WO2012127064A2

WO2012127064A2 - Heating device

Info

Publication number: WO2012127064A2
Application number: PCT/EP2012/055351
Authority: WO
Inventors: Thomas Teichmann; Gregor Zimmermann
Original assignee: ULRICH, Peter G.
Priority date: 2011-03-24
Filing date: 2012-03-26
Publication date: 2012-09-27
Also published as: EP2689194A2; WO2012127064A3

Abstract

The invention relates to a heating device (1), comprising a heating body (2, 11, 21, 31, 41) that is plate-shaped or planar and flat, or that is curved once or multiple times in the same direction or opposite directions, the heating body being made of a hydraulically bound material, preferably cement, which has a high packing density, and at least one electrical resistance heating element (5), which is embedded in the hydraulically bound material.

Description

heater

The present invention relates to a heating device with a plate-shaped or plane planar or single or multiple co-directional or oppositely curved radiator, in particular for use in interiors. The heating device continues to be used as wall heating, which is integrated in the wall, wherein also heaters, in particular wall heaters are summarized, which are composed of a plurality of plate-shaped radiators.

However, the present invention is not limited to use as a wall heater, but provides a variety of uses, which will be explained in more detail below. Flat heating devices have long been known. In one embodiment, they are suitable for the classic hydraulic central heating system of a house and are flowed through by the heating water of the heating system. Such radiators are attached to the wall or in the floor / ceiling and possibly at a distance to this

As an alternative to heating by means of water plate-shaped heating devices have been developed, which are heated by means of electricity. For example, from WO 99/09790 A1 an electric heating panel is known, which is constructed in layers. Between two sheets of natural or artificial stone, an electrical resistance heating in the form of a meandering heating wire is arranged. The two stone slabs must be connected to each other, which is done according to WO 99/09790 A1 by means of bolts, which are inserted through corresponding holes in the plates. This has the disadvantage that in the bore areas no heating wire must be present, which is damaged when introducing the holes and possibly makes the entire heater inoperative. In addition, the Heizpaneel is correspondingly heavy and therefore not easy to handle. There is also the risk that the resistance heating is not completely applied to the surface of the flagstone, which reduces the efficiency of this heater. Of the way In addition, the heating times of the stone slabs are considerable. Increased rule losses are the result.

EP 1 564 341 A2 discloses a wall element for a building which has a heat-conducting pouring mass in the form of clay treated with sand, additives and water, wherein at least opposite outer surfaces of the element each have a fabric or support matrix which adjoins the Surfaces or near the surface is placed in the pouring mass, wherein the wall element can be heated by means of an integrated electric heating element. This constructed of a loam material wall element has the disadvantage that by means of tissue or support matrix, the material must be fixed, the introduction of this matrix is correspondingly complex and usually a further surface treatment is necessary so that the tissue or support matrix is no longer visible is. In addition, the material loam is relatively susceptible to breakage.

Furthermore, a number of other disadvantages are known from the prior art. There is a high installation and personnel costs when attaching and installing the known heating systems. Defects in the heating system, such as holes in hot water plastic pipes, can be repaired only badly and with great effort. There are no module systems where easy replacement is possible.

Conventional heaters are usually prone to weathering, so they are often not suitable for outdoor spaces. Disadvantages include long heating times in floors / walls, as they are found for example in the hot water underfloor heating.

Another disadvantage is that the heating systems of the prior art always require an additional cover layer, either for the protection of the system or because of optical and haptic properties required. Finally, shape, color and surface can only be adjusted by additional effort. The present invention is therefore based on the object to provide a planar heating device which overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art, has a simple structure, can be produced as a finished product and in particular has a surface through which further surface treatments at the place of installation or use can be omitted.

This object is solved by the features of claim 1. According to the invention, the plate-shaped or planar planar or single or multiple corotating or oppositely curved radiator from a hydraulically bonded material, preferably cement, formed, which has a high packing density, and the radiator has at least one electrical resistance heating element, which in the hydraulically bound Material is embedded.

The heating device according to the invention has both a high stability and a high compressive and / or bending tensile strength. By the one hand simple structure and on the other hand the advantage that usually no aftertreatment of the surface is more necessary, a high quality finished product is advantageously created.

Advantageously, the hydraulically-bonded material is an ultra-high-strength concrete or an ultra-high-performance concrete, which is cement-bound or bound by a hardening binder high-density concrete. Because of this property, the material is practically waterproof. The amount of water that can be measured with the usual test methods for capillary water absorption is so small that it lies within the measurement error range of the method and is due to the evaporation from the test apparatus. Due to the high water-tightness, the material absorbs more water even at high ambient humidity, which practically does not change the specific internal electrical resistance. Compared to common normal or high-performance concretes, this represents a considerable advantage, in particular with regard to safety in use. An ultra-high-strength concrete (UHSC) or ultra-high performance concrete (U HPC) is a packing density-optimized, usually cementitious, but otherwise bound by a hardening binder concrete which is so dense in its fine grain granulometry that it has significantly better durability properties against the penetration of water or aqueous solutions than a high performance or normal concrete. The grain band is tuned so close to the lower nanometer range by the prior analysis and characterization of the powdery and coarser starting materials by mathematical processes that as far as possible the cavities of coarser grain size are filled by the next finer one. This process is repeated until the maximum packing density possible with the starting materials is achieved. The result is a high-density matrix structure, which lacks the usual capillary pore network in concrete and thus reduces transport and migration processes to such an extent that they can no longer be measured by conventional measuring methods.

Another feature is the skills resulting from the high structural integrity of the so-called Cement Stone Matrix, such as compressive and flexural strength. These are more than 100 N / mm ² after two days for compressive strength and more than 10 N / mm ² for the bending tensile strength far above those of the normal, technically available concrete materials.

The electrical resistance heating element advantageously also produces long-wave infrared radiation, which creates a particularly pleasant sensation of heat. The heating effect is thus also achieved by thermal radiation, wherein depending on the temperature, a more or less large heating effect is also present by convection. In order to adapt to further usage requirements further additives such as paint, pigments, fibers, polyamide fibers, glass fiber but also carbon fibers, single or continuous fibers and / or fabric or scrim may be added to the preferred cementitious material. Furthermore, materials with convective isolation effect, such as aerogels, Mirko glass bubbles can be added. Also, materials with better thermal conductivity, such as metals, preferably steel fibers, or other materials with increased bulk density can be added. The addition of air or other gases is possible. Metals are thus better heat conductors. Aerogels form self-contained micro convection chambers which, when embedded in a matrix, advantageously significantly increase the thermal conductivity.)

Also, electrical conductors such as copper, copper-nickel alloys, carbon, etc. can be further added. This leads to a change in the electrical conduction resistance, possibly to obtain semiconductors in high-current connections.

The use of certain colors is essentially unlimited. This has the advantage that the heater is adapted to any color requirement.

The fibers strengthen the material and increase elasticity during deformation. The fragility is reduced. The density and thus the total weight are reduced.

Advantageously, the electrical resistance heating element may be formed from a cut-out, stamped or printed conductive foil. Alternatively, the electrical resistance heating element can be formed from conductive fibers or a fiber mat, in particular from carbon fibers or a metal-coated fabric or a plastic doped or coated with conductive materials, such as current-conducting lacquers. Another advantage is achieved in that the electrical resistance heating element has only a small wall thickness, for example between 9 and 15 mm, so that the wall thickness of the entire radiator is also correspondingly low. As a lightweight element, the heater can then be advantageously used as wall heating. Another advantage is achieved in that the electrical resistance heating element can be operated differently for different temperature ranges and in particular can be supplied with low-voltage voltage in a less high temperature. Such a low-voltage voltage is generated for example by a solar system.

In order to switch over the local mains voltage, a switching device is provided, so that when the solar power generation ceases (for example at night), the mains voltage supplies the energy instead. The low voltage is usually 12 to 48 volts.

The high thermal conductivity of the concrete leads to a temperature gradient in the concrete matrix, emanating from the heat source and decreasing to the even colder places of the concrete. This temperature gradient leads to a deformation gradient in the concrete. Due to the different degrees of deformation occurs in the less highly heated zones of the concrete to form tensile stresses, since the temperature expansion of the concrete is significantly lower here than in the heated zones. Since the tensile strength of concrete is generally lower by a factor of 7 to 10 compared to its compressive strength, it is possible for the tensile strength to be exceeded and hence for the formation of cracks to occur. In order to reduce this probability of cracking, the distance between the surface of the heater and the concrete surface should be halfway between the surfaces of the individual heating strands in the heating element in order to keep the temperature gradient in all directions the same and the tensile stresses resulting from the preforming due to the tensile strength (centric tensile strength without fibers up to 10 MPa (= N / mm ² )) the concrete matrix can be safely absorbed. In other words, the mesh size between the individual strands of the heating element is substantially twice as large as the distance of the surface of the heating element from the distance of the surface of the radiator. Furthermore, a great advantage is achieved in that the electrical resistance heating element additionally serves as a static support element forming a reinforcement. Advantageously, the electrical resistance heating element has a thermal expansion coefficient which is lower than that of the hydraulically bonded material or concrete. For instance, the thermal expansion coefficient of carbon fiber with about 0, 1 x 10 ^"6 by approximately a factor of 10 smaller than that of the surrounding cement matrix. In a uniform heating through the larger expansion behavior of the concrete or of the cement matrix leads to a tensile stress of the carbon-fiber heater, whereby compressive stresses are introduced into the concrete and thus the concrete is prestressed by the lower thermal expansion of the high-strength carbon fiber fabric, whereby the element as a whole can be stressed with a higher load capacity.

Furthermore, it is advantageous that in the matrix of the hydraulically bonded material phase change materials are homogeneously isotropically installed, which serve as energy storage, being made possible by the slow release and absorption of heat in the hydraulically bonded material or concrete, a phase-controlled heating , In other words, with the aid of phase change materials, the heating device according to the invention can be given a heat storage effect which results from delays in converting the state of matter from liquid to solid and solid in liquid. By adding different materials, such as paraffins, a stepwise storage effect can be achieved, which occurs at different temperature levels. With the help of the heat storage effect, the heater according to the invention can use time-dependent tariffs of the power generator. Normal concretes and high-strength concretes have a 10 and 6 vol.% High capillary pore content compared to UHPC with 1.5% by volume. This allows you to effectively absorb water, whereby the electrical conductivity of these concretes significantly decreases when in contact with water and the so-called dielectric constant Er increases. For example, a ceramic tile is around 7 and that of a water- stored UHPC at around 4,000. The dielectric number of a UHPC stored at 180 ° C for 2 days is already in the range of ceramic tile, whereby it has been shown in extensive tests that the re-storage of the concrete at 180 ° C at the age of 4 days for a total of 48 hours is optimal and the smallest permittivity. When increasing or decreasing the storage temperature by more than 30 Kelvin, the dielectric constant increases again and the electrical conductivity decreases. The resulting technical effect is the reduced influenceability of the electrical resistance due to changing ambient humidities and the absence of the electrical insulation of the heating element. In normal concrete can not be dispensed with the insulation due to the low electrical resistance.

Furthermore, it is advantageous that the heater can be operated in a temperature range up to 900 ° C. This high temperature, through which a correspondingly large radiant heat can be generated, advantageously leads to the use of the heating device according to the invention as a ceiling radiator, for example for workplaces in large, cold and non-heatable warehouses.

As mentioned at the outset, the heating device according to the invention is not limited to use as wall heating or ceiling or floor heating. It can also be used as a curtain wall or as a roof facade with appropriate substructure.

In addition, it can also be used as a structural element for heating or warming plates in the kitchen or in tables, for keeping food warm or warming dishes, but also as a towel holder in the bathroom or as a tile in the wet area. Also, as a structural element in seating, such as garden benches, seating at stations or other public seating, the heater according to the invention can be used.

For optimum control of the heating power, each heating device preferably has a thermal sensor which detects the current temperature of the heating device. Per heating device, a control loop is provided, which on the one hand with the least a temperature sensor of the heater and on the other hand connected to a sensor that detects the room temperature.

To divide the desired power output and thus the surface temperature can be divided by electronic switching technology, the supplied power to several heaters. For example, of 10 plates, one, two, three, and all ten may heat at the same time. If less than all are active, the controller ensures that other disks are always active at the same time. This makes the heating system modulatable without generating large load fluctuations.

As already mentioned, the heating device according to the invention is particularly advantageously suitable as a wall heater, wherein either individual heaters distributed to the wall or can be integrated into this, or the entire wall is formed of individual heaters. In integral installation of the heater, a corresponding insulation device can be provided between the heater and supporting wall, because not the wall, but the room should be heated. The same applies to floors or ceilings. In addition to the color design of the heater, the material of the invention also allows the formation of a corresponding surface decoration with relief-like elevations or depressions, so that the heating device according to the invention is also suitable as a decorative element. The attachment to the wall can be made visible or invisible by means of screws or hooks, wherein in the heater corresponding areas can be provided, in which the electric heating element can be recessed.

Other possible attachment alternatives are:

- Partial or full surface sticking to walls or ceilings,

- on floors a 'floating' installation,

- as curtain wall or roof facade with appropriate substructure, - Mounting or clamping systems where clamping profiles on the module itself and supporting systems are fixed to the wall.

The heater according to the invention is also suitable as a floor heating or as ceiling heating.

Advantageously, the heating device according to the invention can be used over a wide temperature range. When used as a floor heating, it will be operated at a relatively low temperature, whereas it can be operated as a ceiling element at correspondingly high temperatures.

A use can also be made at dining tables, for example in the central area of a table top, are served on the hot food. Due to the geometric possibilities of the design of the radiator of the heater curved shapes can be used, for example, as a thermal element of a bathtub, which can be avoided, for example, that the bath water cools down after entry (too fast). Advantageously, the heating device according to the invention can also be used for seating furniture, for example garden benches, seating on platforms or other public seating.

As already mentioned, the heating device according to the invention provides the advantage of being able to assume very different temperatures. Advantageously, for example, temperatures up to 300 ° C or in extreme cases up to 900 ° C can be realized, whereby a correspondingly large radiant heat can be generated. This advantageously leads, for example, to the use of the heating device according to the invention as ceiling spotlights, for example for workstations in large, cold and non-heatable halls.

In modern home technology, there is a trend to generate electrical energy, for example, in single-family homes, apartment buildings or residential complexes, or even in large residential buildings or in the industry itself. As a Gas is used conventionally gas or oil, with combustion not only the heat for heating the heating and generating hot water is used, but in addition electric power is produced. This electrical current can then either be fed into the network or used for heating with the heater according to the invention.

Further details, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIG. 1 shows a sectional view of a first embodiment of the heating device according to the invention; FIG. a schematic cross-sectional view of a heating device according to the invention; a schematically outlined perspective view of a heater according to the invention as a flat plate-shaped body; a planar simply in the same direction curved embodiment of the heating device according to the invention; a doubly in the same direction curved embodiment of the heating device according to the invention; an L-shaped embodiment of the heating device according to the invention;

Figure 7 is a view similar to that of Figure 1 on a heating device with an arranged over the substantially entire surface of the radiator electrical resistance heating element ..; and Fig. 8 is a schematic sectional view with an electrical resistance heating element, which extends only over a part of the surface of the heater, which additionally has a reinforcement. In the drawings, like elements are designated by the same reference numerals.

In Fig. 1, an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is shown schematically. The illustration with FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a plate-shaped heating device 1, which has a heating element 2, formed from a cement-bonded high-density material, which is formed into a plate 3. An electrical conductive resistance heating element 5 in the form of a punched-out metal foil is embedded in the material. The heating element 5 can be adapted so that the plates 3 can also be drilled at different locations. The heating element 5 has a connection 9 which can be connected to a corresponding power supply (not shown). The plate-shaped heating device 1 can be used as a single element, with an adaptation to the desired dimensions and contour is possible or can be combined in conjunction with other heating devices to form an overall heating. 2 shows, on a greatly enlarged scale, a cross-sectional view of a heating device 1 according to the invention. The distance between the surface of the heating element 5 and the surface of the heating element 2 is substantially half the distances between the individual heating sections 5a in the heating element 5. FIG. 3 shows in more schematic form perspective sketch view of a heating device with a flat rectangular radiator 1 1.

Fig. 4 shows a simply curved flat radiator 21 and Fig. 5 shows a double in the same direction curved plate-shaped radiator 31st FIG. 6 shows a further possible embodiment of the heating device 1 according to the invention in the form of an L-shaped radiator 41. FIG. 7 shows schematically the arrangement of a mesh-like heating element 5 which extends substantially over the entire surface of the plate-shaped radiator 2.

In contrast, in the embodiment of FIG. 8, the electrical resistance heating element 5 is present only in a partial area of the heating body 2, with a remaining portion 6 in the form of glass fiber, carbon, basalt or other non-conductive fabrics is available.

With the present invention, a universally applicable, lightweight and simply constructed heater is provided, which is universally adaptable to the application requirements and can be used for a variety of functions.

Claims

claims

1. heating device (1) with a plate-shaped or planar flat or simply or repeatedly in the same direction or in opposite directions curved radiator (2, 1 1, 21, 31, 41), which is made of a hydraulically bonded material, preferably cement, which has a high Packing density, and at least one electrical resistance heating element (5), which is embedded in the hydraulically bonded material.

2. Heating device according to claim 1, characterized in that the hydraulic fluid is a high-strength concrete or ultrahigh-performance concrete which is cement-bound or bound by a hardening binder.

3. Heating device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the material further comprises paint, pigments and / or fibers such as polyamide fibers, glass fibers and / or tissue or scrim.

4. Heating device according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the electrical resistance heating element (5) is formed from a cut, stamped or printed conductive foil (5).

5. Heating device according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the electrical resistance heating element is formed of conductive fibers or a fiber mat, in particular carbon fibers or a metal-coated fabric or a conductive materials, such as current-conducting paints, doped or coated Plastic.

6. Heating device according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the electrical resistance heating element is formed as a thin sheet-like element and has a wall thickness between 9 and 15 mm.

7. Heating device according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the electrical resistance heating element for a heating area between 20 ° C and 300 ° C in normal voltage operation and between 20 ° C and 35 ° C in low voltage operation.

8. Heating device according to one of claims 4 to 7, characterized in that the mesh size between the individual strands (5 a) of the heating element (5) is substantially twice as large as the distance of the surface of the heating element (5) from the distance of the surface of the Radiator (2).

9. Heating device according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the electrical resistance heating element additionally serves as a, a probative forming static support member.

10. Heating device according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the thermal expansion coefficient of the electrical resistance heating element is lower than that of the hydraulically bonded material.

1 1. A heating device according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that in the matrix of the hydraulically bonded material phase change materials (phase change materials) are homogeneously installed isotropically, which serve as an energy storage, wherein the slow release and absorption of heat in the hydraulically bonded material or concrete a phase-controlled auxiliary heating is made possible.

12. Heating device according to one of claims 1 to 1 1, characterized in that the matrix of the hydraulically bonded material or concrete has a high electrical conductivity.

13. Heating device according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that it can be operated in a temperature range up to 900 ° C.

15. The use of the heating device (1) according to one of claims 1 to 14 individually or in combination with other same or similar heaters as wall heating, ceiling heating, floor heating including floating installation, curtain wall or roof facade with appropriate ing substructure, as a structural element for heating or warming plates in the kitchen or in tables, for keeping food warm or warming dishes, as a towel holder in the bathroom or as a tile in the wet area, or as a structural element in seating such as garden benches, seating on platforms or other public seating.