circuit boards of current relays, as well as dividers ( optionally, on the neutral wire relative to the ground) to measure the voltage relative to the ground, including on the lines of an alternative energy source of its own microgeneration. The complex is equipped with an electronic interface for external access via the Internet to monitoring information and remote control / on / off of loads of heating, air conditioning and hot water supply systems. Contains external auxiliary devices with wireless sensors that detect open door and window openings in order to eliminate heat losses, optimize energy consumption taking into account the habitability of the premises, and predict changes in electrical heating loads.

The complex contains a guaranteed voltage node connected to a centralized and backup power sources.

High priority consumers are connected to the mains by means of power relays for switching to an alternate phase.

The complex contains a microcontroller that has analog inputs for obtaining measured values of voltages and currents, is equipped with an ADC with sufficient performance and capacity (0.1 ... 1.0 Mega counts / s; 10 ... 12 bits), has a hardware interface for communication with Internet and smart sensor (WiFi / Bluetooth LowEnergy), as well as home automation networks (smart home), for example, KNX / EIB (European Installation Bus) for receiving smart home telegrams, in addition, it contains non-invasive inductive current sensors for external measurements and linear Hall-effect current sensors for measuring currents on the relay board.

The complex contains a controller made together with a relay board in the form of a two-story assembly, in which a relay board with Hall sensors and level converters of inductive sensors is located in the lower part of a dielectric (plastic) housing with the possibility of mounting on a DIN rail, the controller board is located in the upper part, while a power feeder is inserted into the relay board ( three phase wires and a neutral) in such a way that power supply lines pass through the board, from which the power supply lines of low-priority consumers are diverted through the normally closed contacts of the relay, and the lines of high-priority consumers are grouped two for each phase, providing the possibility of switching one of the lines to the next phase, and the other to the previous phase.

In addition, consumers in the medium and high priority groups are assigned individual priorities, allowing them to set the sequence of their shutdown during power management.

With the help of power limiters (power relays), a hierarchical power supply scheme has been built, in which relays installed one after another or in parallel power lines of consumer groups are configured individually - each to its own limit of power consumption (current), depending on the priority of the group of powered consumers. When the threshold power level is exceeded, the lower priority groups of receivers will be sequentially automatically turned off. Automatic connection of consumers will be carried out when a power reserve appears in the corresponding distribution network in the house, while higher priority consumers will be connected first.

In modern homes, consumers are dispersed in a significant area of the house and an Internet-oriented interface is used to collect information about the instantaneous parameters of currents and voltages from consumers.

In managing the power consumption of receivers, the following methods and means are used to limit and decompress load peaks: turning off the receiver using a switching device on the line connecting to the network to switch it to other phases of the network or another source; means of control of the level of electrical load, installed on the receivers themselves (own means of control of the load); switching the operating periods of receivers to another time using switching devices on the line connecting to the network. The switching devices are controlled by the microcontroller by disconnecting and switching consumers based on the analysis of the results of processing the instantaneous parameters of currents and voltages both at the input feeder and along the lines of groups of consumers and individual receivers coming periodically from sensors (forming sequences of restrictions).

In addition, information from sensors periodically arrives at the microcontroller via communication lines: about the parameters of the microclimate in the premises of the house (air temperature, humidity), about the state of door and window openings (open / closed), the presence of inhabitants in the house, and the temperature of the outside air. The monitoring information from the sensors is analyzed by the microcontroller, lists are formed for regulating the power consumption modes of individual consumers, switching off consumers, transferring their work to another time, switching phases, etc.

In a three-phase electrical distribution network in a house, the load is distributed between three phases. In peak modes of power consumption, the load is reduced and individual receivers are turned off, while the imbalance of the loads in phases is monitored and the phases are balanced by the loads. At the same time, uninterruptible power supply for high-priority consumers is provided. When managing the power consumption of consumers in a house, it is ensured that the limited maximum input power consumption is not exceeded, provided the maximum possible volumes of power consumption, compliance with its quality and efficiency, as well as priority in power consumption of consumer groups and individual consumers in groups. In the method for controlling the power consumption of consumers, the algorithms for responding to the controlled information from the sensors depend on what power reserve is available for loading the consumers.

In the base part of the loads, loads are distributed and balanced across the phases of the distribution network by switching consumers to other phases, turning off low-priority consumers.

During peak periods, when the power (current) reserve decreases below the permissible value, domestic consumers are transferred to modes with reduced loads, low priority loads are turned off, consumers are switched to other phases (direct or reverse phase switching), connection to a backup (alternative) current source own microgeneration, connection to the source of accumulated energy and guaranteed voltage node.

Description of figures and operation of a device that implements the inventive method.

Figure 1 shows a complex that implements a method for monitoring and managing the power consumption of consumers in a house. From the centralized external source 1, three phase and neutral wires are brought into the house, which are brought through the circuit breaker 2 and the counter 3, installed on the entrance panel of the house. A microcontroller 4 is installed to control electricity consumption. The three-phase electrical distribution network is made in the form of separate lines 5, 6, 7 and 8 for low-priority, medium-priority, high-priority and special priority groups of consumers, respectively 9, 10, 11 and 12. On each line, protective disconnecting devices are installed (RCD) 13, 14, 15 and 16.

A group of low-priority consumers 9 is connected to line 5 through a circuit breaker 17. On line 5, sensors 18, 19 and 20 are installed for measuring and transmitting instantaneous values of currents and voltages using wired and wireless means to microcontroller 4. Medium priority consumers 10 are connected to line 6 by means of an automatic switch 21, which makes it possible to switch phases and turn off with a transfer of their work to another time on request, for example, using a timer. On line 6, sensors 22, 23, 24 are installed for monitoring and transmitting instantaneous values of currents and voltages using wired and wireless means to microcontroller 4.

The group of high-priority consumers 11 is connected to line 7 by means of a phase switch 24, which provides the possibility of switching the phases both forward and backward. Lines 5, 6, 7 and 8 with the help of a switch 25 can also be connected to an alternative source of their own microgeneration 26. On line 7, sensors 27, 28, 29 are installed for measuring and transmitting instantaneous values of currents and voltages using wired and wireless means to the microcontroller 4.

High-priority consumers (OPP) 12 are optionally connected to the guaranteed voltage installation (UGN) 30. In turn, UGN 30 is connected by means of a circuit breaker 31 to line 8, on which sensors 32, 33, 34 are installed for measuring and transmitting instantaneous values of currents and voltages with the help of wired and wireless means into the microcontroller 4. UGN 30 is connected to a storage source - a storage battery 35 through an inverter 36. The storage battery is connected to line 8 through a charger (charger). If the UGN is not installed in the house, they are connected directly to line 8 , on which current sensors 33 and voltage sensors 34 will respectively be installed.

The microcontroller 4 is connected to the sensors via radio communication and the Internet to obtain monitoring information about the instantaneous values of currents and voltages: in the phases of the feeder - from the electric meter 3, in the distribution lines - from external sensors 18, 22, 27, 32, in the lines supplying the groups of consumers - from current sensors 19, 23, 28, 33 and voltage sensors 20, 24, 29, 34. Microcontroller 4 is equipped with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for converting analog signals into digital information. The microcontroller modules receive information from sensors 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, which monitor weather indicators, microclimate, open openings, movement in the house, the quality of voltage sinusoids, the state of the source of its own microgeneration, the parameters of the air conditioning system, heating and ventilation and make-up of the hot water supply system.

To receive / transmit monitoring information to the microcontroller, an electronic interface is installed for connecting to the Internet and accessing monitoring information with the ability to remotely turn on / off heating, air conditioning and hot water supply systems, carry out automated forecasting of heat load based on remote control of temperature and humidity in rooms, detect open window and door openings, control the microclimate and control the air conditioning system, determine the habitability of the premises for stopping air conditioning systems, carry out automated control of consumer power consumption based on the results of forecasting consumer loads, collect and process statistical monitoring information for the previous time of power consumption management of consumers in the house , create an electronic database of consumed powers / currents, outdoor climate parameters and vapors eters of the microclimate inside the house with reference to the annual and daily energy consumption schedules, control the simultaneity of the work of groups of consumers with different priorities.

In its own microgeneration, alternative sources of renewable energy are used, mainly solar panels and wind power generators, the possibility of obtaining power on which depends on the time of day and weather conditions. So, the graph of the possible power solar panels, first of all, depends on the season, time of day and the presence of clouds. If wind power generators are used as a source of their own micro-generation, their possible available electrical power depends on the availability and speed of the wind. In this regard, the microcontroller performs the function of predicting in advance the schedule of changes in the available power of the source of its own generation. The indicated advance forecast of available power is performed by a microcontroller based on weather forecasts obtained via the Internet and parameters (characteristics) of the state of sources of its own microgeneration, taking into account the dynamics during the day.

When using energy, in a priority order, they consume cheap renewable energy from the source 26 of electric energy of their own micro-generation. Automatic control of the sequence of loading / supplying consumers is carried out as follows - first, they provide electricity to high-priority consumers 11, then, subject to the availability of available power, they provide electricity to medium-priority consumers 10 and, lastly, to low-priority consumers 9. When controlling the disconnection of consumers, the reverse sequence is used operations: first, low-priority consumers 9 are disconnected, then, provided that the available power is insufficient, - medium-priority consumers 10 are disconnected and, last of all, high-priority consumers 11.

Figure 2 shows a diagram of switching a single-phase high-priority load to one of the phases of a three-phase four-wire electrical network. The device works as follows. The microcontroller automatically selects the phase closest in priority within the user-defined settings and connects a single-phase load to it. In this case, according to a signal from the microcontroller, one of the power relays K1, K2, KZ connects the load to the less loaded phase. Fig. 3 shows a graph of the change in the frequency of transmission of monitoring information about instantaneous current parameters depending on the total load of consumers in the house. In the area of peak loads, the frequency of information transmission is an order of magnitude higher. Two possible graphs of changes in the frequency of information transmission in the peak mode are presented - stepped (solid line) and oblique (dashed line). The power consumption of the beginning of the peak mode is P _peak . The value of the maximum power reserve in peak mode (P _m ax - RACP) shall be equal to the value of the largest load unit user priority Pi, i.e. (R _ta x - Rpik) -Rb

Basic loading area - at loads from 0 to Р _PI к - Peak - with total power consumption above Р _PI к

Figure 4 shows a diagram of switching and disconnection of consumers connected to a three-phase electrical network in the house. For groups of high-priority consumers, two schemes are provided: a scheme (a) for switching phases forward (to the next phases) and a scheme (b) switching phases backward (to previous phases). Medium-priority consumers are connected according to the scheme (c), according to which they are switched off and then switched on according to a flexible set schedule (for example, by a timer), that is, their work time is transferred to another time. Low-priority consumers on the connection line are equipped with a power relay with a normally closed contact group - scheme (d).

Figure 5 shows a sequence of operations for monitoring and controlling power consumption in the basic and peak operating modes of household consumers. The power reserve in peak modes is in the range from 0 to (P _max -P _PI k). In the basic mode, the frequency of transmission of information from sensors about instantaneous values of power consumed by consumers is kept constant and equal to F ₀ , approximately taken equal to 1 s ¹ . In the PEAK mode, in which (Pmax-P) <(Pmax-Ppeak), the frequency transmission of controlled parameters is increased stepwise (by 10 ... 20 times) or in proportion to the increase in load over R _PI k, calculating it by the formula:

F = F ₀ + k F ₀ (P-RPIK) / (Pmax - Ppik), 1 / s, where k is the response coefficient.

The value of k depends on the slope of the peak load curve, k = 10 ... 20.

Maximum capacity reserve in peak mode _(that P x - P _peak) become equal to the value of the largest load unit priority consumer, ie (P _m ax - RACP) = F].

The magnitude of the reserve power in a peak mode (P _{is the} x - RACP) depends on the number and capacity of residential customers, it lies approximately in the range 0,1R _max 0.25 P _max.

The change in the frequency of transmission of monitoring information during the transition from the basic mode to the peak mode can be adopted stepwise: in the basic part of the loading - F ₀ , in the peak mode - (10 ... 20) F ₀ .

With a reserve of consumed power DR = (Pshax-P) above its minimum value (P _ta x-Rpik), control is carried out in the basic mode of operation of the network in the house, that is

DR> (Pmax-Rpik), information is periodically transmitted from the sensors for monitoring instantaneous values of currents, voltages, load symmetry in phases by pairwise comparison of currents in the phases and in the neutral wire, as well as equalization of loads in phases by switching off consumers and direct or reverse switching phases of consumer groups.

When the power reserve in the network (P _max - P) lower (P _{is the} x - RACP) comes the peak operation of consumers in the home. In peak mode, full control of instantaneous parameters and power consumption of consumer groups at home are carried out, taking into account their priority. In this mode, the frequency of transmission of monitoring control information increases and the controller forms solutions to limit power consumption and switch consumers to other, less loaded, phases, as well as on an alternative renewable source of electricity of its own micro-generation.

Figure 6 shows the functional elements of the microcontroller. The microcontroller contains 7 modules: network connection; connecting the air conditioner; load mode signaling; communication and Internet (TCP / IP); connecting high-priority consumers; connecting low-priority consumers; connection to the home automation interface (EIB / KNX). The load mode signaling module has a light signaling panel with LEDs, the color of which reflects the load status of the house network. Load mode, respectively: blue - no load, green - light load, yellow - high load, red - peak load.

Figure 7 shows a means of switching single-phase low-priority and high-priority consumers with the possibility of forming load control circuits. The tool contains three separate phase circuits R, S, T. It is made for each consumer in the form of a series connection of contact groups of two independent power relays, one of which is designed to control a low-priority load by opening a normally-closed contact, and the other relay - to control a high-priority load by switching the power supply of the load between two phases, while the option of using these relays is selected by jumpers that carry out either the independent operation of each of the two relays, or a series connection of their contact groups for switching the consumer.

Fig. 8 is represented by two halves of the circuit: Fig. 8a and Fig. 8b. Figure 8a shows a diagram of connecting the microcontroller to a three-phase four-wire electrical network, as well as with power and operational circuits of electrical loads. On the board (Fig. 8a) of the microcontroller there are measurement circuits, contact groups ADC1, ADC2, ... ADC22, ADC23, power relay control networks Oi + 1, .. Oi + 4, Oi + 5, .. Oi + 8, Oi + 9,

..., Oi + C, Com Port, OutD, Ethernet Port.

Dividers and level adapters of 3.3 V / 2 phase and neutral wires are connected to contacts ADC 1, ..., ADC7. Lines from current sensors on phase wires and consumer lines are connected to contacts ADC8, ..., ADC23. The control lines of the power relays are connected to the contacts Outl, ..., OutC.

On Fig presents a diagram of the connection of the contacts of the microcontroller with the current sensors and with the coils of the power relays. Shown are the contact groups of the power relays that provide connection of consumers to the phase conductors R, S, T. Terminals H1, ..., H6 are designed to connect high-priority consumers. Terminals L1, ..., L3 - for connecting low-priority consumers. Terminals Lh4, Lh5, Lh6 - for connecting low or medium priority consumers. Terminals A4, A5, A6 - auxiliary for medium-priority consumers. Jumpers are shown between terminals A4 and S, A5 and T, A6 and R.

Fig. 9a shows a plan (top view) and sections 1-1, 2-2, 3-3 of a two-story controller structure, consisting of two horizontal boards, between which are placed the elements of the controller circuit shown in Figures 8a and 86. On the bottom board installed power elements - relays K1, ..., K 12; current sensors S1, ..., S16; power terminals for connecting consumers are installed in one row (bottom plan). The terminals for connecting the phase wires R, S, T are located on the opposite side of the power board (on top of the plan), along with which are located the Auxl, Aux2, AihZ terminals (connections of an alternative source), the Nin and Nout terminals (respectively, the input and output of zero feeder wires), terminal Gnd (ground).

Figures 96 and 9c (power board, component side and solder side, respectively) show the layout of the printed circuits on the power board, as well as connectors for mounting current sensors. The input and output of the neutral wire are connected to each other by a wire passed through the current meter (sensor), i.e. the current is measured, on the other hand, the voltage of the neutral wire relative to the ground is also measured. Current sensors, when a current of minus 50 A ... +50 A flows, induces a voltage of 0 ... 5 V, which is measured and digitized. If the ADC is 12 bit (4096 levels of digitization), 1 step is 25 mA, which is very close to the threshold value of the household RCD, which is 30 mA.

If the ADC capacity is 16 bits, then the current measurement accuracy will be 50 A / 32K codes, that is, about 1.5 mA. Taking into account the spread of 1 LSB, the measurement accuracy will be 3 mA, which is 10 times less than the response threshold of a standard RCD for the protection of household circuits.

It follows from this that it is possible to perform the function of a "smart" RCD, which will be able to distinguish false alarms caused by high-frequency pickups in the network, high-reactive loads on one phase, etc. from real earth leakage cases using digital filtering implemented in our controller software.

By default, the sensitivity or response threshold is taken as the 30 mA standard, generally accepted for household RCDs. If necessary, the response threshold can be modified depending on the application, for example, in medical devices a thinner response threshold is required, and in industrial installations a coarser response threshold is required.

On NXP controllers, the ADC resolution is already 16 bits (at the same 1M samples per second), which makes this function even more accurate, and allows you to detect long-term small leaks to ground, for example, from switching power supplies.

With the help of averaging and correlation of voltages and currents, it is possible to calculate the presence of a small leakage into the ground line by the inequality of zero of the sum of the currents of the phase lines and zero at the controller input. First by measuring currents and their summation is determined by the very fact of leakage. Further, the smart RCD function, knowing the distribution of consumers in phases and their instantaneous values of consumption currents, calculates which consumer is leaking.

The next step in this function is to determine the possibility of disconnecting a consumer with a leak. If the consumer is powered by a low or medium priority circuit, then it is turned off with the generation of a message to the user.

Options for notification of a detected emergency situation - SMS text message to a mobile phone, e-mail, a message via Internet applications, or a sound / light signal included in the design of the controller itself.

Before deciding to notify a fault or disconnect a consumer, the smart RCD function monitors the development of a leak, and when an inevitable increase in leakage is detected or a critical value is reached (the response threshold or some of its share - 50%, 75%), a decision is automatically made to disconnect the consumer. or notifying the user. After disconnection, after a certain time interval, an attempt is made to restore the power supply to the disconnected consumer. If its normal operation is restored, the controller cancels its emergency status and sends a message to the user about it. Otherwise, a repeated disconnection is performed with a message to the user.

The interval between repeated switching on of the emergency consumer with each subsequent switching on increases. If a chronic, but small leak with a value less than the response threshold is noticed for a certain consumer, then the user is informed about this and the consumer is assigned the status of potentially dangerous. If a potentially dangerous consumer restores a safe mode of operation, the hazard status is removed, but the user is sent a message with warning that this consumer has ceased to detect a leak, but this may be due to its inclusion in an electrical circuit without grounding, and the body of this device may be energized.

The controller can warn that such a consumer has been switched to an outlet without grounding, as a result of which the small leakage has stopped, therefore, its case will be energized.

Since the controller software is able to identify each such consumer regardless of the monitored power circuit in which it is connected, its potential leakage status will be monitored at regular intervals.

Consequently, the device, having hardware for measuring currents and voltages with sufficient accuracy both at the feeder, including the neutral wire, and at connected and monitored consumers, thanks to the built-in smart RCD function, makes it possible to distinguish false alarms from real cases of earth leakage, and, in If a leak is detected, it can determine which consumer the leak has occurred, and if a leak is detected on a low or medium-priority control channel, it can turn off this particular emergency consumer.

Figure 10 shows a fragment of the layout solution of the power board shown in figure 9, with power relays K1, ..., Kb, current sensors S1, ..., S5, power contact groups H1, H4, A4, placed on it, S, L1, Lh4, as well as low-current contact vertical outlets from current sensors and from power relays. These outlets provide a connection with the contact grooves of the upper low-current board, installed from above at a height, providing a guarantee against possible breakdown in the event of insects getting into the space between the boards.

Claims

METHOD FOR MONITORING AND MANAGING ELECTRIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY CONSUMERS IN A HOUSE AND A COMPLEX FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION

J The method of monitoring and control of electrical energy consumption by consumers in the home, including the connection of household users to the power supply via the switching means, establishing a limited maximum power consumption (P _m ax), equipping consumers controls power consumption, monitoring instantaneous total power consumption values (current) , setting priorities for energy consumers, transferring monitoring information to a microcontroller, managing consumer power consumption, DIFFERENT in that consumers are divided into consumption groups, taking into account the requirements for the reliability of supplying them with electrical energy and the capabilities of switching facilities on the connection lines with the establishment of priority levels for the indicated groups of consumers - especially priority, high-priority, medium-priority and low-priority levels, consumers of the group of high priority level, which do not allow breaking the voltage sinusoid, I connect t to an optional guaranteed voltage node, with the ability to receive power from a centralized, backup and storage sources of electrical energy, consumers of a high-priority level group that allow a break in the voltage sinusoid during automatic switching to a backup energy source, distribute evenly between the phases of the network and connect to the network through means switching, providing the possibility of automatic switching to a backup source or switching phases in direct and reverse sequence, consumers of a group of medium-priority level, allowing a break in the power supply during peak loads, are distributed evenly over the phases of the network and connected to the network through switching means that provide the possibility of shifting the time of their operation (switching on and off) according to a flexible schedule, the consumers of the low-priority level group are distributed evenly over the phases of the network, connected to the network through switching means that ensure their shutdown with anticipation of the time of occurrence of peak loads, monitor the instantaneous values of voltages and current consumption in the phases of the feeder and supply lines of consumer groups, periodically transmit the specified monitoring information to the microcontroller, install an electronic interface for connecting to the Internet and access monitoring information with the ability to remotely turn on / off heating, air conditioning and hot water supply systems, carry out automated forecasting of the heat load on based on remote monitoring of temperature and humidity in rooms, detection of open window and door openings, monitoring of microclimate parameters and control of the air conditioning system monitoring, determining the lack of habitability of premises, turning off the air conditioning system and hot water production, carry out automated control of consumers' power consumption based on the results of forecasting consumer loads, collect and process statistical monitoring information for the previous time of power consumption control of consumers in the house, create a database of consumed power / currents from binding their instantaneous values to the time of day, date and month, creating an electronic database of climatic parameters and microclimate parameters inside the house with binding instantaneous values to the time of day, date and month, automatically control the simultaneity of work of consumer groups with different priorities, including, control of the hot water recirculation load and the make-up of the cold water supply system.

2. A method for monitoring and controlling the consumption of electrical energy by consumers in a house according to claim 1, characterized in that, as a priority, they consume renewable energy from a source of electrical energy of their own microgeneration (wind power generators, solar batteries), carry out automatic control of the sequence of loading / supplying consumers - firstly, they provide electricity to high-priority consumers, then, subject to the availability of available capacity, they provide electricity to medium-priority consumers and, last of all, to low-priority consumers, while using a microcontroller, an early forecast of the schedule of possible daily power production is carried out based on weather forecasts obtained via the Internet, including the presence of clouds and wind, and parameters (characteristics) of the state of sources of their own microgeneration.

3. A method for monitoring and controlling the consumption of electrical energy by consumers in a house according to claim 1, characterized in that a storage energy source, mainly a storage battery with a current converter, is additionally used to connect a group of consumers of a particularly priority level.

4. A method for monitoring and controlling the consumption of electrical energy by consumers in a house according to claim 1, characterized in that renewable sources of electrical energy are used as a source of their own microgeneration, mainly pumped storage power plants, wind power generators and solar batteries.

5. A method for monitoring and controlling the consumption of electrical energy by consumers in a house according to claim 1, characterized in that a group of high-priority and medium-priority consumers is connected to the network through switching means, which ensure the possibility of switching them to less loaded phases of the network, mainly by changing the phases to one step forward / backward.

6. The method of monitoring and controlling the consumption of electrical energy by consumers in a house according to claim 1, characterized in that the group of low-priority consumers is connected to the network through switching means, ensuring their shutdown during the period of consumption peaks and high hourly rates of supplied energy.

7. A method for monitoring and controlling the consumption of electrical energy by consumers in a house according to claim 1, characterized in that the current in the neutral wire is monitored, digitized at a given frequency and bit depth for testing / monitoring leaks and phase imbalance of loads.

8. A method for monitoring and controlling the consumption of electrical energy by consumers in a house according to claim 1, characterized in that the voltage in the phase wires is monitored and digitized, as well as the distortion of the harmonic shape of the voltage sinusoids in the phase wires is evaluated.

9. A method of monitoring and managing the consumption of electrical energy by consumers in a house according to claim 1, characterized in that when the power reserve in the network of the house (Ршах-Р) decreases below the established minimum, mainly equal to the unit load Pi of the largest priority electrical consumer, the frequency is increased transmission of monitoring information about instantaneous values of consumers' power by an amount proportional to the relative increase in load after the transition to the peak mode, that is, proportional to the RATIO (P-Ppik) / (Pmax-Ppik).

10. A method for monitoring and controlling the consumption of electrical energy by consumers in a home according to claim 1, characterized in that a self-learning computer program is installed connected to a home automation network (“smart home”).

11. A method of monitoring and managing the consumption of electrical energy by consumers in the house, including the connection of household consumers to the electrical network using switching means formation of medium-priority circuits by sequential switching on of contact groups of different relays, setting a limited maximum power consumption (Pmax), equipping consumers with power management tools, monitoring instantaneous values of total consumed power (current), setting priorities for energy consumers, transferring monitoring information to a microcontroller, managing consumer power consumption DIFFERENT in that for switching single-phase medium-priority consumers of electrical energy connected to a three-phase electrical network, a series connection of contact groups of two independent relays is used, respectively, to control a low-priority load by opening a normally-closed contact and control a high-priority load by switching the load power supply between two phases , while the choice of the option for using these relays is carried out using jumpers or independent functions the operation of both relays to implement one switching circuit between the phases of a high-priority load and one low-priority load, or a series connection of their contact groups for switching a medium-priority consumer.

12. A complex for implementing the claimed method according to claim 11, containing an electrical network of a house connected by means of switching and measurement to an external energy source, electricity consumers connected to the specified network and being a load for an energy source, means for measuring current consumed by consumers ( power), means for controlling the electrical load of consumers, designed to limit the power consumption of network consumers within the limits of not more than the limited maximum power, devices for transmitting monitoring information and controlling the frequency of transmission of instantaneous values of currents (powers) of power consumption, DIFFERENT in that it contains the means switching single-phase medium-priority consumers of electrical energy using power relays connected to the phase wires of a three-phase electrical network, while each consumer is connected in series using contact groups of two independent relays, one of which contains a normally closed contact designed to disconnect a low-priority consumer, and the second relay is a contact for switching the power supply of a high-priority consumer between two phases, while the relays are equipped with jumpers for selecting the option of using these relays to form a control circuit of either one low-priority consumer, or one low-priority and one high-priority one.

13. A method of monitoring and managing the consumption of electrical energy by consumers in the house, including connecting household consumers to the electrical network using switching means, setting a limited maximum power consumption (Pmax), equipping consumers with power consumption control devices, monitoring instantaneous values of the total consumed power (current), setting priorities for consumers of electrical energy, transferring monitoring information to the microcontroller, managing the power consumption of consumers, DIFFERENT THAN that the measured instantaneous values of currents in the phase wires and the neutral wire are digitized in the microcontroller with a given discreteness, which provides the threshold for measuring the current value (ADC capacity 12 .. .16 bit) not lower than the threshold for the actuation of the disconnecting devices of the switching means that perform the functions of a "smart RCD" and provide, using the software package, the recognition of leakage currents into the ground wire by digital filtering of current pickups in the phase wires, as well as in the microcontroller, the instantaneous voltage values in the phase wires are measured and digitized in relation to ground, calculated by averaging and correlation values of voltages and currents small leaks into the grounding line due to the inequality of the sum of currents in the phase and neutral wires at the controller input to zero, then, with known distribution of consumer loads by phases and instantaneous values of currents, a consumer is found on which the current leaks into the grounding line, after that the possibility of disconnecting this consumer with a leak is predicted, depending on its priority - when it is powered from a low or medium priority group, it is turned off with the issuance of a message about this to the user (SMS), for example, a text message to a mobile phone, email, Internet application, and also by sending a signal (sound or light) to the controller's devices, while monitoring and forecasting the development of the leakage situation is carried out before making a decision on notification of a malfunction or disconnection of the consumer, and, if the leakage continues to grow or its critical value (response threshold) is reached, it is automatically taken i the decision to disconnect the consumer and (or) notify the user, after disconnecting the consumer at intervals specified by the program, the program attempts to restore the power supply of the disconnected consumer, while, if its normal operation is restored, the controller cancels its emergency status and sends the user a message about this. when the emergency status is saved, a repeated shutdown is performed with a message to the user, while the interval between repeated switching on of the emergency consumer with each subsequent switching on increases, if a chronic leak remains with a value less than the response threshold for a certain consumer, the user is informed about this and the consumer is assigned the status potentially dangerous until the moment of time from which the consumer restores the safe mode of operation, while the hazard status is removed, but the user is sent a message warning that this consumer has changed could detect a leak, but it may be a consequence of his connection to an electrical circuit without grounding, and the case of this device may be energized, in this case, for such a consumer, the status of a potential leakage hazard will be monitored at a certain, specified program, frequency.

14. A complex for implementing the claimed method according to claim 13, containing an electrical network of a house connected by means of switching and measurement to an external energy source, electricity consumers connected to the specified network and being a load for an energy source, means for measuring current consumed by consumers ( power), means for controlling the electrical load of consumers, designed to limit the power consumption of network consumers within the limits of not more than the limited maximum power, devices for transmitting monitoring information and controlling the transmission frequency of instantaneous values of currents (powers) of power consumption, characterized in that special priority consumers are connected to an optional guaranteed voltage node, high-priority consumers are connected to the network using power relays, which provide the possibility of switching the phases of the network, medium-priority consumers are connected to the network using power relays with a the possibility of disconnecting from the network to transfer their work to another time (for the period of passing peak loads or high energy costs) according to a given flexible schedule and / or switching the phases of the network, low-priority consumers are connected to the network using power relays that disconnect power during peak loads or high hourly electricity tariff, multiphase switching facilities for consumers and consumers are connected to the microcontroller, which controls the loads and their distribution in phases and time shift, the microcontroller is equipped with a multichannel analog-to-digital converter that measures currents in the phase wires of consumers and feeder phases, including external current sensors connected through connectors and located on phase feeder wires, neutral wire on the lines of the electric power source of its own microgeneration, as well as internal inductive or Hall effect current sensors as part of power printed circuit boards, and dividers on the feeder phase lines and on the neutral wire for measuring voltage relative to earth, equipped with an electronic interface for external access via the Internet to monitoring information and remote control / on / off of loads of heating, air conditioning and hot water supply systems, contains external auxiliary devices with wireless sensors that allow detecting open door and window openings, eliminate heat losses and optimize energy consumption, taking into account the habitability of the premises, predicting changes in electrical heating loads.

15. The complex according to claim 14, characterized in that it contains a microcontroller that has analog inputs for obtaining measured values of voltages and currents, is equipped with an ADC with sufficient performance and capacity (0.1 ... 1.0 Mega count / s; 12 .. .16 bit), has a hardware interface for communication with the Internet and a smart sensor (WiFi / Bluetooth LowEnergy), as well as with home automation networks (smart home), for example, KNX / EIB (European Installation Bus), to receive smart home telegrams from the purpose of accumulating statistics on the work of consumers.

16. The complex according to claim 14, characterized in that it contains wireless non-invasive inductive current sensors for external measurements and linear Hall effect current sensors for measuring currents on the relay board.

17. The complex according to claim 14, characterized in that it contains a controller assembly, which includes power and control parts, remote from each other at a safe distance, preventing electrical breakdown when insects penetrate or breakdown, by placing them on different floors (boards) a two-level assembly in which a relay board with Hall sensors and level converters of inductive sensors located in the lower part of a dielectric plastic case with the possibility of mounting on a DIN rail, the controller board is located in the upper part, while a three-phase four-wire power feeder is inserted into the relay board in such a way that power supply lines pass through the board, from which the relay is discharged through normally closed contacts power lines of non-priority consumers, and lines of high-priority consumers are grouped in two for each phase, ensuring the possibility of switching one of them to the next phase, and the other to the previous phase.