WO2010059505A1

WO2010059505A1 - Perpendicular suspension of one planer two dimensional (2d) graphene sheet stack by aligning its six-member carbon atoms within the hexagonal centerpoint holes of a second graphene sheet stack that occupy the same three dimensional (3d) space

Info

Publication number: WO2010059505A1
Application number: PCT/US2009/064286
Authority: WO
Inventors: David A. Zornes
Original assignee: Zornes David A
Priority date: 2008-11-12
Filing date: 2009-11-12
Publication date: 2010-05-27
Also published as: WO2010059505A4

Abstract

To avoid atomic constructive interference; at least one of a regular hexagon sides in the first stack of graphene is positioned by locating its side midpoint to the centerpoint "holes" of the regular hexagon in the second stack, which provides two stacks perpendicular to each other, suspending one planer two dimensional (2D) graphene sheet stack within a second graphene sheet stack allows each stack to occupy the same three dimensional space because six-member carbon holes provide space for six-member carbon-to-carbon sides at a low enough energetic change state.

Description

PERPENDICULAR SUSPENSION OF ONE PLANER TWO DIMENSIONAL (2D) GRAPHENE SHEET STACK BY ALIGNING ITS SIX-MEMBER CARBON ATOMS WITHIN THE HEXAGONAL CENTERPOINT HOLES OF A SECOND GRAPHENE SHEET STACK THAT OCCUPY THE SAME THREE DIMENSIONAL (3D) SPACE

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention is generally directed towards modifying the production of graphene, a one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp -bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a hexagonal honeycomb crystal lattice, to provide unlimited three dimensional graphene layers woven together by juxapositioning a first and second stack of an infinite number of parallel layers spaced at a distance of 2.13 A (Side/2 + Side = w4), where the second stack is rotated 90 degrees around a regular hexagon's centerpoint "holes" and then aligned to the first stack's hexagon side midpoint ( midpoint of one regular hexagon six-member side, which is a C-C bond midpoint) of regular hexagons. To avoid atomic constructive interference; at least one of a regular hexagon sides in the first stack of graphene is positioned by locating its side midpoint to the centerpoint "holes" of the regular hexagon in the second stack, which provides two stacks perpendicular to each other, suspending one planer two dimensional (2D) graphene sheet stack within a second graphene sheet stack allows each stack to occupy the same three dimensional space because six-member carbon holes provide space for six-member carbon-to-carbon sides at a low enough energetic change state.

Graphene is made of a six-atom carbon body-centered-hexagonal cell. Therefore, it is stable against structural distortions, and the rings, unlike in the molecule, do not buckle, and is also stable, exhibiting no imaginary modes. Graphene sheets are an atomic-scale "chicken wire" made of carbon atoms. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Graphene is a one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp -bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. Graphene can be viewed as an atomic-scale "chicken wire" made of carbon atoms and their bonds. Graphite itself consists of many graphene sheets stacked together, where this invention teaches the geometry and method of producing many modified carbon elements graphene sheets stacked and arrayed.

When a graphene layer is grown on a silicon carbide substrate (left), their interaction breaks the symmetry between graphene's sublattices (indicated by alternating red and blue carbon atoms, left and top center). Broken symmetry separates the bands of the sublattices at K and K' in momentum space (bottom center) and opens a gap between the graphene's valence and conduction bands, as shown in the ARPES intensity map (right) representing the black line (bottom center). The band gap raises the possibility of using graphene in electronic devices.

While there are several promising efforts underway to induce such a gap, through doping or through the fabrication of confined geometric structures like quantum dots or nanoribbons, Lanzara and her team have demonstrated that growing epitaxial graphene on a silicon carbide substrate could be a much easier approach, one that would work even with bulk graphene.

"As far as we know, this is the first demonstration that a semiconducting band gap can be created in graphene without doping or confining the geometry," says physicist Shuyn Zhou, a member of Lanzara's research group who also holds a joint appointment with Berkeley Lab's Materials Sciences Division and UC Berkeley's Physics Department.

According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphenetfcite note-59

Graphene is a one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp -bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. It is known to be the strongest material in the world. It can be viewed as an atomic-scale chicken wire made of carbon atoms and their bonds. The name comes from GRAPHITE + -ENE; graphite itself consists of many graphene sheets stacked together.

The carbon-carbon bond length in graphene is approximately 1.42 A. Graphene is the basic structural element of all other graphitic materials including graphite, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. It can also be considered as an infinitely large aromatic molecule, the limiting case of the family of flat polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons called graphenes. Description

Perfect graphenes consist exclusively of hexagonal cells; pentagonal and heptagonal cells constitute defects. If an isolated pentagonal cell is present, then the plane warps into a cone shape; insertion of 12 pentagons would create a fullerene. Likewise, insertion of an isolated heptagon causes the sheet to become saddle-shaped. Controlled addition of pentagons and heptagons would allow a wide variety of complex shapes to be made, for instance carbon NanoBuds. Single- walled carbon nanotubes may be considered to be graphene cylinders; some have a hemispherical graphene cap (that includes 6 pentagons) at each end.

The IUPAC compendium of technology states: "previously, descriptions such as graphite layers, carbon layers, or carbon sheets have been used for the term graphene...it is not correct to use for a single layer a term which includes the term graphite, which would imply a three-dimensional structure. The term graphene should be used only when the reactions, structural relations or other properties of individual layers are discussed". In this regard, graphene has been referred to as an infinite alternant (only six-member carbon ring) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). The largest molecule of this type consists of 222 atoms and is 10 benzene rings across.^m The onset of graphene properties, as compared to those of a PAH are not known. PAHs of 60, 78, and 120 carbon atoms have UV absorbance spectra that show a discrete PAH electronic structure, but a PAH of 222 carbon atoms has Raman bands similar to those in graphite.

Occurrence

It is now presumed that tiny fragments of graphene sheets are produced (along with quantities of other debris) whenever graphite is abraded, such as when drawing a line with a pencil.-^¹ However, it was physicists from University of Manchester and Institute for Microelectronics Technology, Chernogolovka, Russia who first isolated and studied graphene (rather than PAH) in 2004, and defined it in Science^ as:

Graphene is the name given to a single layer of carbon atoms densely packed into a benzene-ring structure, and is widely used to describe properties of many carbon-based materials, including graphite, large fullerenes, nanotubes, etc. (e.g., carbon nanotubes are usually thought of as graphene sheets rolled up into nanometer- sized cylinders). Planar graphene itself has been presumed not to exist in the free state, being unstable with respect to the formation of curved structures such as soot, fullerenes, and nanotubes.

The British researchers obtained relatively large graphene sheets (eventually, up to 100 micrometres in size and visible through a magnifying glass) by mechanical exfoliation (repeated peeling) of 3D graphite crystals; their motivation was allegedly to study the electrical properties of thin graphite films and, as purely two- dimensional crystals were unknown before and presumed not to exist, their discovery of individual planes of graphite was presumably accidental. Both theory and experiment previously suggested that perfect 2D structures could not exist in the free state. It is believed that intrinsic microscopic roughening on the scale of 1 nm could be important for the stability of 2D crystals.¹⁴¹

Similar work is ongoing at many universities and the results obtained by the Manchester group in their PNAS paper "Two-dimensional atomic crystals" have been confirmed by several groups.¹²¹ For an example of a sample on the order of a monolayer, see figure 1.

Graphene sheets in solid form (e.g. density > lg/cc) usually show evidence in diffraction for graphite's 0.34 nm (002) layering. This is true even of some single- walled carbon nanostructures.¹^¹ However, unlayered graphene with only (hkO) rings has been found in the core of presolar graphite onions.¹²¹ Transmission electron microscope studies show faceting at defects in flat graphene sheets,¹²¹ and suggest a possible role in this unlayered- graphene for two-dimensional dendritic crystallization from a melt.¹²¹

Graphene is presently one of the most expensive materials on Earth, with a sample that can be placed at the cross section of a human hair costing more than $1,000 (as of April 2008).^ The price may fall dramatically, though, if commercial production methods are developed in the future.

Properties

Atomic structure

The atomic structure of isolated, single-layer graphene was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on sheets of graphene suspended between bars of a metallic grid.¹⁴¹ Electron diffraction patterns showed the expected hexagonal lattice of graphene. Suspended graphene also showed "rippling" of the flat sheet, with amplitude of about one nanometer. These ripples may be intrinsic to graphene as a result of the instability of two-dimensional

may be extrinsic, originating from the ubiquitous dirt seen in all TEM images of graphene. Atomic resolution real-space images of isolated, single-layer graphene on silicon dioxide substrates were obtained^¹⁴"¹⁵¹ by scanning tunneling microscopy. Graphene processed using lithographic techniques is covered by photoresist residue, which must be cleaned to obtain atomic -resolution images.^⁴¹ Such residue may be the "adsorbates" observed in TEM images, and may explain the rippling of suspended graphene. Rippling of graphene on the silicon dioxide surface was determined by conformation of graphene to the underlying silicon dioxide, and not an intrinsic effect.^ Electronic properties

An image can be captured using a Digital Multimode AFM (atomic force microscope). Notice the step from the substrate at zero height to a graphene flake about 8 angstroms high, which is on the order of a monolayer.^

Graphene is quite different from most conventional three-dimensional materials. Intrinsic graphene is a semi-metal or zero-gap semiconductor. The E-k relation is linear for low energies near the six corners of the two-dimensional hexagonal Brillouin zone, leading to zero effective mass for electrons and holes. ^ Due to this linear "dispersion" relation at low energies, electrons and holes near these six points behave like relativistic particles described by the Dirac equation for spin 1/2 particles. ^ Hence, the electrons and holes are called Dirac fermions, and the six corners of the Brillouin zone are called the Dirac points.^ The equation describing the E-k relation is;

where V_f, the Fermi velocity, is approximately 10⁶m / sp^ Optical properties

Photograph of graphene in transmitted light. This one atom thick crystal can be seen with the naked eye because it absorbs 2.3% of white light, which is π times fine-structure constant.

Graphene's unique electronic properties produce an unexpectedly high opacity for an atomic monolayer, with a startlingly simple value: it absorbs πα = 2.3% of white light, where α is the fine-structure constant/¹⁹"²⁰¹ This has been confirmed experimentally, but the measurement is not precise enough to improve on other techniques for determining the fine- structure constant.^

Electronic transport 8012775689

Experimental results from transport measurements show that graphene has a remarkably high electron mobility at room temperature, with reported values in excess of 15,000cm²V ^{~ 1}S ^{~ l}. ^ Additionally, the symmetry of the experimentally measured conductance indicates that the mobilities for holes and electrons should be nearly the same.^ The mobility is nearly independent of temperature between 10 and IOOK [^{22i [23i [24}^ _wjjich implies that the dominant scattering mechanism is defect scattering. Scattering by the acoustic phonons of graphene limits the room temperature mobility to 200,000cm²V ^{~ 1}S ^{~ l} at a carrier density of 10¹²cm ^{~ 2}^²⁴"²⁵¹. The corresponding resistivity of the graphene sheet would be 10 ^{~ 6}0hm - cm, less than the resistivity of silver, the lowest resistivity substance known at room temperature¹²^¹. However, for graphene on silicon dioxide substrates, scattering of electrons by optical phonons of the substrate is a larger effect at room temperature than scattering by graphene's own phonons, and limits the mobility to 40,000cm²V ^{" 1}S ^{" 1}P^

Despite the zero carrier density near the Dirac points, graphene exhibits a minimum conductivity on the order of 4e² / h. The origin of this minimum conductivity is still unclear. However, rippling of the graphene sheet or ionized impurities in the SiO₂ substrate may lead to local puddles of carriers that allow conduction.^ Several theories suggest that the minimum conductivity should be 4e² / hπ; however, most measurements are of order 4e² / h or greater^ and depend on impurity concentration.*²-^

Recent experiments have probed the influence of chemical dopants on the carrier mobility in graphene/²⁸"²⁷¹ Schedin, et al. doped graphene with various gaseous species (some acceptors, some donors), and found the initial undoped state of a graphene structure can be recovered by gently heating the graphene in vacuum. Schedin, et al. reported that even for chemical dopant concentrations in excess of 10¹²cm ^{~ 2} there is no observable change in the carrier mobility.¹^. Chen, et al. doped graphene with potassium in ultra high vacuum at low temperature. They found that potassium ions act as expected for charged impurities in graphene^, and can reduce the mobility 20-fold.*²-^ The mobility reduction is reversible on heating the graphene to remove the potassium. Spin transport

Graphene is thought to be an ideal material for spintronics due to small spin-orbit interaction and near absence of nuclear magnetic moments in carbon. Electrical spin-current injection and detection in graphene was recently demonstrated up to room temperature^³⁰"³¹"³²¹. Spin coherence lengths greater than 1 micrometre at room temperature were observed¹²²¹, and control of the spin current polarity with an electrical gate was observed at low temperature^. Magnetic effects

Besides the high mobility and minimum conductivity, graphene shows very interesting behavior in the presence of a magnetic field. Graphene displays an anomalous quantum Hall effect with the sequence shifted by 1 / 2 with respect to the standard sequence. Thus, the Hall conductivity is , where N is the Landau level index and the double valley and double spin degeneracies give the factor of 4.^

This remarkable behavior can even be measured at room temperature.¹²²-¹ Bilayer graphene also shows the quantum Hall effect, but with the standard sequence where

Interestingly, the first plateau at N = 0 is absent, indicating that bilayer graphene stays metallic at the neutrality point^ Unlike normal metals, the longitudinal resistance of graphene shows maxima rather than minima for integral values of the Landau filling factor in measurements of theShubnikov-de Haas oscillations, which show a phase shift of π, known as Berry's phase/¹⁷¹^²²¹ The Berry's phase arises due to the zero effective carrier mass near the Dirac points.¹²²¹ Study of the temperature dependence of the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in graphene reveals that the carriers have a non-zero cyclotron mass, despite their zero effective mass from the E-k relation.¹²²¹ Nanostripes: Spin-polarized edge currents

Nanostripes of graphene (in the zig-zag orientation), at low temperatures, show spin-polarized edge currents ^, which also suggests applications in the recent field of spintronics. Graphene oxide

By oxidising and chemically processing graphene, and then floating them in water, the graphene flakes form a single sheet and bond very powerfully. These sheets, called Graphene oxide paper have a measured tensile modulus of 32 GPa.¹²⁵¹ Chemical modification

Soluble fragments of graphene can be prepared in the laboratory¹²^¹ through chemical modification of graphite. First, microcrystalline graphite is treated with a strongly acidic mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. A series of steps involving oxidation and exfoliation result in small graphene plates with carboxyl groups at their edges. These are converted to acid chloride groups by treatment with thionyl chloride; next, they are converted to the corresponding graphene amide via treatment with octadecylamine. The resulting material (circular graphene layers of 5.3 angstrom thickness) is soluble in tetrahydrofuran, tetrachloromethane, and dichloroethane. Thermal properties

The near-room temperature thermal conductivity of graphene was recently measured to be between (4.84+0.44) xlO³ to (5.30+0.48) xlO³ Wm^-1K^"1. These measurements, made by a non-contact optical technique, are in excess of those measured for carbon nanotubes or diamond. It can be shown by using the Wiedemann-Franz law, that the thermal conduction is phonon-dominated.¹²²¹ However, for a gated graphene strip, an applied gate bias causing a Fermi Energy shift much larger than kβT can cause the electronic contribution to increase and dominate over the phonon contribution at low temperatures .^¹

Potential for this high conductivity can be seen by considering graphite, a 3D version of graphene that has basal plane thermal conductivity of over a 1000 W/mK (comparable to diamond). In graphite, the c-axis (out of plane) thermal conductivity is over a factor of -100 smaller due to the weak binding forces between basal planes as well as the larger lattice spacing.^ In addition, the ballistic thermal conductance of a graphene is shown to give the lower limit of the ballistic thermal conductances, per unit circumference, length of carbon nanotubes.¹⁴²¹

Despite its 2-D nature, graphene has 3 acoustic phonon modes. The two in-plane modes have a linear dispersion relation, whereas the out of plane mode has a quadratic dispersion relation. Due to this, the T² dependent thermal conductivity contribution of the linear modes is dominated at low temperatures by the T^{1 5} contribution of the out of plane mode.¹⁴²¹ The ballistic thermal conductance of graphene is isotropic.^ Mechanical properties

Graphene is the strongest substance known to man, according to a study released in August 2008 by Columbia University. However, the process of separating it from graphite, where it occurs naturally, will require some technological development before it is economical enough to be used in industrial processes.^

Utilizing an atomic force microscope, research has recently been able to measure the spring constant of suspended Graphene sheets. Graphene sheets, held together by van der Waals forces, were suspended over silicon dioxide cavities where an AFM tip was probed to test its mechanical properties. Its spring constant was measured to be on the order of 1-5 N/m and its Young's modulus was 0.5 TPa, which differs from bulk graphite. These high values make Graphene very strong and rigid. These intrinsic properties could lead to the possibility of utilizing Graphene for NEMS applications such as pressure sensors, and resonators.¹⁴²¹

Graphene is considered to be the first truly 2D crystal. There has been some discrepancy whether this assertion is truly valid or not. While an infinitely-large single layer of graphene would be in direct contradiction to the Mermin- Wagner theorem, a finite-size 2D crystal of graphene could be stable. The Mermin-Wagner theorem states that a 2D crystal in a 3D environment would not remain ordered over long distances because of long wavelength fluctuations. It is believed that due to this instability, a large 2D structure will fold-up, or crumple to form a more stable 3D structure. Researchers have observed ripples in suspended layers of graphene.¹⁴¹ It has been proposed that the ripples are caused by thermal fluctuations in the material. Graphene adjusts to the thermal fluctuations, which could threaten to destroy the structure, by adjusting its bond length to accommodate the fluctuations. Within this framework, it is debatable whether graphene is truly 2D or not, due to its natural tendency to ripple/¹¹"¹²"¹³¹ Potential applications Single molecule gas detection

Graphene makes an excellent sensor due to its 2D structure. The fact that its entire volume is exposed to its surrounding makes it very efficient to detect adsorbed molecules. Molecule detection is indirect: as a gas molecule adsorbs to the surface of graphene, the location of adsorption experiences a local change in electrical resistance. While this effect occurs in other materials, graphene is superior due to its high electrical conductivity (even when few carriers are present) and low noise which makes this change in resistance detectable.¹²^ Graphene nanoribbons

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are essentially single layers of graphene that are cut in a particular pattern to give it certain electrical properties. Depending on how the un-bonded edges are configured, they can either be in a Z (zigzag) or Armchair configuration. Calculations based on tight binding predict that zigzag GNRs are always metallic while armchairs can be either metallic or semiconducting, depending on their width. However, recent DFT calculations show that armchair nanoribbons are semiconducting with an energy gap scaling with the inverse of the GNR width. ^¹ Indeed, experimental results show that the energy gaps do increase with decreasing GNR width. ^- However, to date no experimental results have measured the energy gap of a GNR and identified the exact edge structure. ^¹ Zigzag nanoribbons are also semiconducting and present spin polarized edges. Their 2D structure, high electrical and thermal conductivity, and low noise also make GNRs a possible alternative to copper for integrated circuit interconnects. Some research is also being done to create quantum dots by changing the width of GNRs at select points along the ribbon, creating quantum confinement.-^¹

Due to its high electronic quality, graphene has also attracted the interest of technologists who see them as a way of constructing ballistic transistors. Graphene exhibits a pronounced response to perpendicular external electric field allowing one to built FETs (field-effect transistors). In their 2004 paper,^ the Manchester group demonstrated FETs with a "rather modest" on-off ratio of -30 at room temperature. In 2006, Georgia Tech researchers announced that they had successfully built an all- graphene planar FET with side gates.¹⁴²¹ Their devices showed changes of 2% at cryogenic temperatures. The first top-gated FET (on-off ratio of <2) was demonstrated by researchers of AMICA and RWTH Aachen University in 2007 ^m. Graphene nanoribbons may prove generally capable of replacing silicon as a semiconductor in modern technology.¹⁴²¹ New graphene devices

Facing the fact that current graphene transistors show a very bad on-off ratio, researchers are trying to find ways for improvement. In 2008 researchers of AMICA and University of Manchester demonstrated a new switching effect in graphene field- effect devices. This switching effect is based on a reversible chemical modification of the graphene layer and gives an on-off ratio of greater than six orders of magnitude. These reversible switches could potentially be applied to nonvolatile memories.¹^¹ Integrated circuits

Graphene has the ideal properties to be an excellent component of integrated circuits. Graphene has a high carrier mobility, as well as low noise allowing it to be utilized as the channel in a FET. The issue is that single sheets of graphene are hard to produce, and even harder to make on top of an appropriate substrate. Researchers are looking into methods of transferring single graphene sheets from their source of origin (mechanical exfoliation on SiO₂ / Si or thermal graphitization of a SiC surface) onto a target substrate of interest.-^ In 2008, the smallest transistor so far, one atom thick, 10 atoms wide was made of graphene¹²²¹. Transparent conducting electrodes

Graphene's high electrical conductivity and high optical transparency make it a candidate for transparent conducting electrodes, required for such applications as touchscreens, liquid crystal displays, organic photovoltaic cells, and OLEDs. In particular, graphene's mechanical strength and flexibility are advantageous compared to indium tin oxide, which is brittle, and graphene films may be deposited from solution over large areas^{1221 1}^¹. Ultracapacitors

Due to the incredibly high surface area to mass ratio of graphene, one potential application is in the conductive plates of ultracapacitors. It is believed that graphene could be used to produce ultracapacitors with a greater energy storage density than is currently available, for energy storage purposes¹⁵²¹. Pseudo-relativistic theory

The electrical properties of graphene can be described by a conventional tight-binding model; in this model the energy of the electrons with wave number is

[561

E — ±y^{'' ~}>o U + 4 cos^~ fϊk_yO. -f 4 cos wk_yG - cos

with the nearest-neighbour-hopping energy and the lattice constant . Conduction- and valence band, respectively, correspond to the different signs in the above dispersion relation; they touch each other in six points, the "K- values". However, only two of these six points are independent, whereas the rest is equivalent by symmetry. In the vicinity of the K-points the energy depends linearly on the wavenumber, similar to a relativistic particle. Since an elementary cell of the lattice has a basis of two atoms, the wave function even has an effective 2-spinor structure. As a consequence, at low energies, the electrons can be described by an equation which is formally equivalent to the Dirac equation. Moreover, in the present case this pseudo- relativistic description is restricted to the chiral limit, i.e., to vanishing rest mass Mo, which leads to interesting additional features: v_Fσ - Vψ(τ) — Eφ(r)

Here is the Fermi velocity in graphene which replaces the velocity of light in the Dirac theory; is the vector of the Pauli matrices, is the two-component wave function of the electrons, and E their energy. ^¹ History and experimental discovery

The term graphene first appeared^ in order to describe single sheets of graphite as one of the constituents of graphite intercalation compounds (GICs); conceptually a GIC is a crystalline salt of the intercalant and graphene. The term was also used in the earliest descriptions of carbon nanotubes,¹⁵²¹ as well as for epitaxial graphene,^ and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.^ However, none of these examples constitutes isolated, two-dimensional graphene.

Larger graphene molecules or sheets (so that they can be considered as true isolated 2D crystals) cannot be grown even in principle. An article¹^²¹ in Physics Today reads:

"Fundamental forces place seemingly insurmountable barriers in the way of creating [2D crystals] ... Nascent 2D crystallites try to minimize their surface energy and inevitably morph into one of the rich variety of stable 3D structures that occur in soot. But there is a way around the problem. Interactions with 3D structures stabilize 2D crystals during growth. So one can make 2D crystals sandwitched between or placed on top of the atomic planes of a bulk crystal. In that respect, graphene already exists within graphite ... One can then hope to fool Nature and extract single-atom- thick crystallites at a low enough temperature that they remain in the quenched state prescribed by the original higher- temperature 3D growth."

Single layers of graphite were previously (starting from the 1970s) grown epitaxially on top of other materials.¹^²¹ This "epitaxial graphene" consists of a single- atom-thick hexagonal lattice of sp²-bonded carbon atoms, as in free-standing graphene. However, there is significant charge transfer from the substrate to the epitaxial graphene, and, in some cases, hybridization between the d orbitals of the substrate atoms and π orbitals of graphene, which significantly alters the electronic structure of the epitaxial graphene.

Single layers of graphite were also observed by transmission electron microscopy within bulk materials (see section Occurrence), in particular inside soot obtained by chemical exfoliation.^²¹ There have also been a number of efforts to make very thin films of graphite by mechanical exfoliation (starting from 1990 and continuing until after 2004)^ but nothing thinner than 50 to 100 layers was produced during these years.

The previous efforts did not result in graphene as we know it now, i.e. as "free standing" single-atom-thick crystals of a macroscopic size which are either suspended or interact only weakly with a substrate. It is not important whether graphene is suspended or placed on another (non-binding) substrate. In both cases, it is isolated and can be studied as such. Within this definition of graphene, it was first isolated by the Manchester group of Andre Geim who in 2004¹²¹ finally managed to extract single-atom- thick crystallites from bulk graphite. He provided the first and unexpected proof for the existence of true (free-standing) 2D crystals. Previously, it was assumed that graphene cannot exist in the flat state and should scroll into nanotubes "to decrease the surface energy" .™ⁱ

This experimental discovery of 2D crystal matter was openly doubted[4J until 2005 when in the same issue of Nature the groups of Andre Geim and Philip Kim of Columbia University have proved "beyond a reasonable doubt" that the obtained graphitic layers exhibit the electronic properties prescribed by theory. This theory was first developed by Philip R Wallace in 1947 as an approximation trying to understand the electronic properties of more complex, 3 dimensional graphite. He did not use the word graphene and referred to "a single hexagonal layer" .¹^ Later, graphene crystals obtained by using the Manchester recipe were also made suspended and their thickness proved directly by electron microscopy.¹⁴¹

Noble gas responsive to an electric field, adsorbent having an adsorbing capacity for adsorbing an adsorbate placed in that electric field, and controlling the noble gas location for electrically desorbing adsorbates from the adsorbent material; and more specifically to electrically stringing xenon noble gas to an anode and cathode to desorb an adsorbate (e.g. water) from adsorbent (e.g. zeolite) material compositions placed between an anode and cathode to provide a molecular sieve (molsieve) for applications in refrigeration systems, oil refining, computing, and other industrial applications applying molecular separation. Xenon hydrate (Xe 5.75 H2O) is part of the phasing of Xenon electric swing desorption of water.

Accordingly, there is a need in the field for an electric swing purge-gas stripping cycle based on polarized noble gas strings that penetrate the strong electrostatic fields in the crystal lattice adsorbent to physically desorb adsorbates from the adsorbents electrically and an adsorption apparatus which matches the quantity of the working substance to the capacity of the adsorbent and which can continue to adsorb the working substance whether the working substance is in a fluid state or a solid state without causing damage to the apparatus. It is desirable to desorb an adsorbent with minimal heat rise of the adsorbent or adsorbate, which this invention teaches electrical stringing of xenon gas, desorbs adsorbate rapidly with minimum heat rise. This efficiency provides the smallest adsorbent bead size relative to the adsorbate processed through the bed reducing energy consumption. The present invention fulfills these needs and provides further related advantages.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed towards graphene six-atom carbon elements where two body-centered-hexagons are rotated 90 ° relative to their hexagonal planes and each hexagon centerpoint is positioned around one hexagon side midpoint of each adjacent hexagon in the plane rotated 90°. Layers of graphene (stacks) are suspended by layers of corresponding graphene layers that rotated 90 ° relative to their hexagonal planes. This invention teaches graphene six-atom carbon elements can avoid atomic constructive interference when six-atom carbon elements represented as two body-centered-hexagons (FIG 3 Cl and C2) are rotated 90 "relative to their hexagonal planes and each hexagon centerpoint "holes" is positioned around one hexagon side midpoint of each hexagon in adjacent planes providing two stacks of graphene planar sheets perpendicular to each other. Suspending one planer two dimensional (2D) graphene sheet stack within a second graphene sheet stack allows each stack to occupy the same three dimensional, space because six-member carbon holes provide space for six-member carbon-to-carbon sides at a low enough energetic change state. The limits of nano technology, because of atomic constructive interference restricted the length of nanotubes, 2D size graphene planer sheet areas, and the absence of 3D "linked" layeres suspended perpendicular to each other, in prior art, is lifted with this suspended graphene stack 3D suspension, which places six-member carbon hexagonal sides into low energy holes formed from perpendicular graphene sheets. Other atoms, like silicon, boron, and other elements, that form sp² bonds to form hexagonal planar arrays can be produced in the configurations taught in this invention, including DNA nano elements. With military conflict and competition between countries over energy and strategic materials, a new method for making graphene related structures is needed in the art to provide new materials adsorbents, fuel storage, vacuum tight films, computer circuits, and other related application of nano size materials.

These and other aspects of this invention will become evident upon reference to the following detailed description and attached drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIGURE 1 illustrates a prior art of true (free-standing) graphene, which is a two dimensional (2D) one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp²-bonded carbon atoms "chicken wire array" crystals that are densely packed in a regular hexagonal honeycomb crystal lattice in a Cartesian plane (x, y-plane);

FIGURE 2 illustrates two six-atom carbon elements as a top view down the x-axis of two body-centered-hexagons rotated 90 ° relative to their hexagonal planes and each hexagon centerpoint is positioned around one hexagon side midpoint of each hexagon also illustrated in FIGURES 3 through 6;

FIGURE 3 illustrates two six-atom carbon elements as a perspective view of two body-centered-hexagons rotated 90 ° relative to their hexagonal planes and each hexagon centerpoint is positioned around one hexagon side midpoint of each hexagon also illustrated in FIGURES 2, 4, 5, and 6;

FIGURE 4 illustrates two six-atom carbon elements as a view rotated around the x-axis of two body-centered-hexagons rotated 90 ° relative to their hexagonal planes and each hexagon centerpoint is positioned around one hexagon side midpoint of each hexagon also illustrated in FIGURES 2, 3, 5, and 6;

FIGURE 5 illustrates two six-atom carbon elements as a top view down the z-axis of two body-centered-hexagons rotated 90 ° relative to their hexagonal planes and each hexagon centerpoint is positioned around one hexagon side midpoint of each hexagon also illustrated in FIGURES 2, 3, 4, and 6, including atomic dimensions; FIGURE 6 illustrates two six-atom carbon elements as a top view down the y-axis of two body-centered-hexagons rotated 90 ° relative to their hexagonal planes and each hexagon centerpoint is positioned around one hexagon side midpoint of each hexagon also illustrated in FIGURES 2 through 5, including atomic dimensions;

FIGURE 7 illustrates an end view up the x-axis of two planar sheets of graphene produced from six-member carbon elements in FIGURES 2 through 6 in a three- wide by three-long by three-high unit array;

FIGURE 8 illustrates a side view down the y-axis of FIGURES 7;

FIGURE 9 illustrates a perspective view of the x, y, and z axes of FIGURES 7, 8, and 10; FIGURE 10 illustrates a perspective view rotated around the x axes of

FIGURES 7, 8, and 9;

FIGURE 11 illustrates a perspective end view of two planar sheets of graphene produced from six-member carbon elements in FIGURES 2 through 6 in a three- wide by three-long by three-high unit array; FIGURE 12 illustrates perspective view of one planar sheet of graphene with one vertical six-member carbon element of FIGURES 2 through 6 rotated around the x-axis;

FIGURE 13 illustrates an end view of three dimensional planar graphene sheets in FIGURES 15 and 16;

FIGURE 14 illustrates perspective view of one planar sheet of graphene with three vertical six-member carbon elements of FIGURES 2 through 6 rotated 90 ° relative to the hexagonal planes;

FIGURE 15 illustrates an end view and two rotated end views of FIGURE 13 and 16;

FIGURE 16 illustrates an end view and two rotated end views of FIGURE 13 and 15;

FIGURE 17 illustrates true (free-standing) graphene, which is a two dimensional (2D) one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp²-bonded carbon atoms production template lithographic pattern according to the dimensions of the atoms selected; where three dimensional (3D) production of suspended graphene is provided by rotating planer sheets of graphene perpendicular to the x, y-plane and aligned with the construction lines illustrated;

FIGURE 18 illustrates alternative shapes of arcs, planes, triangles, Ceo Buckminsterfullerene Boolean unions type linkage and offset layering to provide links over a distance, which are all linked together with the same geometry taught in this invention;

FIGURE 19 is a graphite structure schematic representation illustrating the dimensions of six-member carbon atoms represented as hexagonal holes, sides, mirrored side distances, and providing the 3D layer spacing distance as the hexagonal side divided by 2 plus a side length equals the stack spacing gap;

FIGURE 20 illustrates an alternative perspective view of FIGURES 13, 15, and 16 with small diameter hexagonal sides as an improved visual aid, including dimensional measurement line segment for FIGURE 21 data; FIGURE 21 illustrates a graphene atomic dimension measurement from Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1999, 1, 4113E4118;

FIGURE 22 illustrates one C60 Buckminsterfullerene carbon element;

FIGURE 23 illustrates a C60 Buckminsterfullerene (C60) derivative of five regular hexagons arrayed and bonded around the centerpoint of a regular pentagon with arrows locating each pentagons centerpoint as a vector from the centerpoint of the C60;

FIGURE 24 illustrates two of the C60 Buckminsterfullerene in FIGURE 23 mirrored on top of the pentagon; FIGURE 25 illustrates the C60 Buckminsterfullerene of FIGURE 22 with arrows in the twelve equally spaced vectors, including a slight rotation of central vectors to see both bowls;

FIGURE 26 illustrates the C60 Buckminsterfullerene with one bowl of FIGURE 24 moved down to the same height at the lower bowl; FIGURE 27 illustrates the C60 Buckminsterfullerene with one bowl of

FIGURE 26 rotated around its pentagon centerpoint at a 36 degree angle which will center one of six-member carbon atom elements within the hole of other arrayed six- member carbon elements in the same bowl;

FIGURE 28 illustrates the C60 Buckminsterfullerene with two adjacent hexagons from one-of-two bowls and one hexagon of the second bowl in FIGURE 27 rotated around an axis for a perspective view of how a regular hexagonal side is inserted into a hexagonal hole;

FIGURE 29 illustrates the C60 Buckminsterfullerene with two adjacent hexagons from one-of-two bowls and one hexagon of the second bowl in FIGURE 28 rotated around an axis for an alternative perspective view of how a regular hexagonal side is inserted into a hexagonal hole;

FIGURE 30 illustrates two C60 Buckminsterfullerenes in a Boolean union with pentagon centers each offset;

FIGURE 31 illustrates a rotated plan view down the axis of two C60 Buckminsterfullerenes intersected pentagons within FIGURE 30; FIGURE 32 illustrates the two C60 Buckminsterfullerene in FIGURES 30 and 31 with a third C60 Buckminsterfullerene rotated 120 degrees relative to the first Boolean C60;

FIGURE 33 illustrates a top plan view the three C60 Buckminsterfullerene in FIGURE 32 with a forth C60 Buckminsterfullerene rotated 120 degrees relative to each of the first two C60, where three C60 are arrayed around a central C60 at 120 degrees;

FIGURE 34 illustrates a side view of four C60 Buckminsterfullerene in FIGURE 33 rotated up 90 degrees; FIGURE 35 illustrates a plan view of three single- walled tubular fullerenes carbon armchair type nanotubes having a longitudinal axis that is aligned with each other C60 Buckminsterfullerene derivative with pentagon centers each a Boolean union offset of selected armchair type nanotubes;

FIGURE 36 illustrates a magnified sectional view of rectangle illustrated in FIGURE 35;

FIGURE 37 illustrates a two single- walled tubular fullerenes carbon armchair type nanotubes having a longitudinal axis that is aligned with each other and in a Boolean union;

FIGURE 38 illustrates a Boolean union of three single-walled tubular fullerenes carbon armchair type nanotubes having a longitudinal axis around the C60

Buckminsterfullerene derivative on the ends rotated 144 degrees relative to a central axis;

FIGURE 39 illustrates a magnified sectional view of rectangle illustrated in FIGURE 38;

FIGURE 40 illustrates a side view of the central single- walled tubular fullerenes carbon armchair type nanotubes in FIGURE 38 rotated down to view its length;

FIGURE 41 illustrates a side view of the central single- walled tubular fullerenes carbon armchair type nanotubes in FIGURE 38 rotated 180 degrees to view its end; FIGURE 42 illustrates a production pattern on two planer tool surfaces with the pattern for carbon hexagonal patterns;

FIGURE 43 illustrates two single-walled tubular fullerenes armchair type carbon nanotubes having a longitudinal axis in FIGURE 37 that are in a Boolean union along their sides;

FIGURE 44 illustrates two single-walled tubular fullerenes carbon armchair type nanotubes having a longitudinal axis in FIGURE 43 that are in a Boolean union along their sides and further offset along their longitudinal axis;

FIGURE 45 illustrates two single-walled tubular fullerenes carbon armchair type nanotubes having a longitudinal axis in FIGURE 44 that are in a Boolean union along their sides and further offset along their longitudinal axis, where one of two single- walled tubular fullerenes carbon nanotubes is arrayed around the central axis of second at 144 degrees and 108 degrees;

FIGURE 46 illustrates an elevated perspective view of the arrayed union Boolean nanotubes in FIGURE 45;

FIGURE 47 is schematic representation illustrating the dimensions of two adjacent six-member carbon atoms represented as regular hexagonal graphene that is rolled up as nanotubes illustrated in FIGURES 35-46.

FIGURE 48 illustrates true (free-standing) graphene, which is a two dimensional (2D) one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp²-bonded carbon atoms production template lithographic pattern according to the dimensions of the atoms selected rotated perpendicular for three dimensional 3D production of suspended graphene, with one single- walled tubular fullerenes carbon armchair type nanotubes having a longitudinal axis inserted into the plane of the graphene at an angle to align the oval ring of tube hexagonal sides with the holes in the graphene plane;

FIGURE 49 illustrates an elevated perspective view of FIGURE 49 to teach the angle of intersection between one of three nanotubes in FIGURE 35 and true (free-standing) graphene, which is a two dimensional (2D) one- atom- thick planar sheet of sp²-bonded carbon atoms in FIGURE 17; FIGURE 50 illustrates an elevated perspective view of two true (freestanding) graphene, which is a two dimensional (2D) one- atom- thick planar sheet of sp²- bonded carbon atoms stacked two layers high in the horizontal plane and four small irregular shapes of graphene stacked vertically; FIGURE 51 illustrates an elevated rotated perspective view of FIGURE

50;

FIGURE 52 illustrates true (free-standing) graphene, which is a two dimensional (2D) one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp²-bonded carbon atoms, with one single- walled tubular fullerenes carbon zig-zag type nanotubes having a longitudinal axis inserted into the plane of the graphene at a 90 degree (perpendicular to x-y planer graphene sheet) angle to align a ring of adjacent hexagonal sides with the holes in the graphene plane.

FIGURE 53 illustrates an elevated rotated perspective view of a molecular switch that can be carved out of a single graphene sheet and connected to two suspended layers.

FIGURE 54 illustrates an end view up the x-axis of one planar sheet of graphene produced from six-member carbon elements in FIGURES 2 through 6 in a perspective view of FIGURE 53 molecular switch connected by a single carbon on the points of the hexagonal; FIGURE 55 illustrates a rotated side view of two FIGURE 53 molecular switch on the same size planer graphene sheet;

FIGURE 56 illustrates a rotated side view of two FIGURE 53 molecular switch on the same size planer graphene sheet with a vertical graphene sheet close to the molecular sheet; FIGURE 57 illustrates a perspective side view of two true (free-standing) graphene positioned perpendicular to each other, which are two dimensional (2D) one- atom-thick planar sheet of sp²-bonded carbon atoms "chicken wire array" crystals that are densely packed in a regular hexagonal honeycomb crystal lattice in a Cartesian plane (x, y-plane); FIGURE 58 illustrates a rotated perspective view of FIGURE 57 showing the vertical graphene sheet in an alternative view;

FIGURE 59 illustrates a rotated perspective view of FIGURE 57 and 58 with four horizontal sheet stacks and seven vertical graphene sheet stacks occupying the same three dimensional space;

FIGURE 60 illustrates a rotated planar top view of FIGURE 59 showing the vertical and horizontal graphene sheet alignment within each other;

FIGURE 61 illustrates a rotated planar top view of FIGURE 60 with two molecular switch curved in an arm-chair orientation attachment to the same horizontal graphene sheets suspended by vertical graphene sheets;

FIGURE 62 illustrates a rotated planar top view of FIGURE 61 with three molecular switches curved in an arm-chair orientation attachment to the same horizontal graphene sheets suspended by vertical graphene sheets;

FIGURE 63 illustrates a rotated side view of FIGURE 64 with only one molecular switches curved in an arm-chair orientation attachment to the same horizontal graphene sheets suspended by vertical graphene sheets;

FIGURE 64 illustrates a rotated side view of FIGURE 61 with two molecular switches curved in an arm-chair orientation attachment to the same horizontal graphene sheets suspended by vertical graphene sheets; FIGURE 65 illustrates a rotated side view of FIGURE 62 with three molecular switches curved in an arm-chair orientation attachment to the same horizontal graphene sheets suspended by vertical graphene sheets;

FIGURE 66 illustrates a rotated side view of FIGURE 63with only one molecular switch; FIGURE 67 illustrates a rotated perspective view of the two molecular switches in FIGURE 64;

FIGURE 68 illustrates a rotated side edge view of the two molecular switches in FIGURE 64;

FIGURE 69 illustrates a rotated end view of FIGURES 70 and 71 production templates comprised of one graphene sheet draped at a 90 degree angle, relative to, and over, seven graphene sheets that are positioned parallel to each other and are provided production growth template ends in a HBC position to provide a template for both planes of carbon to grow perpendicular to each other in HBC structures;

FIGURE 70 illustrates a rotated end view of FIGURES 70 and 71 production templates comprised of one

FIGURE 71 illustrates a rotated end view of FIGURES 70 and 71 production templates comprised of one

FIG. 72 illustrates a side view of a with the Boolean union of two sets of centrally offset hexagon shaped graphene, and the second hexagon point centrally located on regular hexagon faces marked by diamond shaped construction lines, which are electromagnetically aligned with force vector arrows illustrating the orientation arrary for assembling vacuum tight films or electronic components;

FIG. 73 illustrates a perspective side view of FIG 72 hexagons with their sides tiled adjacent to each other, including the left hexagon is curved by Exfoliated tooling for a flap valve function;

FIG. 74 illustrates a plan view of FIG. 72 hexagons arrayed six times around the central hexagon with a portion of the hexagonal shape, a hexagon the smallest possible above a single carbon atom molecule, is illustrated and it will be understood to be a tool template with FIG 73 left hexagon centered over this FIGs center; FIG. 75 illustrates a perspective view of FIG 74;

FIG. 76 illustrates a perspective view exploded view of the inside surface of the hexagonal structural elements in FIG. 73 - 76, including two small hexagonal that can float through the flap valve, which demonstrates a tool configuration for a graphene protrusion exfoliated or grown into a shape larger than the small opening in the same sheet;

FIG. 77 illustrates a perspective view of the inside and outside surface of the hexagonal structural elements in FIGs. 78 and 81 demonstrating how the vacuum tight enclosure would be diagonally placed to float a smaller graphene ribbin inside the enclosure for changing electric potential in electronic components or shutting a valve whole; FIG. 78 illustrates a perspective view of the inside surface of the pentagonal structural elements in FIG. 76 and 77;

FIG. 79 illustrates a perspective view of the inside and outside surface of the pentagonal structural elements in FIG. 76 and 80; FIG. 82 illustrates a perspective view regular hexagon pairs in FIG. 83 through 88 arrayed five times 360 degrees around a centerpoint forming central pentagons;

FIG. 83 illustrates a perspective view of two regular hexagons rotated 74.75 degrees relative to two points on each hexagon of FIG. 83 through 86; FIG. 84 illustrates an end view of two regular hexagons rotated 1 A.I 5Al degrees relative to two points on each hexagon of FIG. 83 through 86;

FIG. 85 illustrates a side view of FIG 84 rotated 90 degrees;

FIG. 86 illustrates a top plan view of FIG 85;

FIG. 87 illustrates a perspective view buckyball bowls of formed from hexagon pairs in FIG. 82 with a bearing race electric generator hub in FIG 89 Boolean of the pentagon rods formed in FIG 82;

FIG. 88 illustrates a perspective view of turbine blades in FIGs 88 and 90 mounted to one frame in FIG 83-86;

FIG. 89 illustrates a plan top view of FIG 87; FIG. 90 illustrates a perspective exploded view of bearing race hub with electric generator elements with an inside view of rod mounting positions that form a pentagon centrally in FIGs 82, 87, 89, and 91, where the five adjacent cut lines are cut at a rotated radius of 36 degrees providing overlap of the bottom and top bear race hub;

FIG. 91 illustrates a side view of turbine assembly in FIGs 87, 89, and 92 stacked along a vertical axis;

FIG. 92 illustrates a perspective view of turbine assembly in FIGs 89, and 92 stacked along a vertical axis;

FIG. 93 illustrates a perspective view of a truncated icosahedrons (C60 shape) assembled around the components of FIGs 82-92, providing a protective housing; FIG. 94 illustrates a perspective view of a derivative of a truncated icosahedrons a bowl where six regular hexagons are arrayed around a center point of a pentagon five times in 360 degrees;

FIG. 95 illustrates a prior art of true (free-standing) graphene, which is a two dimensional (2D) one- atom- thick planar sheet of sp²-bonded carbon atoms "chicken wire array" crystals that are densely packed in a regular hexagonal honeycomb crystal lattice in a Cartesian plane (x, y-plane), where three dimensional (3D) production of suspended graphene is provided by rotating planer sheets of graphene perpendicular to the x, y-plane and aligned two six-atom carbon elements as a top view down the x-axis of two body-centered-hexagons rotated 90 ° relative to their hexagonal planes and each hexagon centerpoint is positioned around one hexagon side midpoint of each hexagon also illustrated in FIGURES 3 through 6;

FIG. 96 illustrates a perspective rotated view of FIG 95;

FIG. 97 illustrates a perspective view of FIGs 95 and 96 with graphene layer added in each plane stacked at right angles and arrayed exactly to FIG 95 hexagonal body-centered positions;

FIG. 98 illustrates a perspective view rotated up to view the four layers of graphene stacked perpendicular to seven layers of body-centered hexagonal graphene planer sheets, which FIGURE 98 illustrates an array of two six-atom carbon elements as a perspective view of two body-centered-hexagons (graphene) rotated 90 ° relative to their hexagonal planes and each hexagon centerpoint is positioned around one hexagon side midpoint of each hexagon also illustrated in FIGURES 95, 96, and 97;

FIG. 99 illustrates a perspective view of fullerenes carbon nanotubes for assembly into the configuration of FIGURE 98 where the nanotubes with buckyball c60 segments are arrayed in the geometric space of the carbon six-member sides;

FIG. 100 illustrates a perspective view graphene planer sheets at 90 degree agles connected by six-member carbon molecules curved relative to the carbon nanotubes in FIG 99;

FIG. 101 illustrates an end view of FIG 100; FIG. 102 illustrates a perspective view FIG 100 with another copy rotated down to form a tile;

FIG. 103 illustrates a top view of FIG 102 cut into regular hexagonal for tiling a vacuum tight graphene bonded structure; FIGURE 104 illustrates a top view of FIG 102 cut into regular hexagonal for tiling a vacuum tight graphene bonded structure

FIGURE 105 illustrates a top view of FIG 102 cut into regular hexagonal for tiling a vacuum tight graphene bonded structure;

FIGURE 106 illustrates a top view of FIG 102 cut into regular hexagonal for tiling a vacuum tight graphene bonded structure;

FIGURE 107 illustrates a top view of FIG 102 cut into regular hexagonal for tiling a vacuum tight graphene bonded structure;

FIGURE 108 illustrates a top elevated perspective view of [9]- carbon elements comprising Cycloparaphenylene: Carbon Nano Loop Structures, in publication Synthesis, Characterization, and Theory of [9]-, [12]-, and [18]Cycloparaphenylene:

Carbon Nanohoop Structures, Jasti, R., Bhattacharjee, J., Neaton, J. B., and Bertozzi, C.

R. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2008, 130, 17646.;

FIGURE 109 illustrates a top view of two Carbon Nano Loop Structures comprising [9]- carbon elements Cycloparaphenylene:, of FIGURE 108 in a arc union axial stack;

FIGURE 110 illustrates a side view of FIGURES 109 and 111 in a union axial stack;

FIGURE 111 illustrates a side elevated perspective view of FIGURES 109 and 110; FIGURE 112 illustrates a side view of two Carbon Nano Loop Structures

[9]- carbon elements comprising Cycloparaphenylene, of FIGURE 108 in a union axial stack five layers high;

FIGURE 113 illustrates a top view of one [20]- carbon elements comprising Cycloparaphenylene: Carbon Nano Loop Structures, of FIGURE 108 increased in circumference by adding carbon elements [n] in a twisted rotated template; FIGURE 114 illustrates a side view of FIGURE 113 in a twisted rotated template;

FIGURE 115 illustrates a rotated perspective top view of FIGURES 113 and 114 in a twisted rotated template; FIGURE 116 illustrates a rotated perspective view of FIGURES 113 through 115 in a twisted rotated template layered (stacked) four high;

FIGURE 117 illustrates a perspective top side view of FIGURE 116;

FIGURE 118 illustrates a perspective rotated top view of two Carbon

Nano Loop Structures [20]- carbon elements comprising twisted Cycloparaphenylene, of FIGURES 116 and 117 arrayed in an arc union illustrated in FIGURES 109 through 112 within the end circumferences by arraying two templates illustrated in FIGURES 113 through 115 carbon elements [n] in a twisted rotated template;

FIGURE 119 illustrates the same perspective view of FIGURE 118 with a third FIGURE 117 nano structure providing a chain of three FIGURE 17 nano structures; FIGURE 120 illustrates a side view of two (two of nine) carbon phenyl rings [2]- carbon elements comprised in Cycloparaphenylene, Carbon Nano Loop Structures, of FIGURE 108; which are cut or synthesized into a straight length, assembled at 90 degree angles, loosely positioned in a hexagon-body-centered configuration a distance of n3 divided by two; FIGURE 121 illustrates rotated perspective top view nano structure of

FIGURE 120 with a third pair of phynyl rings added loosely;

FIGURE 122 illustrates rotated perspective top view nano structure of FIGURE 121 with a fourth pair of phynyl rings added which is two rows stacked loosely at 90 degree angles relative to each other; FIGURE 123 illustrates rotated perspective top view nano structure of

FIGURE 122 with three rows of phynyl ring pairs stacked loosely two high at 90 degree angles relative to each other;

FIGURE 124 illustrates a rotated perspective top view of the nano structure in FIGURE 123 in an array stacked two high that locks together all the carbon elements in a HBC structure; FIGURE 125 illustrates a rotated perspective top view of nano structure in FIGURE 124 into an array stacked vertically two high locking them together;

FIGURES 126 illustrates a rotated perspective top view nano structure of FIGURE 125 in a square array of four sets within the same horizontal plane that are loosely placed in rows;

FIGURES 127 illustrates a perspective top view of the nano structure of FIGURE 126 arrayed four sets high vertically locking them together;

FIGURES 128 illustrates a more rotated perspective top view of nano structure of FIGURE 127 where the 16 optical spaces are formed as illustrated in FIGURE 125;

FIGURE 129 illustrates a axial side view of carbon phenyl rings [9]- carbon elements comprised in Cycloparaphenylene, Carbon Nano Loop Structures, of FIGURE 108, inserted into FIGURE 126 paraphenylene nano structure voids;

FIGURE 130 illustrates a perspective view of FIGURE 129; FIGURE 131 illustrates a top view of FIGURE 129;

FIGURE 132 illustrates a rotated side view of FIGURE 131 Carbon Nano Loop (belt) Structures;

FIGURE 133 illustrates a perspective view of FIGURE 130 with four Carbon Nano Loop (belt) Structures arrayed within the voids; FIGURE 134 illustrates a perspective view of a belt comprised of carbon phenyl rings [9]- carbon elements comprised in Cycloparaphenylene, Carbon Nano Loop Structures, of FIGURE 108 lengthened by six phenyl rings to [14]-, inserted into cavities in nano structures in FIGURES 127 and 128;

FIGURE 135 illustrates a top view of FIGURE 136; FIGURE 136 illustrates a top view of FIGURE 137 with the addition of two of the nano structure belt in FIGURE 134, two rotated 90 degrees relative to each other, and one belt placed centrally at 45 degrees relative to each belt;

FIGURE 137 illustrates a perspective view of FIGURES 134 and 135 with two belts rotated 90 degrees relative to each other within diagonal locations; FIGURE 138 illustrates the perspective view of FIGURE 137, inserted into cavities in with nano structures in FIGURES 127 and 134;

FIGURE 139 illustrates a top plan view of FIGURE 137, inserted into cavities in with nano structures in FIGURES 127 and 134, which includes the belt in 131; FIGURE 140 illustrates a top plan view of FIGURE 141 ;

FIGURE 141 illustrates a perspective view of FIGURE 140 with two belts rotated 90 degrees relative to each other within diagonal locations one belt is adjacent benzene and the other is carbon phenyl rings;

FIGURE 142 illustrates a perspective view of the benzene belt in FIGURE 141 configured in sign wave geometry relative to the voids in the FIGURES 127 and 128;

FIGURE 143 illustrates a nano loop segment of FIGURE 126 which can phenyl rings can rotate angles such as FIGURE 108 nano loop;

FIGURE 144 illustrates a top plan view of nano loop segment of FIGURE 143 which provides the angular locations of each phenyl ring is rotate at 30 dgree angles progressively around a centerpoint;

FIGURE 145 illustrates a top plan view of nano loop segment of FIGURE 146 which provides the angular locations of each phynel rotated at 30 dgree angles progressively around a centerpoint;

FIGURE 146 illustrates a top plan view of nano loop segment of FIGURE 146 which provides the angular locations of each phynel rotated at 30 dgree angles progressively around a centerpoint in illustrated in FIGURE 145 [rø]paraphenyleneacetylenes ([rø]CPPAs);

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Carbon atoms are under constant VIBRATION and distortion of atom- members lengths, so this invention teaches an ideal geometric location, but anticipates that the atomic energetic charges and energy from the environment will constantly change dimensions and centerpoints within a carbon ring's hole by distortion of carbon element lengths and angles: Buckminsterfullerene (the "buckyball") is a closed-cage molecule of 60 carbon atoms (C60). Larger and smaller fullerenes are also included in the scope of this invention. There are 174 ways in which this C60 molecule can vibrate such that each atom moves with the same frequency. These are known as normal modes. Other corresponding distortions of the C60 sphere occur when the 60 carbon atoms molecule is at rest. As a guide to the eye, it is useful in this invention to illustrate carbon elements in uniform geometry knowing to fill the surfaces between the carbon atoms with polygons (pentagons and hexagons for the undistorted molecule), or alternatively to teach distortions of a sphere on which the carbon atoms lie occurs with unlimited frequency in an environmentally open system. Graphene sheets and nanotubes also vibrate and distort, but are illustrated in ideal geometric locations within this invention that teaches

"floating" graphene elements are integrated into the same 3D space by inserting matter into holes of molecules. The two below-mentioned publications validate the atomic length changes in C60:

C60: Buckminsterfullerene, (Nature 318, 162 - 163 (14 November 1985); doi:10.1038/318162a0) authors: H. W. Kroto*, J. R. Heath, S. C. O'Brien, R. F. Curl & R. E. Smalley of Rice Quantum Institute and Departments of Chemistry and Electrical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA (*Permanent address: School of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BNl 9QJ, UK.)

Abstract: During experiments aimed at understanding the mechanisms by which long-chain carbon molecules are formed in interstellar space and circumstellar shells 1, graphite has been vaporized by laser irradiation, producing a remarkably stable cluster consisting of 60 carbon atoms. Concerning the question of what kind of 60-carbon atom structure might give rise to a superstable species, we suggest a truncated icosahedron, a polygon with 60 vertices and 32 faces, 12 of which are pentagonal and 20 hexagonal. This object is commonly encountered as the football shown in Fig. 1 [not shown in this patent application] . The Ceo molecule which results when a carbon atom is placed at each vertex of this structure has all valences satisfied by two single bonds and one double bond, has many resonance structures, and appears to be aromatic. Science 18 October 1991: Vol. 254. no. 5030, pp. 410 - 412 DOI: 10.1126/science.254.5030.410 Articles

Bond Lengths in Free Molecules of Buckminsterfullerene, C60, from Gas-Phase Electron Diffraction

KENNETH HEDBERG 1, LISE HEDBERG 1, DONALD S. BETHUNE 2, C. A. BROWN 2, H. C. DORN 2, ROBERT D. JOHNSON 2, and M. DE VRIES 3

1 Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 2 IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road,

San Jose, CA 95120-6099 3 Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA 24061

Electron diffraction patterns of the fullerene Ceo in the gaseous state have been obtained by volatilizing it from a newly designed oven-nozzle at 73O⁰C. The many peaks of the experimental radial distribution curve calculated from the scattered intensity are completely consistent with icosahedral symmetry for the free molecule. On the basis of this symmetry assumption, least-squares refinement of a model incorporating all possible interatomic distances led to the values Tg(C₁-C₂) = 1.458(6) angstroms (A) for the thermal average bond length within the five-member ring (that is, for the bond fusing five- and six-member rings) and Tg(C₁-Co) = 1.401(10) A for that connecting five-member rings (the bond fusing six-member rings). The weighted average of the two bond lengths and the difference between them are the values 1.439(2) A and 0.057(6) A, respectively. The diameter of the icosahedral sphere is 7.113(10) A. The uncertainties in parentheses are estimated 2 values.

FIGURE 1 illustrates a prior art of true (free-standing) graphene, which is a two dimensional (2D) one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp²-bonded carbon atoms "chicken wire array" crystals that are densely packed in a regular hexagonal honeycomb crystal lattice. The internal angles of a regular hexagon (one where all sides and all angles are equal) are all 120° and the hexagon has 720 degrees. It has 6 rotational symmetries and 6 reflection symmetries, making up the dihedral group D6. The longest diagonals of a regular hexagon, connecting diametrically opposite vertices, are twice its sides in length. Like squares and equilateral triangles, regular hexagons fit together without any gaps to tile the plane (three hexagons meeting at every vertex), and so are useful for constructing tessellations. The cells of a beehive honeycomb are hexagonal for this reason and because the shape makes efficient use of space and building materials. The Voronoi diagram of a regular triangular lattice is the honeycomb tessellation of hexagons.

The area of a regular hexagon of side length t is given by

4 ..... - ^{v v} f^'1 ..-sj 9 508076⁰I If² 2

The perimeter of a regular hexagon of side length t is, of course, 6 t, its maximal diameter 2t, and its minimal diameter t.

There is no platonic solid made of regular hexagons. The archimedean solids with some hexagonal faces are the truncated tetrahedron, truncated octahedron, truncated icosahedron (of soccer ball and fullerene fame), truncated cuboctahedron and the truncated icosidodecahedron.

FIGURE 1 illustrates a prior art of true (free-standing) graphene, which is a two dimensional (2D) one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp²-bonded carbon atoms "chicken wire array" crystals that are densely packed in a regular hexagonal honeycomb crystal lattice in a Cartesian plane (x-y plane). Theoretically graphene should have no boundary in producing tessellation arrays in any size relative to the x-y plane direction, but prior art has observed a limit of how large of an area that six-member atoms can be produced.

This invention teaches a graphene layer suspension provided by two graphene layer stacks rotated perpendicular to each other and occupying the same 3D space, break through prior art size limits. FIGURE 2 - 6 illustrates two six-atom carbon elements Cl and C2 as views of two body-centered-hexagons Cl and C2 rotated 90° relative to their hexagonal planes and each hexagon centerpoint (not shown, because it is a known coordinate point) is positioned around one hexagon side midpoint (a known coordinate point) of each hexagon. In FIGS 2 - 16 all sp² carbon bond position s and p are 1 of 6 sp² carbon bond positions that rotate relative to the x, y, z axes views for more clarity of the three dimensional relationship between six-member carbon atoms.

FIGURE 2 illustrates two six-atom carbon elements Cl and C2 as a top view down the x-axis and is also illustrated in FIGURES 3 through 6. FIGURE 3 illustrates two six-atom carbon elements Cl and C2 as a perspective view also illustrated in FIGURES 2, 4, 5, and 6. FIGURE 4 illustrates two six-atom carbon elements Cl and C2 as a view rotated around the x-axis also illustrated in FIGURES 2, 3, 5, and 6. FIGURE 5 illustrates two six-atom carbon elements Cl and C2 as a top view down the z- axis also illustrated in FIGURES 2, 3, 4, and 6, including atomic dimensions: one regular hexagon six-member side length in FIGURES 5 - 6 is 1.42 A wl , which is a C-C bond midpoint, the distance between two opposing mirrored sides of the regular hexagon six- member carbon atoms 2.46 A w2, and dimension of hexagonal point-to-point is in FIGURES 5 - 6 at 2.84 A w3. FIGURE 6 illustrates two six-atom carbon elements as a top view down the y-axis also illustrated in FIGURES 2 through 5, including atomic dimensions for the point-to-point distance of a regular hexagon. In FIGURES 2 - 16 all s and p positions rotate relative to the x, y, z axes views for more clarity.

Graphene is made of a six-atom carbon hexagonal-body-centered (HBC) cell. Therefore, it is stable against structural distortions, and the rings, unlike in the molecule, do not buckle, and is also stable, exhibiting no imaginary modes. FIGURE 7 illustrates an end view up the x-axis of two planar sheets xZl and xYl of graphene produced from six-member carbon elements in FIGURES 2 through 6 in a x-axis three-wide by y-axis three-rows-long forming an area in Cartesian plane (x-y plane) graphene sheet xYl by rotating xYl sheet in an orientation perpendicular it becomes three-rows-high sheet xZl illustrated in FIGURE 12 as the first perpendicular hexagon. FIGURE 8 illustrates a side view down the y-axis of two planar sheets xZl and xYl of graphene in FIGURES 7. FIGURE 9 illustrates a perspective view of the x, y, and z axes of FIGURES 7, 8, and 10. FIGURE 10 illustrates a perspective view rotated around the x-axes of FIGURES 7, 8, and 9.

FIGURE 11 illustrates a perspective end view of a Cartesian plane (x-y plane) planar sheets of graphene xYl suspending three planar graphene sheets xZl, xZ2, and xZ3 produced from six member carbon elements in FIGURES 2 through 6 in a three- wide by three-rows-long by three-rows high, which is represented as Cartesian plane (x-y plane) graphene sheet xYl where xYl sheet oriented perpendicular and rotated into a three-rows-high sheet xZl. FIGURE 12 illustrates perspective view of one x-y planar sheet of graphene xYl with one horizontal six-member hexagon Cl, p in its plane xYl and one six-member carbon element C2, s oriented vertical in line with the z-axis of FIGURES 2 through 6 rotated around the x-axis in plane xZl. FIGURE 14 illustrates perspective view of one planar sheet of graphene with three vertical and adjacent six-member carbon elements C2 elements arrayed down the x-axis equally in relative geometries in

FIGURES 2 through 6 all hexagons are rotated 90 "relative to the hexagonal planes.

FIGURE 13 illustrates an end view of three dimensional planar graphene sheets in FIGURES 15 and 16 view of a Cartesian plane (x-y plane) planar sheets of graphene xYl, xY2, and xY3 suspending three planar graphene sheets xZl, xZ2, and xZ3 produced from six member carbon elements in FIGURES 2 through 6 in a three- wide by three-long by three-high unit array. FIGURE 15 illustrates an end view and two rotated end views of FIGURE 13 and 16. FIGURE 16 illustrates an end view and two rotated end views of FIGURE 13 and 15. a one- atom- thick planar sheet of sp²-bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a hexagonal honeycomb crystal lattice, to provide unlimited three dimensional graphene layers woven together by juxapositioning a first and second stack of an infinite number of parallel layers spaced at a distance of 2.13 A w4 in FIGURES 5 - 6 (Side/2 + Side = w4) where the second stack is rotated 90 degrees around a regular hexagon's centerpoint "holes" and then aligned to the first stack's hexagon side midpoint ( midpoint of one regular hexagon six-member side distance is in FIGURES 5- 6, and 19, 1.42 A wl, which is a C-C bond midpoint) of regular hexagons. The dimension of hexagonal point-to-point is in FIGURES 5 - 6 at 2.84 A w3. In FIG 19 the spacing of layers is 2.13 A, w4 (Side/2 + Side = w4), and FIG 20 planar sheets of graphene xYl, xY2, and xY3 suspending three planar graphene sheets xZl, xZ2, and xZ3 produced from six member carbon elements in FIGURES 2 through 6. To avoid atomic constructive interference; at least one of a regular hexagon sides in the first stack of graphene is positioned by locating its side midpoint to the centerpoint "holes" of the regular hexagon in the second stack, which provides two stacks perpendicular to each other, suspending one planer two dimensional (2D) graphene sheet stack within a second graphene sheet stack allows each stack to occupy the same three dimensional space because six-member carbon holes provide space for six-member carbon-to-carbon sides at a low enough energetic change state. FIGURE 20 illustrates an alternative perspective view of FIGURES 13, 15, and 16 with smaller diameter hexagonal sides as an improved visual aid. A six-atom carbon hole 11, an charge energy line 12 on Cartesian plane (x-y plane) graphene sheet xYl is where graphene is measured, the spacing of layers is 2.13 A, w4, and planar sheets of graphene xYl, xY2, and xY3 suspending three planar graphene sheets xZl, xZ2, and xZ3 produced from six member carbon elements in FIGURES 2 through 6. ENERGETICS of Hexagon Six-Atom Carbon [graphene]: Atomic resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) image is obtained of graphite where all of the six carbon atoms of the hexagons are visible. The cross section scan reveals two pronounced maxima corresponding to two adjacent carbon atoms (d = 1.42 A) in a hexagon and valleys in-between showing the variations in the charge density between two adjacent carbon atoms. The distance between the deepest points is 2.46 A which corresponds to the holes of the hexagonal. Relative to diamers this is a vacuum tight ultrathin film for dirigible applications. FIGURE 21 graphene photo from Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1999, 1,

4113E4118: FIGURE 21 graphene photo actual measurements of the six-member carbon graphene "holes" (z-axis energy of the valleys are near zero) and the x-axis distance measured "mass" (z-axis energy of the maxima is near 0.8) along EACH one of six hexagonal sides. Atomic constructive interference is avoided because energetic charge densities are matched [0 to 0.8] to the inventive step of producing two body-centered- hexagons rotated 90° relative to their hexagonal planes and each hexagon centerpoint (zero-mass and energy) body-centered around one hexagon side (the mass) midpoint.

The presence of electronically equivalent sp² six-member carbon hexagonal atom rings provide a three dimensional structure when one sheet is rotated perpendicular and offset The energetics of these six-member carbon rings arrayed into the graphene structure in FIGUE 1, prior art, are represented by, and related to internal angles of a regular hexagon (one where all sides and all angles are equal) are all 120° and the hexagon has 720 degrees. It has 6 rotational symmetries and 6 reflection symmetries, making up the dihedral group D6. The longest diagonals of a regular hexagon, connecting diametrically opposite vertices, are twice its sides in length, providing a loss of charge in energetics at the centerpoint of the hexagonal six-member carbon ring. Like squares and equilateral triangles, regular hexagons fit together without any gaps to tile the plane (three hexagons meeting at every vertex), and so are useful for constructing tessellations. The six-member carbon ring honeycomb are hexagonal for this reason and because the shape makes efficient use of space. The Voronoi diagram of a regular triangular lattice is the honeycomb tessellation of hexagons. There is no platonic solid made of regular hexagons. The archimedean solids with some hexagonal faces are the truncated tetrahedron, truncated octahedron, truncated icosahedron (of soccer ball and fullerene fame), truncated cuboctahedron and the truncated icosidodecahedron. FIGURES 2 through 16 illustrate views around the axes labeled x, y, and z that fill three-dimensional space with two dimensional graphene sheets stacked, xYl, and xY2, and xY3 suspending three planar graphene sheets xZl, xZ2, and xZ3. Relative to these axes, the position of any two linked hexagonal carbon (Hexagon Cl and C2) are rotated 90 degrees around their centerpoints and offset an equal distance juxapositioning the midpoint of one of six sides onto the hexagonal centerpoint of its linked hexagon. In FIGURES 7 - 10 graphene sheets xYl and xZl are the same for all given layers, each number giving the distance of that point from the origin measured along the given axis, which is equal to the distance of that point from the plane determined by the other two axes. Three dimensions e.g. width, length, and depth. In production of different 3D shapes, doping, energy input, the dimension of C-C bonds, and molecular atomic angles may vary relative to the energetic charge states. The electronics of the atoms are minimized by adsorption of gas onto the molecules that fit together geometries taught in this invention.

In prior art, nanographite is characterized by the stacking of finite flat graphene sheets with open edges, such as zigzag and armchair types. A localized edge state occurs through the nonbonding -orbital around the Fermi level, and the edge shapes govern the electronic state of the nanographite. Magnetism in nanographite is possible because the nonbonding zigzag edge states are highly degenerated at the Fermi level [4] . Polymerized C60 in an one-dimensional (ID) chain, 2D rhombohedral or tetragonal, and 3D polymeric structures can be synthesized by using a high-pressure, temperature treatment of a fee CβOzsolid. Each C60 in these structures is formed through rehybridization from sp2 to sp3 bonding. The magnetism of a C60 polymer is attributed to the unpaired electrons of the edge carbon atoms and to the presence of carbon vacancies appearing on the defects induced at interfullerene bonds [8]. This invention teaches applying some of the same production methods from prior art to produce suspended graphene taught in this invention. The behavior of the edges remains the same as prior art, but this invention teaches that the energy potential of the edge is moved around the 3D object taught in this invention by the number of six member carbon atoms specified with atomic preciseness in a each plane, which is useful in making computer circuits centered around an element, like boron doping patterns to curve the graphene plane. Doping of boron can be inserted into the carbon hexagonal plane. Silicon and other elements can be applied. Atoms can be adsorbates relative to the 3D graphene configuration designed to attract each species of molecules selected. Helium and Xenon, for example (not limited to these), can be elements that change the electric potential of the 3D graphene layering increasing or decreasing the molecules electronics.

FIGURE 17 illustrates true (free-standing) graphene, which is a two dimensional (2D) one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp²-bonded carbon atoms production template lithographic pattern according to the dimensions of the atoms selected. Zigzag open edges 5 and armchair open edges 4 are the types formed from production of graphene. Axes 1, 2, and 3 are optional locations for graphene planar sheets of sp²- bonded carbon atoms to be deposited during production perpendicular to the original x-y plane. All or pairs of these angles can have partial graphene production to provide 3D object of infinite configuration, because in the graphene sp²-bonded carbon atoms are the building element tessellated in the perpendicular plane and they can be increased or decreased in number. The three dimensional planes can be silicon nitrate, for example, with the template pattern for production in two or three or more perpendicular planes 1, 2, and 3. el and e2 are thermal gates, laser ports, lithographic locations, gas gates (e.g. super cooled-Helium, Xenon electrically charged,...), and material seed location for production tooling to provide the 3D floating (suspended) graphene in this invention. CUTTING GRAPHENE to make graphene template production tools and electronic components requires atomically precise, macroscopic length ribbons of graphene, including x, y, z axes control of cutting:

On July 30, 2008 University of Pennsylvania professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Penn, A. T. Charlie Johnson, and his Penn team have demonstrated a new etching process which relies on catalytic metal particles to etch the graphene along precise atomic directions Titled: Carving Functional Nanoribbons Using Super-Heated, Nano-Sized Particles of Iron. Penn's team investigated the construction of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons in which charge-carrying electrons are confined in a nearly two-dimensional, lateral plane and the electronic properties of the ribbon are controlled by the width and specific crystallographic orientation of the material. These structures hold enormous promise as nanoscale devices, with the advantage that graphene' s two-dimensionality lends itself to existing device architectures based on planar geometries. Attempts with current nanofabrication standards such as lithography and plasma etching, however, have left rough edges to the nanoribbons that affect their performance. Until now, these structures have been impossible to achieve because the rough, non-crystalline edges of the graphene, resulting from current state-of-the-art nanolithography techniques, are considered the limiting factor to attaining useful performance from nanoscale graphene devices. Even atomic-scale flaws would derail electrical conductivity of any graphene transistors. Johnson's technique, employing hot iron nanoparticles to carve out patterns in graphene sheets, appears to be the first detailed example of such precise fabrication.

FIGURE 18 illustrates alternative shapes viewed from the orientation in FIGURE 7: a plane bent into an arc intersecting a flat plane 6, two intersecting arcs 7, two intersecting Ceo Buckyball (or nanotubes) 8 where the hexagonal planes are body- centered by rotating 72° around pentagon centerpoint axis perpendicular to its plane (also link fullerene end caps on single wall nanotubes), triangular planes intersect with curved plane 9, triangular planes intersect 10, and offset graphene planar sheets 11 provide links of small area sheets to produce any size 3D object. All these shapes are linked together with the two six-atom carbon elements relationship illustrated in FIGURE 2 - 16 taught in this invention. Any number of layers can be stacked to increase the size of these 3D shapes. The dimension of C-C bonds may vary relative to the energetic change states. These shapes can be cut to shape or produced from pre-shaped substrate tools that exceed the dimensions in FIGURES 2 - 16.

FIGURE 19 is a graphite structure schematic representation illustrating the dimensions of six-member carbon atoms represented as hexagonal holes, sides, mirrored side distances, and 3D layer spacing distance as side divided by 2 plus a side side length;

FIGURE 20 illustrates an alternative perspective view of FIGURES 13, 15, and 16 with smaller diameter hexagonal sides as an improved visual aid. Layers can me removed by engineering them out during production. According to IBM researchers, graphene fabrication techniques for large area single and multi layer graphene sheets are exfoliation of HOPG (highly oriented pyrolytic graphite) and graphitization of 6H and 4H SiC surfaces (Epitaxial Growth). Growth of graphene layers on HOPG via exposure to methyl radicals. Advantages of Epitaxial over Exfoliated Graphene is extremely high quality and continuous layers: In a surface height fluctuations comparison: Exfoliated Graphene is ~ 8-15

A⁰ over 200 X 200 A⁰ area, Epitaxial Graphene is < 0.05 A⁰ over 3000 X 3000 A⁰ area.

Epitaxially grown graphene is of extremely high quality and truly 2D. Epitaxial Growth is defect-free and contamination-free as compared to the exfoliated version of graphene. In a direct comparison, exfoliated graphene has the salient characteristics of crumpled paper. Epitaxial graphene 2D film is a viable candidate for an all-carbon post-CMOS electronics revolution. Graphene can essentially be obtained by Exfoliating HOPG or Epitaxial Growth, which is thermal growth on a SiC substrate by CVD with methyl pre-cursors on other substrates: Various substrates are TaC, TiC, HfC, In, Pd, Re, Ru, Ni, and Pt. Precursors - ethane, methane, benzene etc. Ultra-thin epitaxial layers of graphene is achieved Epitaxy of Graphene by CVD at suitable reaction temperatures.

AMO GmbH, Otto-Blumenthal-StraBe 25, Germany (www.amo.de) provides monolayer, bilayer stacked, and several layer stacks of graphene crystallites fabricated using the exfoliation method on a Si/SiO2 substrate. An alignment grid has been pre-patterned to simplify locating the crystallites. On demand, electrical contacts can be defined. AMO GmbH also provides nanoimprint lithography, interference lithography, electron beam, lithography, and nanoelectron foundry services to make 2D graphene. This invention teaches that existing production methods can be applied to produce the inventive step of 3D graphene where layered stacks are woven into each other at 90 degree angle rotated planes in FIGURES 1 - 71.

FIGURES 22 through 29 teaches that C60 Buckminsterfullerene (C60) derivative bowls of five regular hexagons arrayed and bonded around the centerpoint of a regular pentagon with arrows locating each pentagons centerpoint which is vectored from the centerpoint of the C60 to form a loose bond (semiconductor band gap) by fitting carbon side members into hexagonal holes. FIGURE 22 illustrates one C60 Buckminsterfullerene carbon element. FIGURE 23 illustrates a C60 Buckminsterfullerene (C60) derivative of five regular hexagons arrayed and bonded around the centerpoint of a regular pentagon with arrows locating each pentagons centerpoint vectored from the centerpoint of the C60. FIGURE 24 illustrates two of the C60 Buckminsterfullerene in FIGURE 23 mirrored on top of the pentagon. FIGURE 25 illustrates the C60 Buckminsterfullerene of FIGURE 22 with arrows in the twelve equally spaced vectors, including a slight rotation of central vectors to see both bowls. FIGURE 26 illustrates the C60 Buckminsterfullerene with one bowl of FIGURE 24 moved down to the same height at the lower bowl. FIGURE 27 illustrates the C60

Buckminsterfullerene with one bowl of FIGURE 26 rotated around its pentagon centerpoint at a 36 degree angle which will center one of six-member carbon atom elements within the hole of other arrayed six-member carbon elements in the same bowl. These C60 Buckminsterfullerene can be deformed to fit together body-centering hexagon sides where required. FIGURE 28 illustrates the C60 Buckminsterfullerene with two adjacent hexagons from one-of-two bowls and one hexagon of the second bowl in FIGURE 27 rotated around an axis for a perspective view of how a regular hexagonal side is inserted into a hexagonal hole. FIGURE 29 illustrates the C60 Buckminsterfullerene with two adjacent hexagons from one-of-two bowls and one hexagon of the second bowl in FIGURE 28 rotated around an axis for an alternative perspective view of how a regular hexagonal side is inserted into a hexagonal hole.

FIGURES 30 through 34 illustrate the C60 Buckminsterfullerene Boolean union along the center axis of two pentagons, by orienting one pentagon from each C60 parallel relative to their planes, centerpoints aligned, and rotated 36 degrees around one pentagons centerpoint. FIGURE 30 illustrates two C60 Buckminsterfullerene Boolean with pentagon centers each offset. FIGURE 31 illustrates a rotated plan view down the axis of two C60 Buckminsterfullerene intersected pentagons within FIGURE 30. FIGURE 32 illustrates the two C60 Buckminsterfullerene in FIGURES 30 and 31 with a third C60 Buckminsterfullerene rotated 144 degrees relative to the first Boolean C60. FIGURE 33 illustrates a top plan view the three C60 Buckminsterfullerene in FIGURE 32 with a forth C60 Buckminsterfullerene rotated 144 degrees relative to each of the first two C60, where three C60 are arrayed around a central C60 at 144 degrees. FIGURE 34 illustrates a side view of four C60 Buckminsterfullerene in FIGURE 33 rotated up 90 degrees. FIGURE 35 through 41 teaches FIGURES 30 - 34 illustrate the C60

Buckminsterfullerene Boolean union. FIGURE 35 illustrates a plan view of three single- walled tubular fullerenes carbon armchair type nanotubes having a longitudinal axis that is aligned with each other C60 Buckminsterfullerene derivative with pentagon centers each a Boolean union offset of selected armchair type nanotubes. FIGURE 36 illustrates a magnified sectional view of rectangle illustrated in FIGURE 35. FIGURE 37 illustrates two single- walled tubular fullerenes carbon armchair type nanotubes having a longitudinal axis that is aligned with each other and in a Boolean union at their fullerene end. FIGURE 38 illustrates a Boolean union of three single-walled tubular fullerenes carbon armchair type nanotubes having a longitudinal axis around the C60 Buckminsterfullerene derivative on the ends rotated 144 degrees relative to a central axis. FIGURE 39 illustrates a magnified sectional view of rectangle illustrated in FIGURE 38. FIGURE 40 illustrates a side view of the central single- walled tubular fullerenes carbon armchair type nanotubes in FIGURE 38 rotated down to view its length. FIGURE 41 illustrates a side view of the central single- walled tubular fullerenes carbon armchair type nanotubes in FIGURE 38 rotated 180 degrees to view its end.

FIGURE 42 illustrates a production pattern on two planer tool surfaces with the pattern for carbon hexagonal patterns.

FIGURE 43 illustrates two single-walled tubular fullerenes armchair type carbon nanotubes having a longitudinal axis in FIGURE 37 that are in a Boolean union along their sides. FIGURE 44 illustrates two single- walled tubular fullerenes carbon armchair type nanotubes having a longitudinal axis in FIGURE 43 that are in a Boolean union along their sides and further offset along their longitudinal axis. These offset single- walled tubular fullerenes carbon armchair type nanotubes can be added to in length width, and height to provide a thread, string, rope, ribbon,, including a rope large enough to be a space elevator cable extending from earth to space. FIGURE 45 illustrates two single- walled tubular fullerenes carbon armchair type nanotubes having a longitudinal axis in FIGURE 44 that are in a Boolean union along their sides and further offset along their longitudinal axis, where one of two single- walled tubular fullerenes carbon nanotubes is arrayed around the central axis of second at 144 degrees and 108 degrees. FIGURE 46 illustrates an elevated perspective view of the arrayed union Boolean nanotubes in FIGURE 45. FIGURES 45 and 46 are ideal transistor components, which can be wired to integrated circuits.

Gases can be placed within the C60 Buckminsterfullerene and single- walled tubular fullerenes armchair type carbon nanotubes (both referenced as fullerene in this patent) to enhance the efficiency of the electronics. Gases: helium, hydrogen, oxygen, etc... change the electrical potential of the electronics potential and function. A pure operational gas in the environment of the electronic components of this invention can also optimize engineered component function, including morphing the functions of circuits into selected for functions. In FIGURES 33 and 34 three C60 Buckminsterfullerene t2, t3, and t4 are polar arrayed around one C60 Buckminsterfullerene tl hexagonal central axis 120 degree angles apart and FIGURES 45 and 46 single- walled tubular fullerenes armchair type carbon nanotubes t2, t3, and t4 are polar arrayed around one center nanotube tl (like C60 Buckminsterfullerene tl in FIGs 33 and 34, but the pentagonal Bucky fullerene axis was arrayed around dividing the angles at 144, 108, and 108 degrees) molecular switches can be provided out of these fullerene carbon structures. Here, central fullerenes tl that have three similar fullerenes t2, t3, and t4 hanging on their sides by Boolean union semiconductor band gap 3D HBC each connected through HBC 3D Graphene structure. A GATE can be added to control the electrons, which controls charge flow through the circuit. Fullerenes arrayed around fullerenes connected by 3D HBC Boolean unions form into a potential transistor. The illustrations show schematically how electrodes t4, a "source t2" and a "drain t3," are connected by an "island tl" of conducting fullerene material, and suspended structurally by floating by 3D HBC fullerene tl through t4. The island tl accommodate one or more electrons at a time; any second (or additional) electron is kept away by electrostatic repulsion of GATE t4. An electron from the source t2 tunnels quantum mechanically to the island tl, then leaves by tunneling on to the drain t3. The voltage applied to a third electrodes t4, called the GATE t4, controls whether a single electron (or more) can enter or exit the island tl, thereby registering either a 1 or a 0. Two or more complementary materials can often be combined to obtain the desirable properties of both. Typically a bulk matrix and reinforcement are used. Doping of the graphene is useful to fine tune circuit values called out by the circuit logic desired by an engineer. All the FIGURES in this invention teach 3D HBC materials can be engineered into a circuit and morphing circuits. In addition, FIGURES 48, 49 and 52 can divide gases applied to modify the energy potential of the structures. One half of C60 Buckminsterfullerene can be provided as templates for HBC insertion into planar graphene ribbons (graphene sheets) to grow a C60 Buckminsterfullerene or nanotubes on both sides of the graphene ribbon. Gases can be inserted into these closed structures, as single or multiple gas species, including separation by the graphene ribbon. If a zeolite (adsorbent or other molecular sieves) with its matching adsorbate) is inserted into one end of a nanotube and its matching gas or liquid in the other end, energy (all forms of energy) can desorb the adsorbate to manage energy potentials of a circuit. When the adsorbate is adsorbed back into the adsorbent heat of adsorption is released.

Single wall carbon nano tubes can be squeezed on the tube walls to fit into other dimensions. Double wall nanotubes can be squeezed damaging the bond between the walls providing potential for electronics components. FIGURE 48 illustrates true

(free-standing) graphene, which is a two dimensional (2D) one- atom- thick planar sheet of sp -bonded carbon atoms production template lithographic pattern according to the dimensions of the atoms selected rotated perpendicular for three dimensional 3D production of suspended graphene, with one single-walled tubular fullerenes carbon armchair type nanotubes having a longitudinal axis inserted into the plane of the graphene at an angle to align the oval ring of tube hexagonal sides with the holes in the graphene plane. FIGURE 49 illustrates an elevated perspective view of FIGURE 49 to teach the angle of intersection between one of three nanotube in FIGURE 35 and true (freestanding) graphene, which is a two dimensional (2D) one- atom- thick planar sheet of sp²- bonded carbon atoms in FIGURE 17.

FIGURE 50 illustrates an elevated perspective view of two true (freestanding) graphene, which is a two dimensional (2D) one- atom- thick planar sheet of sp²- bonded carbon atoms stacked two layers high in the horizontal plane and four small irregular shapes of graphene stacked vertically. FIGURE 51 illustrates an elevated rotated perspective view of FIGURE 50.

Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes:

FIGURE 47 is schematic representation illustrating the dimensions of two adjacent six-member carbon atoms represented as regular hexagonal graphene that is rolled up as nanotubes illustrated in FIGURES 35-46. Below is a compilation of research results from scientists all over the world. All values are for Single Wall Carbon

Nanotubes (SWNT's) unless otherwise stated. Equilibrium Structure

Average Diameter of SWNT's 1.2 - 1.4 nm [ 1 ]

Distance from opposite Carbon Atoms (Line 1, nl) 2.83 A [1]

Analogous Carbon Atom Separation 2.456 A [1] (Line 2 n2)

Parallel Carbon Bond Separation

(Line 3 n3) 2.45 A [1]

Carbon Bond Length (Line 4 n4) 1.42 A [1,23]

C - C Tight Bonding Overlap Energy ~ 2.5 eV [23,24]

Group Symmetry (10, 10) C₅V [2]

Lattice: Bundles of Ropes of Triangular

Nanotubes Lattice (2D) [2]

Lattice Constant 17 A [2]

Lattice Parameter:

(10, 10) Armchair 16.78 A [3] (17, 0) Zigzag 16.52 A [3] (12, 6) Chiral 16.52 A [3]

Density:

(10, 10) Armchair 1.33 g/cm³ [3] (17, 0) Zigzag 1.34 g/cm³ [3] (12, 6) Chiral 1.40 g/cm³ [3]

Interlayer Spacing:

(n, n) Armchair 3.38 A [3] (n, 0) Zigzag 3.41 A [3] (2n, n) Chiral 3.39 A [3]

Optical Properties Fundamental Gap:

For (n, m); n-m is divisible by 3

[Metallic] O eV [13,19]

For (n, m); n-m is not divisible by 3

[Semi-Conducting] ~ 0.5 eV [13,19,23]

Electrical Transport m

(12.9 k )-

Conductance Quantization 1 [4, 5,19] m

Resistivity 10^"4 -cm [2]

Maximum Current Density 10¹³ AJm² [5, 12]

Thermal Transport

- 2000 Thermal Conductivity W/m/K [6, 15,16] Phonon Mean Free Path ~ 100 nm [15]

Relaxation Time ~ 10^"11 s [15]

Elastic Behavior

[3,7,8,9,12,13

Young's Modulus (SWNT) ~ 1 TPa ]

Young's Modulus (MWNT) 1.28 TPa [8]

Maximum Tensile Strength ~ 100 GPa [18]

Graphene Transistors

Graphene can be engineered into transistors or other electronic devices. In prior art two-dimensional graphene sheets cannot be used in electronics technology without a semiconducting type band gap engineered into that same 2D sheet. Graphene lacks the band gap between its valence and conduction electron-energy bands that defines semiconductors by their band gaps. Semiconductor bands are the energies where electrons are either free to move through the material (conduction band) or tightly bound to their host atoms (valence band). In the prior art attempts to engineer graphene into transistors or other electronic devices, a gap must be introduced into the electronic band structure of its two- dimensional crystal where a gap is provided through: doping, fabrication of confined geometric structures like quantum dots or nanoribbons, or growing epitaxial graphene on a silicon carbide substrate which provides a semiconducting band gap in graphene without doping or confining the geometry (Title: Substrate-induced bandgap opening in epitaxial graphene), by Shuyn Zhou and Alessandra Lanzara of Berkeley Lab and UC Berkeley, Gey-Hong Gweon and Dung-Hai Lee of UC Berkeley, Alexei Fedorov of Berkeley Lab, Phillip First and Walter de Heer of Georgia Tech, Francisco Guinea of the University of Madrid, and Antonio Castro Neto of Boston University, appeared in the November, 2007 issue of Nature Materials Insight. A gap is introduced into the electronic band structure of graphene's two-dimensional crystal by a multi-institutional collaboration under the leadership of researchers with Berkeley Lab and the University of California at Berkeley. Alessandra Lanzara and her group published a paper on growing an epitaxial film of graphene on a silicon carbide substrate to create a significant energy band gap — 0.26 electron volts (eV) — is produced. "We propose that this gap is created when the graphene lattice's symmetry is broken as a result of the interaction between the graphene and the substrate, and we believe that these results highlight a promising direction for the band-gap engineering of graphene. Electrons can move ballistically through graphene even at room temperature, which means they can fly through the sheet like photons through a vacuum, undergoing none of the collisions with atoms that generate heat and limit the speed and size of silicon-based devices. Also, because carbon has the highest melting point of any element, and graphene the highest rate of thermal conductivity, it should be possible to operate electronic devices made from graphene at much higher temperatures than silicon-based devices. "The band gap decreases as sample thickness increases and eventually approaches zero when the number of graphene film layers exceeds four band-gap substrate engineering. Different substrates will have different potentials, and the strength of the interaction between the graphene and the substrate should lead to different band-gap sizes. Already there are predictions that a similar mechanism might open band gaps in graphene on a boron nitride substrate." Probe techniques were used to reveal the first reported semiconductor band gap in graphene. Epitaxial graphene devices could in principle be fabricated using the existing silicon-based technology." Although the use of epitaxial graphene as the host material for microelectronic technology remains a few miles down the road, the demonstration that electronic band gaps can be created in bulk graphene was published.

This invention teaches in FIGURES 2 through 6, a semiconductor type band gap is provided between two hexagons Cl and C2 no matter how many graphene ribbons are layered; centerpoint holes Hl and H2 illustrated in FIGURES 4 and 5 are hexagon-body-centered (HBC), during production, around midpoints of hexagon sides (also Hl and H2) rotated at 90° (degree angles) relative to their hexagonal planes. In FIGURES 7 through 16, this invention teaches a semiconductor type band gap is provided between each hexagonal centerpoint hole HBC in a first planar sheet xYl of graphene that is body-centered HBC around each hexagon side midpoint in a second planar sheet xZlof graphene rotated at a 90° angle relative to the first hexagonal planes. Atomically precise, macroscopic length ribbons of graphene (planer sheets of graphene) in FIGURES 11, 13, 15, and 16 all provide a HBC semiconductor type band gap inherent in between perpendicular planar graphene sheets in this invention where electrons are free to move through the ribbons of graphene material (conduction band). The HBC band gap provides valence and conduction electron-energy bands where the energies in electrons can be tightly bound to their host atoms in the ribbons of graphene atoms (valence band). GATES to control the flow of these energies can be selected for adjacent to the bad gap to control these energies.

Transistors: According to www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 306 22 OCTOBER 2004 (Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films K. S.

Novoselov, A. K. Geim, et.al) in Graphene may be the best possible metal for metallic transistor applications. In addition to the scalability to true nanometer sizes envisaged for metallic transistors, graphene also offers ballistic transport, linear current-voltage (I- V) characteristics, and huge sustainable currents (9108 A/cm2) (15). Graphene transistors show a rather modest on-off resistance ratio (less than E30 at 300 K; limited because of thermally excited carriers), but this is a fundamental limitation for any material without a band gap exceeding kBT.

These on-off ratios are considered sufficient for logic circuits in HBC FIGURES in this invention, and it is feasible to increase the ratio further by, for example, using p-n junctions, local gates, or the point contact geometry.

In FIGUREs 53through 55 molecular switches can be carved out of a single graphene sheet. Here, a four-benzene quantum DOT 28 is hanging on the side between two graphene sheets xYl and xY4 connected to graphene electrodes through narrow constrictions (connections to sheets xYl and xY4). A coplanar graphene side gate 27 (xZl or xZ4 or both can be applied as a GATE - an additional GATE can be added to closer to DOT 28 to control the electrons) controls charge flow through the circuit. A nanoscale graphene plane can be formed into a single-electron (or quantum-DOT) transistor 25. The diagram shows schematically how two electrodes xYl and xY4, a "source xY4" and a "drain xYl," are connected by an "island 28" of conducting material, or quantum DOT 28, that is only 100 nanometers across and suspended structurally by floating graphene stacks xZl through xZ4 (group 27). The island 28, of such a device is too small to accommodate more than one new electron at a time; any second electron is kept away by electrostatic repulsion of group 27 (xZl, xZ2, xZ3 and/or xZ4). An electron from the source xY4 tunnels quantum mechanically to the island DOT 28, then leaves by tunneling on to the drain xYl. The voltage applied to a third electrode(s) which are vertical xZl through xZ4 (27) and can be moved closer to the DOT 28 during manufacturing (illustrated at a distance for visual schematic clarity only), called the gate group 27, controls whether a single electron can enter or exit the island 28, thereby registering either a 1 or a 0. Two or more complementary materials can often be combined to obtain the desirable properties of both. Typically a bulk matrix and reinforcement are used. Doping of the graphene is useful to fine tune circuit values called out by the circuit logic desired by an engineer.

FIGURE 52 illustrates true (free-standing) graphene, which is a two dimensional (2D) one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp²-bonded carbon atoms, with one single- walled tubular fullerenes carbon zig-zag type nanotubes having a longitudinal axis inserted into the plane of the graphene at a 90 degree (perpendicular to x-y planer graphene sheet) angle to align a ring of adjacent hexagonal sides with the holes in the graphene plane. These structures can be applied as transistor components or connectors. The nanotube's is deformed from its natural flexibility to HBC its wall hexagonals into the graphene hexagonal.

FIGURE 53 illustrates an elevated rotated perspective view of a molecular switch that can be carved out of a single graphene sheet and connected to two suspended layers. FIGURE 53 illustrates an elevated rotated perspective view of a molecular switch that can be carved out of a single graphene sheet and connected to two suspended layers. FIGURE 53 illustrates an elevated rotated perspective view of a molecular switch that can be carved out of a single graphene sheet and connected to two suspended layers;. FIGURE 54 illustrates an end view up the x-axis of one planar sheet of graphene produced from six-member carbon elements in FIGURES 2 through 6 in a perspective view of FIGURE 53 molecular switch connected by a single carbon on the points of the hexagonal. FIGURE 55 illustrates a rotated side view of two FIGURE 53 molecular switch on the same size planer graphene sheet.

In FIGURES 56 through 68 molecular switches can be carved out of a single graphene ribbons (sheets). Here, a six -benzene quantum DOT 30, 31, and 32 are hanging on the side between two graphene sheets xYl and xY4, is connected to graphene electrodes through narrow constrictions of a full six-member hexagon. A coplanar graphene side gate xZl through xZ7 controls charge flow through the circuit. A nanoscale graphene plane can be formed into a single-electron (or quantum-DOT) transistor 30, 31, and 32. The diagram shows schematically how two electrodes xYl and xY4, a "source xY4" and a "drain xYl," are connected by an "island 30, 31, and 32" of conducting material, or quantum dot 30, 31, and 32, that is only 100 nanometers across and suspended structurally by floating graphene stacks xZl through xZ7. The island 30, 31, and 32 are each too small to accommodate more than one new electron at a time; any second electron is kept away by electrostatic repulsion. An electron from the source xY4 tunnels quantum mechanically to the island 30, 31, and 32, then leaves by tunneling on to the drain xYl. The voltage applied to a third electrodes which are vertical xZl through xZ7 and can be moved closer to the DOT during manufacturing, called the gate controls whether a single electron can enter or exit the island 30, 31, and 32, thereby registering either a 1 or a 0. Two or more complementary materials can often be combined to obtain the desirable properties of both. Typically a bulk matrix and reinforcement are used.

Doping of the graphene is useful to fine tune circuit values called out by the circuit logic desired by an engineer.

FIGURE 63 illustrates a rotated side view of two FIGURE 56 molecular switch 30 (transistor GATE) on the same size perpendicular planer graphene sheets xYl with a vertical graphene sheet xZl close to the molecular quantum-DOT 30. In addition, in FIGURES 36 through 68 graphene sheets (graphene ribbons) are filled in with 3D structure of four horizontal stacks xYl - xY4 and seven vertical stacks xZl - xZ7. FIGURE 57 illustrates a perspective side view of two true (free-standing) graphene sheets positioned perpendicular to each other, which are two dimensional (2D) one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp -bonded carbon atoms "chicken wire array" crystals that are densely packed in a regular hexagonal honeycomb crystal lattice in a Cartesian plane (x, y-plane). FIGURE 58 illustrates a rotated perspective view of FIGURE 57 showing the vertical graphene sheet in an alternative view. FIGURE 59 illustrates a rotated perspective view of FIGURE 57 and 58 with four horizontal sheet stacks and seven vertical graphene sheet stacks occupying the same three dimensional space. FIGURE 60 illustrates a rotated planar top view of FIGURE 59 showing the vertical and horizontal graphene sheet alignment within each other. FIGURE 61 illustrates a rotated planar top view of FIGURE 60 with two molecular switch curved in an arm-chair orientation attachment to the same horizontal graphene sheets suspended by vertical graphene sheets. FIGURE 62 illustrates a rotated planar top view of FIGURE 61 with three molecular switches curved in an arm-chair orientation attachment to the same horizontal graphene sheets suspended by vertical graphene sheets. FIGURE 63 illustrates a rotated side view of FIGURE 64 with only one molecular switches curved in an arm-chair orientation attachment to the same horizontal graphene sheets suspended by vertical graphene sheets. FIGURE 64 illustrates a rotated side view of FIGURE 61 with two molecular switches curved in an arm-chair orientation attachment to the same horizontal graphene sheets suspended by vertical graphene sheets. FIGURE 65 illustrates a rotated side view of FIGURE 62 with three molecular switches curved in an arm-chair orientation attachment to the same horizontal graphene sheets suspended by vertical graphene sheets. FIGURE 66 illustrates a rotated side view of FIGURE 63with only one molecular switch. FIGURE 67 illustrates a rotated perspective view of the two molecular switches in FIGURE 64. FIGURE 68 illustrates a rotated side edge view of the two molecular switches in FIGURE 64.

Production templates for HBC growth: FIGURE 69 illustrates a rotated end view of FIGURES 70 and 71 production templates comprised of one graphene sheet xYl draped at a 90 degree angle, relative to, and over, seven true (free-standing) graphene sheets xZl through xZ7 that are positioned parallel to each other and are provided production growth template ends in a HBC position, one-member of six-member hexagonal sides el through e7 (rows) that are inserted through the plane of graphene xYl to provide a template for both planes of carbon to grow perpendicular to each other in HBC structures. Each graphene sheet is a two dimensional (2D) one- atom- thick planar sheet of sp²-bonded carbon atoms "chicken wire array" crystals that are densely packed in a regular hexagonal honeycomb crystal lattice "cut to shape" (or selected for by sorting) to encourage uniform growth in planes at approximately 90 degree angles relative to each other in HBC structure. In FIGURE 69, arrow 29 points to graphene sheet xYl that is in the Cartesian plane (x, y-plane) which is the top planar view of graphene sheet xYl illustrated in FIGURE 71 (view rotated approximately at a 90 degree angle relative to the view in FIG 71 versus FIG 69 end view). An arrow 29 points to the direction graphene sheet xYl is draped over graphene sheets xZl through xZ7 at approximately a 90 degree angle relative to xYl. FIGURE 17 shows alternative views of rows el and e2 templates. Thermal gradients can control where hexagonal carbon molecules form first to make sure more or less energy is provided to each plane so they grow at approximately 90 degree angles relative to each other and fill in the 3D space with carbon according to this invention. Lasers, fluid cooling or heating, solid state heat sinks, or other means can control thermal gradients where needed. Laser light provides the most precise nano scale tool to modify the electronics of a six-member hexagonal carbon atom, the position, energy near the atoms, and cutting to keep a 3D floating graphene uniform or to shape any defect designed in for end use functions. Xenon and other noble gases can be applied to aggregate xenon in locations to keep the growth of graphene three dimensional (two 90 degree angle planes stacked within the same space illustrated in FIGs 1 - 7). FIGURE 42 illustrates a template where two graphene sheets xZl and xYl are rotated at 90 degree angles relative to each other and provided dimensional positioning for the electronics of atomic positions and dimensions listed in FIGURES 5, 6, 19, 20, and 21. FIGURE 42 Nature Nanotechnology 3, 563 - 568 (2008), Published online: 10 August 2008 I doi:10.1038/nnano.2008.215, Tittle: High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite, Authors: Yenny Hernandez, Valeria Nicolosi, According to the Abstract: Fully exploiting the properties of graphene will require a method for the mass production of this remarkable material. Two main routes are possible: large-scale growth or large-scale exfoliation. Here, we demonstrate graphene dispersions with concentrations up to approxθ.01 mg ml-1, produced by dispersion and exfoliation of graphite in organic solvents such as N-methyl-pyrrolidone. This is possible because the energy required to exfoliate graphene is balanced by the solvent-graphene interaction for solvents whose surface energies match that of graphene. We confirm the presence of individual graphene sheets by Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Our method results in a monolayer yield of approxl wt%, which could potentially be improved to 7-12 wt% with further processing. The absence of defects or oxides is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron, infrared and Raman spectroscopies. We are able to produce semi-transparent conducting films and conducting composites. Solution processing of graphene opens up a range of potential large-area applications, from device and sensor fabrication to liquid-phase chemistry.

FIGURES 69 through 71 would be a more accurate view of details behind the template planar surfaces xYlor xZl in FIG 42, where FIGs 69 - 71 only represent one planar side either xYlor xZl of FIG 42. In FIGURE 42 a graphene layer xYl can be grown on a silicon carbide substrate providing an interaction between carbon hexagonals and silicon carbide substrate that breaks the symmetry between graphene's sublattices. Broken symmetry separates the bands sublattices and opens a gap between the graphene's valence and conduction bands. The band gap raises the possibility of using graphene in electronic devices. Graphene layer xZl is grown on a boron nitride substrate at a 90 degree angle relative to layer xYl providing open band gaps in graphene at a different electronic potential. The silicon carbide substrate and the boron nitride substrate at a 90 degree angle have different enough atomic electronics to provide two templates that can grow HBC graphene within the same 3D space. Graphene orientation and rough uneven edges in a single sheet makes it a conductor or semiconductor, providing the physical difference and relative thermal, electrical, and other energies required to producing HBC graphene different enough to increase or decrease the production parameters. For example in FIGs 69 - 71, if xZ3 is heated to a temperature above xZl, xZ2, xZ4 through xZ7, growth would not occur along row e3 (potential to attract growth is reduced toward level in the wall and environment of production vessels), where graphene growth would occur on rows el, e2, e4 - e7 in a 2D or 3D HBC type graphene. Adsorption (adsorb) of xenon onto these sheets can be selected for by changing the electric potential of graphene sheets by providing a source of xenon and an electric path to drain the xenon or its energy. An arc of polarized xenon through a selected sheet will result in a method of selecting graphene growth patterns. Above-mentioned Penn state iron crystal graphene cutting techniques can also enhance this selected growth art by synthesizing the iron crystal cutting capability in straight, 30 degree, and 60 degree angles with xenon "arc positioning" (changing the xenon arc x, y, and y axes movement/position) to atomically precise controls for 2D and 3D graphene growth or cutting in production. The HBC 3D graphene face of FIGURES 15 and 20 comprise both 90 degree angle elements of HBC 3D graphene to provide a template for growth where in FIG 11 and 12 Cl is linked around C2 in an arrayed pattern in a base 'start" template face. Xenon adsorption can also reduce the electronics surrounding the six-atom hexagonal carbon molecule reducing resistance to weave HBC 3D graphene growth. Any graphene ribbon can be cut, or extended, into any shape or length to engineer a range of function into graphene. FUNCTION of 3D Graphene:

This Invention teaches a vacuum tight fabric around any three dimensional frame comprised of flexible films or cloth, or rigid (structural composites), that displaces air with a vacuum vessel to provide buoyancy of the structure relative to air or gas (including water), is under the scope of this invention. Monolithic microspheres and other nano structures can also form molecular geometries that are vacuum tight and provide air or water buoyancy. Helium, hydrogen, isotopes, and other small molecules may be small enough to pass through the vacuum film, but these atoms and molecules are also buoyant at relative atmospheric conditions, so the invention includes films that are open to buoyant molecules. Some of these thin vacuum tight films are porous (e.g. carbon graphene can be cut to match molecules sieve species selected for) and can be unidirectional molecular adsorption and electric swing desorption of the adsorbates. Helium cannot leak out of graphene, which is published in There are 13 Archimedean solids that are candidates to make vacuum dirigibles or other devices (fluid paddles) out of, which are some examples of air displacement shapes. Derivatives of any of the shapes or hybrid combinations that displace air with a partial vacuum are under the scope of this invention. Below the vertex configuration refers to the type of regular polygons that meet at any given vertex. For example, a vertex configuration of (4,6,8) means that a square, hexagon, and octagon meet at a vertex (with the order taken to be clockwise around the vertex). The number of vertices is 720° divided by the vertex angle defect. 13 Archimedean solids: truncated tetrahedron (3.6.6), cuboctahedron (3.4.3.4), truncated cube or truncated hexahedron (3.8.8), truncated octahedron (4.6.6), rhombicuboctahedron or small rhombicuboctahedron (3.4.4.4 ), truncated cuboctahedron or great rhombicuboctahedron (4.6.8), snub cube or snub hexahedron or snub cuboctahedron (2 chiral forms) (3.3.3.3.4), icosidodecahedron (3.5.3.5), truncated dodecahedron (3.10.10), truncated icosahedron or buckyball or football/soccer ball (5.6.6), rhombicosidodecahedron or small hombicosidodecahedron (3.4.5.4), truncated icosidodecahedron or great rhombicosidodecahedron (4.6.10), ND snub dodecahedron or snub icosidodecahedron (2 chiral forms) (3.3.3.3.5).

In Figures 82 though 90 a single pole with a fastener is assembled into five wind turbine blade holders by connecting two regular hexagons fastened at an angle 74.75 degrees and then arrayed around a central pentagon that is held in place by 76 central hub/bearing race. Blades 73 and 74 are mounted to the poles at angles that can capture air or water to turn the assembly 79. The assembly 79 can be arrayed up an axis to rotate on a column of air. FIG. 82 illustrates a perspective view regular hexagon pairs in FIG. 83 through 88 arrayed five times 360 degrees around a centerpoint forming central pentagons. FIG. 83 illustrates a perspective view of two regular hexagons rotated 74.75 degrees relative to two points on each hexagon of FIG. 83 through 86. FIG. 84 illustrates an end view of two regular hexagons rotated 74.7547 degrees relative to two points on each hexagon of FIG. 83 through 86. FIG. 85 illustrates a side view of FIG 84 rotated 90 degrees. FIG. 86 illustrates a top plan view of FIG 85. FIG. 87 illustrates a perspective view of buckyball bowls formed from hexagon pairs in FIG. 82 with a bearing race electric generator hub in FIG 89 Boolean difference of the pentagon rods formed in FIG 82. FIG. 88 illustrates a perspective view of turbine blades in FIGs 88 and 90 mounted to one frame in FIG 83-86. FIG. 89 illustrates a plan top view of FIG 87. FIG. 90 illustrates a perspective exploded view of bearing race hub with electric generator elements with an inside view of rod mounting positions that form a pentagon centrally in FIGs 82, 87, 89, and 91, where the five adjacent cut lines are cut at a rotated radius of 36 degrees providing overlap of the bottom and top bear race hub. FIG. 91 illustrates a side view of turbine assembly in FIGs 87, 89, and 92 stacked along a vertical axis. FIG. 92 illustrates a perspective view of turbine assembly in FIGs 89, and 92 stacked along a vertical axis. FIG. 93 illustrates a perspective view of a truncated icosahedrons (C60 shape) assembled around the components of FIGs 82-92, providing a protective housing. FIG. 94 illustrates a perspective view of a derivative of truncated icosahedrons; a bowl where six regular hexagons are arrayed around a center point of a pentagon five times in 360 degrees.

Graphene is made of a six-atom carbon hexagonal-body-centered (HBC) cell. Therefore, it is stable against structural distortions, and the rings, unlike in the molecule, do not buckle, and is also stable, exhibiting no imaginary modes. In FIGURES 95 through 98 a vacuum tight sheeting material is provided by modifying the production of graphene, a one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp²-bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a hexagonal honeycomb crystal lattice, to provide unlimited three dimensional graphene layers woven together by juxapositioning a first and second stack of an infinite number of parallel layers spaced at a distance of 2.13 A (Side/2 + Side = w4), where the second stack is rotated 90 degrees around a regular hexagon's centerpoint "holes" and then aligned to the first stack's hexagon side midpoint ( midpoint of one regular hexagon six-member side, which is a C-C bond midpoint) of regular hexagons. To avoid atomic constructive interference; at least one of a regular hexagon sides in the first stack of graphene is positioned by locating its side midpoint to the centerpoint "holes" of the regular hexagon in the second stack, which provides two stacks perpendicular to each other, suspending one planer two dimensional (2D) graphene sheet stack within a second graphene sheet stack allows each stack to occupy the same three dimensional space because six-member carbon holes provide space for six-member carbon-to-carbon sides at a low enough energetic change state. Optional dirigible wind power blades in FIG. 82 assembly 79 is provided vacuum tight cloth, preferably HBC graphene over the 3D frame, providing a dirigibles wind power turbine blade that will be buoyant in air reducing the stresses on the frame needed in prior art to elevate the blades into the wind. These dirigible wind blades could be held in position from ropes or cables to the ground rather than traditional poles and frames, including suspension between industrial or urban sky rise buildings. The cables or robes can be released in length or reeled in to reach optimized air currents (like a kite), a modification in elevation that current blades on poles cannot modify. A structure like a transportation fork lift or utility lift applied in construction and electric utilities can be applied to lift the dirigible blade into various elevations. FIG. 94 shows the seal line that forms half of the dirigible vacuum bag frame, from the bottom pentagon to around all the poles below the dashed line connected to the pentagon. These can be helium filled dirigibles or vacuum bag dirigibles that displace air for buoyancy. Static electricity generation from the vacuum bag dirigible is an advantage in power generation because all the electric power generation structure can also be minimized to films rubbing against films rather than magnetic motion capture in conventional electric generator components.

FIG. 95 illustrates a prior art of true (free-standing) graphene, which is a two dimensional (2D) one- atom- thick planar sheet of sp²-bonded carbon atoms "chicken wire array" crystals that are densely packed in a regular hexagonal honeycomb crystal lattice in a Cartesian plane (x, y-plane) 91, where three dimensional (3D) production of suspended graphene is provided by rotating planer sheets of graphene 90 perpendicular to the x, y-plane and aligned two six-atom carbon elements as a top view down the x-axis of two body-centered-hexagons rotated 90 ° relative to their hexagonal planes and each hexagon centerpoint is positioned around one hexagon side midpoint of each hexagon also illustrated in FIGURES 95 through 98. FIG. 96 illustrates a perspective rotated view of FIG 95 of sheet 90 and 91 rotated in production at 90 degrees where a view of how the hexagon side 92 is produced perpendicular to an adjoining hexagonal. FIG. 97 illustrates a perspective view of FIGs 95 and 96 with graphene layer added in each plane stacked at right angles and arrayed exactly to FIG 95 hexagonal body-centered positions. This stacking production method of 3D graphene provides a vacuum tight material, because the charge density of the atoms is close enough to be close the holes in the molecules. The balance of energy in this 3D material provides shaping to wrap around pole frames without a break in the material. The material can be shaped in production or cut with lasers to adsorb or desorb molecules species specific to the shaping of the material cuts. Stacks can be stacked skipping on layer which opens up the material for gas like helium or hydrogen, which is still buoyant. Xenon gas can be inside the closed cell and be excited by electrical input strobing the Xenon or steady state, which is applied to reduce the buoyancy of the closed vacuum tight vessel. A vacuum can never be fully achieved, so this invention teaches managing a partial vacuum through the whole range of pressure from a hard vacuum to no vacuum, or positive pressure. Electricity can be applied to the material to desorb molecules and atoms trapped inside the closed vessel cell to to outside maintaining a vacuum level for flight, it cycles electrically between adsorbing with minimal electric input to desorption with electrical excitation of the graphene wall or other suitable micro circuit material. FIG. 98 illustrates a perspective view rotated up to view the four layers of graphene stacked perpendicular to seven layers of body-centered hexagonal graphene planer sheets, which FIGURE 98 illustrates an array of two six-atom carbon elements as a perspective view of two body-centered-hexagons (graphene) rotated 90 "relative to their hexagonal planes and each hexagon centerpoint is positioned around one hexagon side midpoint of each hexagon also illustrated in FIGURES 95, 96, and 97. FIGURE 99 illustrates a perspective view of fullerenes carbon nanotubes for assembly into the configuration of FIGURE 98 where the nanotubes with buckyball c60 segments are arrayed in the geometric space of the carbon six-member sides. The center nanotubes in each segment can be shortened by selection and sorting of nanotubes.

FIGURE 100 illustrates a perspective view graphene planer sheets at 90 degree angles connected by six-member carbon molecules curved relative to the carbon nanotubes in FIG 99. FIG. 101 illustrates an end view of FIG 100. FIG. 102 illustrates a perspective view FIG 100 with another copy rotated down to form a tile. FIG. 103 illustrates a top view of FIG 102 cut into regular hexagonal for tiling a vacuum tight graphene bonded structure. FIGURE 100 illustrates a perspective view graphene planer sheets at 90 degree angles connected by six-member carbon molecules curved relative to the carbon nanotubes in FIG 99.

FIGURE 101 illustrates an end view of FIG 100; FIGURE 102 illustrates a perspective view FIG 100 with another copy rotated down to form a tile.

FIGURES 103 to 106 illustrates a top view of graphene stacked sheets in an offset layering building technique where the first hexagon member 100a is selectively mountable to the second hexagon member 100b in an offset layering configuration, such that one of the six corner points of the first hexagon member one third derivative 101a of 100a aligns with the center point of the second hexagon member's one third derivative 101b of 100b. First hexagon member aligns with at least two of the equally spaced electric vectors of the second hexagon. FIG 102 cut into regular hexagonal for tiling a vacuum tight graphene bonded structure. FIGURE 104 illustrates a top view of FIG 102 cut into regular hexagonal for tiling a vacuum tight graphene bonded structure. FIGURE 105 illustrates a top view of FIG 102 cut into regular hexagonal for tiling a vacuum tight graphene bonded structure. FIGURE 106 illustrates a top view of FIG 102 cut into regular hexagonal for tiling a vacuum tight graphene bonded structure. FIGURE 107 illustrates a top view of FIG 102 cut into regular hexagonal for tiling a vacuum tight graphene bonded structure.

FIGURE 108 illustrates a top elevated perspective view of [9]- carbon elements comprising Cycloparaphenylene: Carbon Nano Loop Structures, in publication Jasti, R., Bhattacharjee, J., Neaton, J. B., and Bertozzi, C. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2008, 130, 17646.. FIGURE 109 illustrates a top view of two Carbon Nano Loop Structures comprising [9]- carbon elements Cycloparaphenylene:, of FIGURE 108 in a arc union axial stack. FIGURE 110 illustrates a side view of FIGURES 109 and 111 in a union axial stack. FIGURE 111 illustrates a side elevated perspective view of FIGURES 109 and 110. FIGURE 112 illustrates a side view of two Carbon Nano Loop Structures [9]- carbon elements comprising Cycloparaphenylene, of FIGURE 108 in a union axial stack five layers high. This tendency can be directly related to the difference between linear finite (acyclic) and closed curved (cyclic) geometries. In the cyclic system, the electron and hole states are delocalized over the entire circumference of the molecule. In the acyclic system, electron and hole states are localized away from the edges, toward the middle of the molecule. The spatial distribution of these optically active electronic states results in different electron-hole interaction energetics.

FIGURE 113 illustrates a top view of one [20]- carbon elements comprising Cycloparaphenylene: Carbon Nano Loop Structures, of FIGURE 108 increased in circumference by adding carbon elements [n] in a twisted rotated template. FIGURE 114 illustrates a side view of FIGURE 113 in a twisted rotated template. FIGURE 115 illustrates a rotated perspective top view of FIGURES 113 and 114 in a twisted rotated template. FIGURE 116 illustrates a rotated perspective view of FIGURES 113 through 115 in a twisted rotated template layered (stacked) four high. FIGURE 117 illustrates a perspective top side view of FIGURE 116. FIGURE 118 illustrates a perspective rotated top view of two Carbon Nano Loop Structures [20]- carbon elements comprising twisted Cycloparaphenylene, of FIGURES 116 and 117 arrayed in an arc union illustrated in FIGURES 109 through 112 within the end circumferences by arraying two templates illustrated in FIGURES 113 through 115 carbon elements [n] in a twisted rotated template. FIGURE 119 illustrates the same perspective view of FIGURE 118 with a third FIGURE 117 nano structure providing a chain of three FIGURE 17 nano structures.

FIGURE 120 illustrates a side view of two (two of nine) carbon phenyl rings [2]- carbon elements comprised in Cycloparaphenylene, Carbon Nano Loop Structures, of FIGURE 108, which are cut or synthesized into a straight length, assembled at 90 degree angles, loosely positioned in a hexagon-body-centered configuration a distance of n3 divided by two. FIGURE 121 illustrates rotated perspective top view nano structure of FIGURE 120 with a third pair of phynyl rings added loosely. FIGURE 122 illustrates rotated perspective top view nano structure of FIGURE 121 with a fourth pair of phynyl rings added which is two rows stacked loosely at 90 degree angles relative to each other. FIGURE 123 illustrates rotated perspective top view nano structure of FIGURE 122 with three rows of phynyl ring pairs stacked loosely two high at 90 degree angles relative to each other. FIGURE 124 illustrates a rotated perspective top view of the nano structure in FIGURE 123 in an array stacked two high that locks together all the carbon elements in a HBC structure. FIGURE 125 illustrates a rotated perspective top view of nano structure in FIGURE 124 into an array stacked vertically two high locking them together. FIGURES 126 illustrates a rotated perspective top view nano structure of FIGURE 125 in a square array of four sets within the same horizontal plane that are loosely placed in rows. FIGURES 127 illustrates a perspective top view of the nano structure of FIGURE 126 arrayed four sets high vertically locking them together. FIGURES 128 illustrates a more rotated perspective top view of nano structure of FIGURE 127 where the 16 optical spaces are formed as illustrated in FIGURE 125.

Chemistry

Main article: Fullerene chemistry

Fullerenes are stable, but not totally unreactive. The sp2-hybridized carbon atoms, which are at their energy minimum in planar graphite, must be bent to form the closed sphere or tube, which produces angle strain. The characteristic reaction of fullerenes is electrophilic addition at 6,6-double bonds, which reduces angle strain by changing sp2-hybridized carbons into sp3-hybridized ones. [18] The change in hybridized orbitals causes the bond angles to decrease from about 120 degrees in the sp2 orbitals to about 109.5 degrees in the sp3 orbitals. This decrease in bond angles allows for the bonds to bend less when closing the sphere or tube, and thus, the molecule becomes more stable.

Other atoms can be trapped inside fullerenes to form inclusion compounds known as endohedral fullerenes. An unusual example is the egg shaped fullerene Tb3N@C84, which violates the isolated pentagon rule. [19] Recent evidence for a meteor impact at the end of the Permian period was found by analyzing noble gases so preserved. [20] Metallofullerene-based inoculates using the rhonditic steel process are beginning production as one of the first commercially- viable uses of buckyballs.

According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckyballs Chemistry Main article: Fullerene chemistry Fullerenes are stable, but not totally unreactive. The sp -hybridized carbon atoms, which are at their energy minimum in planar graphite, must be bent to form the closed sphere or tube, which produces angle strain. The characteristic reaction of fullerenes is electrophilic addition at 6,6-double bonds, which reduces angle strain by changing sp²-hybridized carbons into sp³-hybridized ones.^[18] The change in hybridized orbitals causes the bond angles to decrease from about 120 degrees in the sp² orbitals to about 109.5 degrees in the sp³ orbitals. This decrease in bond angles allows for the bonds to bend less when closing the sphere or tube, and thus, the molecule becomes more stable. Other atoms can be trapped inside fullerenes to form inclusion compounds known as endohedral fullerenes. An unusual example is the egg shaped fullerene Tb₃N @ Cg₄, which violates the isolated pentagon rule.^[19] Recent evidence for a meteor impact at the end of the Permian period was found by analysing noble gases so preserved. ^[20] Metallofullerene-based inoculates using the rhonditic steel process are beginning production as one of the first commercially- viable uses of buckyballs. Inclusion compound From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Example of a inclusion complex consisting of a p-xylylenediammonium bound within a cucurbituril reported by Freeman in Acta. Crystallogr. B, 1984, 382-387.

In host-guest chemistry an inclusion compound is a complex in which one chemical compound (the "host") forms a cavity in which molecules of a second "guest" compound are located. The definition of inclusion compounds is very broad, extending to channels formed between molecules in a crystal lattice in which guest molecules can fit. If the spaces in the host lattice are enclosed on all sides so that the guest species is 'trapped' as in a cage, the compound is known as a clathrate. In molecular encapsulation a guest molecule is actually trapped inside another molecule. Cyclodextrin inclusion compounds

Inclusion complexes are formed between cyclodextrins and ferrocene^[1]. When a solution of both compounds in a 2: 1 ratio in water is boiled for 2 days and then allowed to rest for 10 hours at room temperature orange-yellow crystals form. X-ray diffraction analysis of these crystals reveals a 4:5 inclusion complex with 4 molecules of ferrocene included in the cavity of 4 cyclodextrine molecules and with the fifth ferrocene molecule sandwiched between two stacks of ferrocene - cyclodextrine dimers.

Cyclodextrin also forms inclusion compounds with fragrance molecules^[2]. As a result the fragrance molecules have a reduced vapor pressure and are more stable towards exposure to light and air. When incorporated into textiles the fragrance lasts much longer due to the slow-release action. External links

IUPAC Gold Book References A unique tetramer of 4:5 -cyclodextrin-ferrocene in the solid state Yu Liu, Rui-Qin Zhong, Heng-Yi Zhang and Hai-Bin Song Chemical Communications, 2005, (17), 2211 - 2213 Abstract - Fragrance-release Property of β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Compounds and their Application in Aromatherapy C. X. Wang, Sh. L. Chen Journal of Industrial Textiles, Vol. 34, No. 3, 157-166 (2005) Abstract Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_compound" Category: Supramolecular chemistry Endohedral fullerenes are fullerenes that have additional atoms, ions, or clusters enclosed within their inner spheres. The first lanthanum Ceo complex was synthesed in 1985 called La@Cόo- The @ sign in the name reflects the notion of a small molecule trapped inside a shell. Two types of endohedral complexes exist: endohedral metallofullerenes and non-metal doped fullerenes ^[1]. Endohedral metallofullerenes

Doping fullerenes with electropositive metals takes place in an arc reactor or via laser evaporation. The metals can be transition metals like scandium, yttrium as well as lanthanides like lanthanum and cerium. Also possible are endohedral complexes with elements of the alkaline earth metals like barium and strontium, alkali metals like potassium and tetravalent metals like uranium, zirconium and hafnium. The synthesis in the arc reactor is however unspecific. Besides unfilled fullerenes, endohedral metallofullerenes develop with different cage sizes like La @ Ceo or La @ Cs₂ and as different isomer cages. Aside from the dominant presence of mono-metal cages, numerous di-metal endohedral complexes and the tri-metal carbide fullerenes like Sc₃C₂ @ Cgo were also isolated. In 1998 a discovery drew large attention. With the synthesis of the

Sc₃N @ Cgo, the inclusion of a molecule fragment in a fullerene cage had succeeded for the first time. This compound can be prepared by arc-vaporization at temperatures up to

1100 ⁰C of graphite rods packed with Scandium(III) oxide iron nitride and graphite powder in a K-H generator in a nitrogen atmosphere at 300 Torr ^[2].

Endohedral metallofullerenes are characterised by the fact that electrons will transfer from the metal atom to the fullerene cage and that the metal atom takes a position off-center in the cage. The size of the charge transfer is not always simple to determine. In most cases it is between 2 and 3 charge units, in the case of the La₂@Cgo however it can be even about 6 electrons such as in Sc₃N @ Cgo which is better described as [Sc₃N]⁺⁶@[Cgo]^~6. These anionic fullerene cages are very stable molecules and do not have the reactivity associated with ordinary empty fullerenes. They are stable in air up to very high temperatures (600 to 85O⁰C) and the Prato reaction yields only a monoadduct and not multi-adducts as with empty fullerenes. The lack of reactivity in Diels- Alder reactions is utilised in a method to purify [Cgo] ⁶ compounds from a complex mixture of empty and partly filled fullerenes of different cage size ^[2]. In this method Merrifield resin is modified as a cyclopentadienyl resin and used as a solid phase against a mobile phase containing the complex mixture in a column chromatography operation. Only very stable fullerenes such as [Sc₃N]⁺⁶@[Cgo] ⁶ pass through the column unreacted.

In Ce₂@C80 the metal atoms are found to be untouchable and display a three-dimensional random motion ^[3]. This is evidenced by the presence of only two signals in the ¹³C-NMR spectrum. It is possible to force the metal atoms to a standstill at the equator as shown by x-ray crystallography when the fullerene is exahedrally functionalized by an electron donation silyl group in a reaction of Ce₂ @ Cgo with 1,1,2,2- tetrakis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)- 1 ,2-disilirane. Non-metal doped fullerenes

Saunders in 1993 showed the formation of endohedral complexes He @ Ceo and Ne@Cόo when Ceo is exposed to a pressure of around 3 bar of the noble gases^[4]. Under these conditions about one out of every 650 000 Ceo cages was doped with a helium atom. The formation of endohedral complexes with helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon as well as numerous adducts of the He @ Ceo compound was also demonstrated ^[5] with pressures of 3000 bars and incorporation of up to 0.1% of the noble gases. While noble gases are chemically very inert and commonly exist as individual atoms, this is not the case for nitrogen and phosphorus and so the formation of the endohedral complexes N@C_OO, N@C?o and P@C_OO is more surprising. The nitrogen atom is in its electronic initial state (⁴S_3Z2) and is therefore to be highly reactive. Nevertheless N@C_OO is sufficiently stable that exohedral derivatization from the mono- to the hexa adduct of the malonic acid ethyl ester is possible. In these compounds no charge transfer of the nitrogen atom in the center to the carbon atoms of the cage takes place. Therefore ¹³C-couplings, which are observed very easily with the endohedral metallofullerenes, could only be observed in the case of the N@C_OO in a high resolution spectrum as shoulders of the central line. The central atom in these endohedral complexes is located in the center of the cage. While other atomic traps require complex equipment, e.g. laser cooling or magnetic traps, endohedral fullerenes represent an atomic trap that is stable at room temperature and for an arbitrarily long time. Atomic or ion traps are of great interest since particles are present free from (significant) interaction with their environment, allowing unique quantum mechanical phenomena to be explored. For example, the compression of the atomic wave function as a consequence of the packing in the cage could be observed with ENDOR spectroscopy. The nitrogen atom can be used as a probe, in order to detect the smallest changes of the electronic structure of its environment.

Contrary to the metallo endohedral compounds, these complexes cannot be produced in an arc. Atoms are implanted in the fullerene starting material using gas discharge (nitrogen and phosphorus complexes) or by direct ion implantation. Alternatively, endohedral hydrogen fullerenes can be produced by opening and closing a fullerene by organic chemistry methods.

In a study of the nature of fullerene and other curved π-electron systems Title: Ball-, Bowl-, and Belt-Shaped Conjugated Systems and Their Complexing Abilities: Exploration of the Concave-Convex π-π Interaction Author: Takeshi Kawase and Hiroyuki KurataChemical Reviews 2006, 106 (12), 5250-5273 Noncovalent interaction between carbocyclic conjugated systems can be considered on the basis of following three factors: the van der Waals (VDW) interaction, the electrostatic (ES) interaction, and the charge transfer (CT) interaction, π — π stacking between planar aromatic hydrocarbons causes an electrostatically repulsive force. [414-428] There are substantial difference of electronic properties between planar and curved conjugated systems. The electrostatic interaction is substantially operative between curved conjugated systems in addition to the dispersion force. FIGURE 129 - 133 illustrates a axial side view of carbon phenyl rings

[9]- carbon elements comprised in Cycloparaphenylene, Carbon Nano Loop Structures, of FIGURE 108, inserted into FIGURE 126 paraphenylene nano structure voids. FIGURE 130 illustrates a perspective view of FIGURE 129. FIGURE 131 illustrates a top view of FIGURE 129. FIGURE 132 illustrates a rotated side view of FIGURE 131 Carbon Nano Loop (belt) Structures. FIGURE 133 illustrates a perspective view of FIGURE 130 with four Carbon Nano Loop (belt) Structures arrayed within the voids. These nano loop belts can be used as memory for computer processing, because the can be moved and they can be doped to provide a unique electrical value to circuiting electron logic. Programing electrical excitation can move these phenyl rings around they axis and rotate the belt through the voids available for their insertion. Optical laser, electrical, thermal, sonic, and doping schemes can be applied to program electrical devices from these nano structures. Radiation adsorption chemical adsorption doping can enhance the energy absorption and chemical adsorption desorption properties of these circuits.

FIGURES 134 - 142 illustrates a perspective view of a belt comprised of carbon phenyl rings [9]- carbon elements comprised in Cycloparaphenylene, Carbon Nano Loop Structures, of FIGURE 108 lengthened by six phenyl rings to [14]-, inserted into cavities in nano structures in FIGURES 127 and 128. FIGURE 135 illustrates a top view of FIGURE 136. FIGURE 136 illustrates a top view of FIGURE 137 with the addition of two of the nano structure belt in FIGURE 134, two rotated 90 degrees relative to each other, and one belt placed centrally at 45 degrees relative to each belt. FIGURE 137 illustrates a perspective view of FIGURES 134 and 135 with two belts rotated 90 degrees relative to each other within diagonal locations. FIGURE 138 illustrates the perspective view of FIGURE 137, inserted into cavities in with nano structures in FIGURES 127 and 134. FIGURE 139 illustrates a top plan view of FIGURE 137, inserted into cavities in with nano structures in FIGURES 127 and 134, which includes the belt in 131. FIGURE 140 illustrates a top plan view of FIGURE 141. FIGURE 141 illustrates a perspective view of FIGURE 140 with two belts rotated 90 degrees relative to each other within diagonal locations one belt is adjacent benzene and the other is carbon phenyl rings. FIGURE 142 illustrates a perspective view of the benzene belt in FIGURE 141 configured in sign wave geometry relative to the voids in the FIGURES 127 and 128.

FIGURES 143 - 146 illustrates a nano loop segment of FIGURE 126 which can phenyl rings that can rotate angles such as FIGURE 108 nano loop. FIGURE 144 illustrates a top plan view of nano loop segment of FIGURE 143 which provides the angular locations of each phynel rotate at 45, 90, 135, and 180 dgree angles progressively around a centerpoint. FIGURE 145 illustrates a top plan view of nano loop segment of FIGURE 146 which provides the angular locations of each phynel rotated at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 dgree angles progressively around a centerpoint. FIGURE 146 illustrates a top plan view of nano loop segment of FIGURE 146 which provides the angular locations of each phynel rotated at 30 dgree angles progressively around a centerpoint in illustrated in FIGURE 145 [rø]paraphenyleneacetylenes ([rø]CPPAs). These rotations can strain the optical electronic in these carbon elements, which can be inserted into the cavities of FIGURES 126 and 127 nano structures to provide variable electronic values with memory. This memory is recorded in the twist of the paraphenylene rings held within the voilds of the host structure. Energy in twists to an electronic value and the host structure stores the position for future recovery and modification. Two differed angles are provided, but this does not limit the potential of any angle with doping and modification of host structures.

The present invention has been described in relation to a preferred embodiment and several alternative preferred embodiments. One of ordinary skill, after reading the foregoing specification, may be able to affect various other changes, alterations, and substitutions or equivalents thereof without departing from the concepts disclosed. It is therefore intended that the scope of the Letters Patent granted hereon be limited only by the definitions contained in the appended claims and equivalents thereof.

Claims

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:What is claimed is: adsorbent vapor deposited around the adsorbate from vapor deposition process; andFIGURE 2 - 6 illustrates two six-atom carbon elements Cl and C2 as views of two body-centered-hexagons Cl and C2 rotated 90 "relative to their hexagonal planes and each hexagon centerpoint (not shown, because it is a known coordinate point) is positioned around one hexagon side midpoint (a known coordinate point) of each hexagon. In FIGS 2 - 16 all sp carbon bond position s and p are 1 of 6 sp carbon bond positions that rotate relative to the x, y, z axes views for more clarity of the three dimensional relationship between six-member carbon atoms.

1. A graphene type material, a one-atom- thick planar sheet of sp2-bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a hexagonal honeycomb crystal lattice, provide unlimited three dimensional graphene layers when layers of graphene (stacks) are suspended by layers of corresponding graphene layers that rotated 90° relative to their hexagonal planes occupying the same three dimensional space by juxapositioning a first and second stack of an infinite number of parallel layers spaced at a distance of 2.13 A (Side/2 + Side = w4) or greater; and where the second stack is rotated 90 degrees around a regular hexagon's centerpoint "holes" and then aligned to the first stack's hexagon side midpoint ( midpoint of one regular hexagon six-member side, which is a C-C bond midpoint) of regular hexagons. graphene six-atom carbon elements where two body-centered-hexagons are rotated 90° relative to their hexagonal planes and each hexagon centerpoint is positioned around one hexagon side midpoint of each adjacent hexagon in the plane rotated 90°; and layers of graphene (stacks) are suspended by layers of corresponding graphene layers that rotated 90° relative to their hexagonal planes.

1. A graphene layer suspension provided by two graphene layer stacks rotated perpendicular to each other by body-centering-hexagons and occupying the same three dimensional space comprise: a first and second hexagonal six-member (atom) carbon element Cl and C2; and said two carbon elements Cl and C2 rotated 90° (degree angle) relative to their hexagonal planes and each hexagon centerpoint (a known coordinate point) is positioned around one hexagon side midpoint (a known coordinate point) of each hexagon providing two trapped body-centered-hexagons oriented in relative 90° planes (a chain type link).

2. A nano- structure according to claim 1, wherein the hexagonal carbon Cl is one hexagon ring in a graphene type material, a one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp2-bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a hexagonal honeycomb crystal lattice.

3. A nano- structure according to claim 2, wherein the hexagonal carbon C2 is one hexagon ring in a graphene type material, a one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp2-bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a hexagonal honeycomb crystal lattice.

4. A nano- structure according to claim 3, wherein the graphene sheet containing hexagonal carbon C2 is arrayed in a parallel stack of layers each shifted in the plane to positions within the graphene sheet containing hexagonal carbon Cl at 90° relative to the geometry of claim 1.

5. A nano- structure according to claim 4, wherein the graphene sheet containing hexagonal carbon Cl is arrayed in a parallel stack of layers each shifted in the plane to positions relative to the geometry of claim lwithin the layers of graphene sheets containing hexagonal carbon C2 at 90°, which layers of graphene (stacks) are suspended by layers of corresponding graphene layers that are rotated 90° relative to their hexagonal planes providing graphene six-atom carbon elements where two body-centered-hexagons are rotated 90° relative to their hexagonal planes and each hexagon centerpoint is positioned around one hexagon side midpoint of each adjacent hexagon in the plane rotated 90° where the second stack is rotated 90 degrees around a regular hexagon's centerpoint "holes" and then aligned to the first stack's hexagon side midpoint (midpoint of one regular hexagon six-member side, which is a C-C bond midpoint) of regular hexagons.

6. A nano- structure according to claim 4, wherein by juxapositioning a first and second stack of an infinite number of parallel layers spaced at a distance of 2.13 A (Side/2 + Side = w4) or greater gap; and graphene six-atom carbon elements where two body-centered-hexagons are rotated 90° relative to their hexagonal planes and each hexagon centerpoint is positioned around one hexagon side midpoint of each adjacent hexagon in the plane rotated 90°; and layers of graphene (stacks) are suspended by layers of corresponding graphene layers that rotated 90° relative to their hexagonal planes. layers of graphene (stacks) are suspended by layers of corresponding graphene layers that rotated 90° relative to their hexagonal planes.

7. A nano- structure according to claim 6, wherein a semiconductor.

8. A nano- structure according to claim 6, wherein a vacuum gas tight bag

9. A nano- structure according to claim 6, wherein a wire is provided.

10. A nano- structure according to claim 6, wherein cuts are made with iron atoms.

11. A nano- structure according to claim 6, wherein transistors are provided.

12. A nano- structure according to claim 6, wherein a dirigible is provided.

13. A nano- structure according to claim 6, wherein a molecular sieve is provided.

14. A nano- structure according to claim 6, wherein a quantum well is provided.

15. A nano- structure according to claim 6, wherein a band of carbon rotated in a cut graphene opening.

16. A nano- structure according to claim 14, wherein sonic vibration is generated.

17. A nano- structure according to claim 14, wherein illumination is generated.

18. A nano- structure according to claim 14, wherein molecules are trapped within the graphene.

17. A nano- structure according to claim 14, wherein the molecules trapped are spun with light.

18. A nano- structure according to claim 14, wherein the molecules trapped are different species to form an electric logic circuit.