WO2002093655A1 - Apparatus for generating photovoltaic energy - Google Patents

Apparatus for generating photovoltaic energy Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002093655A1
WO2002093655A1 PCT/NL2002/000299 NL0200299W WO02093655A1 WO 2002093655 A1 WO2002093655 A1 WO 2002093655A1 NL 0200299 W NL0200299 W NL 0200299W WO 02093655 A1 WO02093655 A1 WO 02093655A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
circuit
energy
current converter
voltage
module
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NL2002/000299
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Petrus Jacobus Marie Heskes
Original Assignee
Stichting Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Stichting Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland filed Critical Stichting Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland
Publication of WO2002093655A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002093655A1/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/10—Parallel operation of dc sources
    • H02J1/102—Parallel operation of dc sources being switching converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/02—Details
    • H01L31/02016—Circuit arrangements of general character for the devices
    • H01L31/02019—Circuit arrangements of general character for the devices for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
    • H01L31/02021—Circuit arrangements of general character for the devices for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/46—Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
    • H02S40/30—Electrical components
    • H02S40/32—Electrical components comprising DC/AC inverter means associated with the PV module itself, e.g. AC modules
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an apparatus for generating photovoltaic energy, comprising a number of photovoltaic modules for generating electric power, wherein each module is connected to an energy transmitter which can be coupled in high-frequency electromagnetic manner, a central circuit which can be coupled to the mains, and at least one power cable connected to the central circuit and provided with branches, wherein each branch is connected to an energy receiver which can be coupled in high-frequency electromagnetic manner for coupling to one of said energy transmitters.
  • This object is achieved with an apparatus of the type specified in the preamble, wherein according to the invention each energy receiver is provided with a rectifier circuit.
  • each module is connected to the energy transmitter via a maximizing circuit for the purpose of maximizing the power to be transferred by the module.
  • the maximizing circuit comprises for instance a current converter connected to the module, a control circuit for the current converter and a maximum power point (MPP) tracker connected to the module, wherein an output of the current converter is connected to the energy transmitter, an output of the MPP-tracker is connected to a first input of the control circuit, and wherein the output of the current converter is connected to a second input of the control circuit, which control circuit decreases or increases the output current of the current converter when there is respectively a fall or rise in the power generated by the module, independently of the value of the output voltage of the current converter.
  • MPP maximum power point
  • the current converter forms a voltage source during operation when a predetermined value of the output voltage is exceeded.
  • the voltage of the power cable remains limited to a predetermined maximum value.
  • the rectifier circuit is preferably provided in each branch with a noise filter.
  • the energy transmitters and the respective energy receivers each comprise a high- frequency coil with a ferrite core mutually separated by an air gap, wherein the air gap is surrounded by a short-circuit winding of an electrically conducting material .
  • the central circuit comprises a DC/AC inverter.
  • the central circuit comprises in an embodiment measuring and control means for respectively measuring the input voltage and increasing respectively decreasing the quantity of electric power to be transferred to the mains when there is respectively a measured rise or fall in the input voltage.
  • the central circuit for instance comprises an H- bridge circuit for converting the input voltage into the mains voltage at a predetermined maximum value of this input voltage, which maximum value is higher than the amplitude of the mains voltage.
  • An apparatus further comprises a data bus for data transport, wherein the data transport between the energy transmitters and the respective energy receivers takes place for instance by means of a high-frequency electromagnetic coupling or by means of a capacitive coupling, which is advantageously provided by a centring pin.
  • Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of an apparatus according to the invention
  • Fig. 2 shows in more detail a block diagram of an energy transmitter with maximizing circuit for an apparatus as shown in fig. 1,
  • Fig. 3 shows in more detail a block diagram of an energy receiver with rectifier and filter for an apparatus as shown in fig. 1
  • Fig. 4 shows in more detail a block diagram of a central circuit for an apparatus as shown in fig. 1.
  • Corresponding components are designated in the drawings with the same reference numerals.
  • Fig. 1 shows a modular system 1 with solar panels 2 placed in the outside air for generating electric power, wherein each solar panel 2 is provided with a built-in high-frequency electromagnetic energy transmitter 3, which is coupled in high-frequency electromagnetic manner to a high-frequency electromagnetic energy receiver 8, which is coupled at its output to the input of a rectifier 9, which is connected at its output to a branch 7 of a moisture-tight (sealed) direct current cable 6 leading via a transition 10 (for instance in a roof or wall) to a central converter 5 which is disposed in an indoor environment.
  • central converter 5 which controls the direct voltage on cables 6 such that it is higher than the peak voltage of mains 4, the direct current supplied by cables 6 is converted into an alternating current and delivered to mains 4.
  • Fig. 2 shows an energy transmitter 3 which is connected to a solar panel 2 via a maximizing circuit 11, 12, 13.
  • Maximizing circuit 11, 12, 13 comprises a current converter 11 which is connected to solar panel 2 and an output of which is connected to energy transmitter 3, a control circuit 12 for current converter 11 and an MPP-tracker 13 connected to solar panel 2, wherein an output of MPP-tracker 13 is connected to a first input of control circuit 12 and the output of current converter 11 is connected to a second input of control circuit 12.
  • MPP-tracker 13 is a per se known circuit which searches for the maximum power of solar panel 2 and transmits this information to control circuit 12, which controls current converter 11 in a manner such that when the power being produced by solar panel 2 increases the converter generates a greater output current and when the power decreases it produces a smaller output current.
  • control circuit 12 controls current converter 11 in a manner such that when the power being produced by solar panel 2 increases the converter generates a greater output current and when the power decreases it produces a smaller output current.
  • current converter 11 takes on the character of a current source, information about the output current I is fed back to control circuit 12.
  • current converter 11 transmits the power generated by solar panel 2 to power cable 6 via an electromagnetic coupling, and is simultaneously independent of the voltage on this cable 6.
  • Energy transmitter 3 is for instance the primary winding of a pot core ferrite transformer wherein a short-circuit winding of conducting material, for instance copper or aluminium, is wound round the air gap (represented by dotted line 14) .
  • This short-circuit winding can fulfil a twofold function if it also functions as shield. If the pot core is provided with a trimming hole, this can be used for a centring pin, which for safety reasons is preferably arranged in the part not coupled to the mains.
  • the pot core is preferably fully sealed so as to prevent corrosion.
  • Power cable 6 is preferably electrically insulated by a wrapping with a so-called triple coated wire.
  • the figure further shows another circuit for data communication 15 with data bus 16. Data communication can take place directly via the magnetic coupling by means of a modulated carrier wave, or via a capacitive coupling. In the case of a capacitively coupled data transmission use can optionally be made of an above stated centring pin, which thereby acquires a twofold function.
  • Fig. 3 shows an energy receiver 8 which can be coupled to the energy transmitter 3 shown in fig. 2 and which is provided with a rectifier circuit 9 and a filter 17 for electromagnetic interferences, a so-called EMI-filter.
  • the figure further shows a data bus 16.
  • Fig. 4 shows the central circuit 5 of fig. 1 in more detail.
  • Central circuit 5 comprises an energy buffer 18 in the form of an electrolytic condenser for buffering a power ripple (having in this case a frequency of 100 Hz) at the occurring mains frequency (in this case 50 Hz) , and a central DC/AC inverter 19 embodied as pulse width modulation (PWM) H-bridge which generates a sine-shaped current to mains 4.
  • PWM pulse width modulation
  • the choice of this value is preferably so high (for instance 385 V dc) , that the required mains voltage (for instance 230 V ac) can be produced directly by the H-bridge 19 without interposing a boost converter or other additional circuits.
  • the bus voltage will rise, as a result of which the current converters 11 on solar panels 2 will begin to operate as a voltage source in a safety mode, and will therefore limit the bus voltage to a predetermined value which lies above the normal value of the bus voltage.
  • the figure further shows a circuit 20 for data communication.

Abstract

Apparatus for generating photovoltaic energy, comprising a number of photovoltaic modules for generating electric power, wherein each module is connected to an energy transmitter which can be coupled in high-frequency electromagnetic manner, a central circuit which can be coupled to the mains, and at least one power cable connected to the central circuit and provided with branches, wherein each branch is connected to an energy receiver which can be coupled in high-frequency electromagnetic manner for coupling to one of said energy transmitters, and wherein each energy receiver is provided with a rectifier circuit.

Description

APPARATUS FOR GENERATING PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY
The invention relates to an apparatus for generating photovoltaic energy, comprising a number of photovoltaic modules for generating electric power, wherein each module is connected to an energy transmitter which can be coupled in high-frequency electromagnetic manner, a central circuit which can be coupled to the mains, and at least one power cable connected to the central circuit and provided with branches, wherein each branch is connected to an energy receiver which can be coupled in high-frequency electromagnetic manner for coupling to one of said energy transmitters.
Such an apparatus was described during the 16th European PV Conference and Exhibition, Glasgow, UK, 1-5 May 2000 by I. Weiss et al . The object of this modular apparatus was to reduce the installation costs of a photovoltaic energy generating system, and to increase the lifespan of such systems. The described apparatus has the drawback however of being sensitive to electromagnetic interferences which can occur in the couplings between respective energy transmitters and energy receivers.
It is an object of the invention to provide a photovoltaic energy generating system which is simple to install, can be produced at a relatively low price and which, in use, is insensitive to climate influences, electromagnetic interferences and other disturbances. This object is achieved with an apparatus of the type specified in the preamble, wherein according to the invention each energy receiver is provided with a rectifier circuit.
In one embodiment of an apparatus according to the invention each module is connected to the energy transmitter via a maximizing circuit for the purpose of maximizing the power to be transferred by the module. The maximizing circuit comprises for instance a current converter connected to the module, a control circuit for the current converter and a maximum power point (MPP) tracker connected to the module, wherein an output of the current converter is connected to the energy transmitter, an output of the MPP-tracker is connected to a first input of the control circuit, and wherein the output of the current converter is connected to a second input of the control circuit, which control circuit decreases or increases the output current of the current converter when there is respectively a fall or rise in the power generated by the module, independently of the value of the output voltage of the current converter. Such a maximizing circuit achieves that the power generated by the module is generated by the current converter to the power cable via the energy transmitter and the energy receiver, wherein the operation of this current converter is independent of the voltage on this cable.
In one embodiment the current converter forms a voltage source during operation when a predetermined value of the output voltage is exceeded.
In this embodiment the voltage of the power cable remains limited to a predetermined maximum value.
In an apparatus according to the invention the rectifier circuit is preferably provided in each branch with a noise filter.
In one embodiment the energy transmitters and the respective energy receivers each comprise a high- frequency coil with a ferrite core mutually separated by an air gap, wherein the air gap is surrounded by a short-circuit winding of an electrically conducting material . In an apparatus according to the invention the central circuit comprises a DC/AC inverter. The central circuit comprises in an embodiment measuring and control means for respectively measuring the input voltage and increasing respectively decreasing the quantity of electric power to be transferred to the mains when there is respectively a measured rise or fall in the input voltage.
The central circuit for instance comprises an H- bridge circuit for converting the input voltage into the mains voltage at a predetermined maximum value of this input voltage, which maximum value is higher than the amplitude of the mains voltage.
An apparatus according to the invention further comprises a data bus for data transport, wherein the data transport between the energy transmitters and the respective energy receivers takes place for instance by means of a high-frequency electromagnetic coupling or by means of a capacitive coupling, which is advantageously provided by a centring pin.
The invention will be elucidated hereinbelow on the basis of embodiments and with reference to the drawings. In the drawings:
Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of an apparatus according to the invention,
Fig. 2 shows in more detail a block diagram of an energy transmitter with maximizing circuit for an apparatus as shown in fig. 1,
Fig. 3 shows in more detail a block diagram of an energy receiver with rectifier and filter for an apparatus as shown in fig. 1, and Fig. 4 shows in more detail a block diagram of a central circuit for an apparatus as shown in fig. 1. Corresponding components are designated in the drawings with the same reference numerals.
Fig. 1 shows a modular system 1 with solar panels 2 placed in the outside air for generating electric power, wherein each solar panel 2 is provided with a built-in high-frequency electromagnetic energy transmitter 3, which is coupled in high-frequency electromagnetic manner to a high-frequency electromagnetic energy receiver 8, which is coupled at its output to the input of a rectifier 9, which is connected at its output to a branch 7 of a moisture-tight (sealed) direct current cable 6 leading via a transition 10 (for instance in a roof or wall) to a central converter 5 which is disposed in an indoor environment. In central converter 5, which controls the direct voltage on cables 6 such that it is higher than the peak voltage of mains 4, the direct current supplied by cables 6 is converted into an alternating current and delivered to mains 4.
Fig. 2 shows an energy transmitter 3 which is connected to a solar panel 2 via a maximizing circuit 11, 12, 13. Maximizing circuit 11, 12, 13 comprises a current converter 11 which is connected to solar panel 2 and an output of which is connected to energy transmitter 3, a control circuit 12 for current converter 11 and an MPP-tracker 13 connected to solar panel 2, wherein an output of MPP-tracker 13 is connected to a first input of control circuit 12 and the output of current converter 11 is connected to a second input of control circuit 12. MPP-tracker 13 is a per se known circuit which searches for the maximum power of solar panel 2 and transmits this information to control circuit 12, which controls current converter 11 in a manner such that when the power being produced by solar panel 2 increases the converter generates a greater output current and when the power decreases it produces a smaller output current. In order to achieve that current converter 11 takes on the character of a current source, information about the output current I is fed back to control circuit 12. Hereby is achieved that current converter 11 transmits the power generated by solar panel 2 to power cable 6 via an electromagnetic coupling, and is simultaneously independent of the voltage on this cable 6. If the voltage on cable 6 rises above the normal operating range, the current source character is abandoned and current converter 11 takes on the character of a voltage source, so that the voltage on cable 6 is limited to a determined maximum value. In order to achieve this, information about the output voltage U is fed back to control circuit 12. Energy transmitter 3 is for instance the primary winding of a pot core ferrite transformer wherein a short-circuit winding of conducting material, for instance copper or aluminium, is wound round the air gap (represented by dotted line 14) . This short-circuit winding can fulfil a twofold function if it also functions as shield. If the pot core is provided with a trimming hole, this can be used for a centring pin, which for safety reasons is preferably arranged in the part not coupled to the mains. The pot core is preferably fully sealed so as to prevent corrosion. Power cable 6 is preferably electrically insulated by a wrapping with a so-called triple coated wire. The figure further shows another circuit for data communication 15 with data bus 16. Data communication can take place directly via the magnetic coupling by means of a modulated carrier wave, or via a capacitive coupling. In the case of a capacitively coupled data transmission use can optionally be made of an above stated centring pin, which thereby acquires a twofold function.
Fig. 3 shows an energy receiver 8 which can be coupled to the energy transmitter 3 shown in fig. 2 and which is provided with a rectifier circuit 9 and a filter 17 for electromagnetic interferences, a so-called EMI-filter. The figure further shows a data bus 16.
Fig. 4 shows the central circuit 5 of fig. 1 in more detail. Central circuit 5 comprises an energy buffer 18 in the form of an electrolytic condenser for buffering a power ripple (having in this case a frequency of 100 Hz) at the occurring mains frequency (in this case 50 Hz) , and a central DC/AC inverter 19 embodied as pulse width modulation (PWM) H-bridge which generates a sine-shaped current to mains 4. The central DC/AC inverter 19 keeps the voltage on DC cable 6 (the bus voltage) constant. The choice of this value is preferably so high (for instance 385 V dc) , that the required mains voltage (for instance 230 V ac) can be produced directly by the H-bridge 19 without interposing a boost converter or other additional circuits. When the power take-off by the mains 4 decreases, the bus voltage will rise, as a result of which the current converters 11 on solar panels 2 will begin to operate as a voltage source in a safety mode, and will therefore limit the bus voltage to a predetermined value which lies above the normal value of the bus voltage. The figure further shows a circuit 20 for data communication.

Claims

1. Apparatus (1) for generating photovoltaic energy, comprising
- a number of photovoltaic modules (2) for generating electric power, wherein each module (2) is connected to an energy transmitter (3) which can be coupled in high- frequency electromagnetic manner,
- a central circuit (5) which can be coupled to the mains (4) , and
- at least one power cable (6) connected to the central circuit (5) and provided with branches (7), wherein each branch (7) is connected to an energy receiver (8) which can be coupled in high-frequency electromagnetic manner for coupling to one of said energy transmitters (3) , characterized in that each energy receiver (8) is provided with a rectifier circuit (9).
2. Apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that each module (2) is connected to the energy transmitter (3) via a maximizing circuit (11, 12, 13) for the purpose of maximizing the power to be transferred by the module (2) .
3. Apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the maximizing circuit comprises a current converter (11) connected to the module (2), a control circuit (12) for the current converter (11) and a maximum power point tracker (13) (MPP-tracker) connected to the module (2), wherein an output of the current converter (11) is connected to the energy transmitter (3) , an output of the maximum power point tracker (13) is connected to a first input of the control circuit (12), and wherein the output of the current converter (11) is connected to a second input of the control circuit (12), which control circuit (12) decreases or increases the output current of the current converter (11) when there is respectively a fall or rise in the power generated by the module (2), independently of the value of the output voltage of the current converter (11) .
4. Apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that the current converter (11) forms a voltage source during operation when a predetermined value of the output voltage is exceeded.
5. Apparatus (1) as claimed in any of the claims 1-
4, characterized in that the rectifier circuit (9) is provided in each branch with a noise filter (17) .
6. Apparatus (1) as claimed in any of the claims 1-
5, characterized in that the energy transmitters (3) and the respective energy receivers (8) each comprise a high-frequency coil with a ferrite core mutually separated by an air gap (14), wherein the air gap (14) is surrounded by a short-circuit winding of an electrically conducting material.
7. Apparatus (1) as claimed in any of the claims 1-
6, characterized in that the central circuit (5) comprises a DC/AC inverter (19) .
8. Apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 7, characterized in that the central circuit (5) comprises measuring and control means for respectively measuring the input voltage and increasing respectively decreasing the quantity of electric power to be transferred to the mains (4) when there is respectively a measured rise or fall in the input voltage.
9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 8, characterized in that the central circuit (5) comprises an H-bridge circuit (19) for converting the input voltage into the mains voltage at a predetermined maximum value of this input voltage, which maximum value is higher than the amplitude of the mains voltage.
10. Apparatus (1) as claimed in any of the claims 1-9, characterized in that it comprises a data bus (15,
16, 20) for data transport.
11. Apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 10, characterized in that the data transport between the energy transmitters (3) and the respective energy receivers (8) takes place by means of a high-frequency electromagnetic coupling.
12. Apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 10, characterized in that the data transport between the energy transmitters (3) and the respective energy receivers (8) takes place by means of a capacitive coupling.
13. Apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 12, characterized in that the capacitive coupling is provided by a centring pin.
PCT/NL2002/000299 2001-05-14 2002-05-07 Apparatus for generating photovoltaic energy WO2002093655A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL1018067A NL1018067C2 (en) 2001-05-14 2001-05-14 Device for generating photovoltaic energy.
NL1018067 2001-05-14

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2002093655A1 true WO2002093655A1 (en) 2002-11-21

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WO (1) WO2002093655A1 (en)

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