JP7445886B2 - Microbial power generation device and power generation method - Google Patents
Microbial power generation device and power generation method Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Description
本発明は、微生物を用いる発電装置及び発電方法に関し、さらに詳しくは、微生物で有機物を分解する発電方法及び発電装置に関する。 The present invention relates to a power generation device and a power generation method using microorganisms, and more particularly to a power generation method and power generation device that use microorganisms to decompose organic matter.
微生物による有機物質の分解に伴い電荷が発生し、それを電極で交換させることにより外部回路に電力として取り出せる微生物を用いる発電装置及び発電方法が、新クリーンエネルギー源として可能性があることが、今世紀になり見出された。しかしながら、その発電装置及び発電方法は、（１）発電電力量が不十分であることと、（２）長期間の発電継続性が欠落することから実用化はなされていない。 This century, it has become clear that power generation devices and methods using microorganisms have the potential as a new source of clean energy, as electric charges are generated as microorganisms decompose organic substances, and by exchanging them with electrodes, they can be extracted as electricity to external circuits. It was discovered that However, the power generation device and the power generation method have not been put into practical use because (1) the amount of generated power is insufficient and (2) there is a lack of long-term power generation continuity.
微生物発電装置（「微生物燃料電池」ともいう）の性能等を向上するための、種々の報告がされている。
非特許文献１～３は、林及び田畑に存する種々の微生物の利用、有機物の添加による効率向上、及び純水、淡水及び海水等の種々の水での発電の可能性を報告した。
Various reports have been made to improve the performance of microbial power generation devices (also referred to as "microbial fuel cells").
Non-Patent Documents 1 to 3 reported the use of various microorganisms existing in forests and fields, efficiency improvement by adding organic matter, and the possibility of power generation using various types of water such as pure water, fresh water, and seawater.
従って、（１）発電電力量がより向上し、（２）長期間の発電継続性が向上した、微生物発電装置（微生物燃料電池ともいう）及び発電方法が、学術的にも商業的にも興味深い。
本発明者らは、上述の（１）について、微生物発電装置中に存在する微生物が希薄なので、電力量が小さいと考えた。更に本発明者らは、上述の（２）について、発電に寄与する有機物質の供給が十分に行えていないため、微生物の生存が難しいと考えた。
Therefore, a microbial power generation device (also called microbial fuel cell) and power generation method that (1) further improves the amount of power generated and (2) improves long-term power generation continuity are of academic and commercial interest. .
Regarding (1) above, the present inventors considered that since the microorganisms present in the microbial power generation device are rare, the amount of electric power is small. Furthermore, regarding (2) above, the present inventors considered that it is difficult for microorganisms to survive because organic substances contributing to power generation are not sufficiently supplied.
本発明者らは、鋭意検討を重ねた結果、微生物の生育の場を提供し、有機物を保持できる、多孔質体を、発電装置の媒質中の電極間に設けることによって、微生物をより存在させて、微生物の集積度をより向上させることで、電力を増大させることができることを見出した。 As a result of extensive studies, the present inventors have found that by providing a porous material between the electrodes in the medium of a power generation device, which can provide a place for the growth of microorganisms and retain organic matter, the presence of microorganisms can be increased. We found that by further improving the degree of microbial accumulation, it was possible to increase electric power.
本発明者らは、また、微生物の生存を維持するために、有機物を多孔質体の空孔中により存在させる（又は担持させる）ことで、発電装置の中で、有機物が微生物に有効に与えられ、電力を増大させることができ、発電をより継続させることができることを見出した。 The present inventors also discovered that in order to maintain the survival of microorganisms, organic matter is made to exist (or supported) in the pores of a porous body, thereby effectively providing organic matter to microorganisms in a power generation device. It has been found that the power can be increased and power generation can be made more continuous.
本明細書は、下記の実施形態を含む。
１．有機物及び
当該有機物を分解してプロトンと電子を生成する微生物
を保持する媒体を有し、
その媒体中に少なくとも２つの電極を設けて発電する微生物発電装置において、
多孔質体を、媒体中、かつ、電極間に有する、微生物発電装置。
２．多孔質体が、無機物を含む、上記１記載の微生物発電装置。
３．多孔質体が、二酸化ケイ素を主成分とする発泡体を含む、上記１又は２に記載の微生物発電装置。
４．発泡体が、発泡ガラスを含む、上記３に記載の微生物発電装置。
５．多孔質体のサイズが、３０ｍｍ以下である、上記１～４のいずれか１に記載の微生物発電装置。
６．有機物を供給する手段を有する、上記１～５のいずれか１に記載の微生物発電装置。
７．有機物を供給する手段は、有機物をそのまま供給する手段、有機物を含む水を供給する手段及び／又は植物を含む、上記６に記載の微生物発電装置。
８．有機物及び
当該有機物を分解してプロトンと電子を生成する微生物
を保持する媒体中に少なくとも２つの電極を設けることを含む、微生物発電方法であって、
多孔質体を媒体中、かつ、電極間に設けることを含む、微生物発電方法。
９．多孔質体が、無機物を含む、上記８記載の微生物発電方法。
１０．多孔質体が、二酸化ケイ素を主成分とする発泡体を含む、上記８又は９に記載の微生物発電方法。
１１．粉体ガラスと発泡剤を含む混合物を空気中で６００～１１５０℃に加熱して、発泡体を製造することを含む、上記１０に記載の微生物発電方法。
１２．多孔質体のサイズが３０ｍｍ以下である、上記８～１１のいずれか１に記載の微生物発電方法。
１３．有機物を供給することを含む、上記８～１２のいずれか１に記載の微生物発電方法。
１４．有機物を供給することは、有機物をそのまま供給すること、有機物を含む水を供給すること、及び／又は植物を設けることを含む、上記１３に記載の微生物発電方法。
１５．有機物及び
当該有機物を分解してプロトンと電子を生成する微生物
を保持する媒体中に少なくとも２つの電極を設けることを含む、微生物発電装置の製造方法であって、
多孔質体を媒体中、かつ、電極間に設けることを含む、微生物発電装置の製造方法。
The specification includes the following embodiments.
1. It has a medium that holds organic matter and microorganisms that decompose the organic matter and generate protons and electrons,
In a microbial power generation device that generates electricity by providing at least two electrodes in the medium,
A microbial power generation device having a porous body in a medium and between electrodes.
2. The microbial power generation device according to 1 above, wherein the porous body contains an inorganic substance.
3. 3. The microbial power generation device according to 1 or 2 above, wherein the porous body includes a foam containing silicon dioxide as a main component.
4. 3. The microbial power generation device according to 3 above, wherein the foam includes foamed glass.
5. 5. The microbial power generation device according to any one of 1 to 4 above, wherein the porous body has a size of 30 mm or less.
6. 6. The microbial power generation device according to any one of 1 to 5 above, comprising means for supplying organic matter.
7. 7. The microbial power generation device described in 6 above, wherein the means for supplying organic matter includes a means for supplying organic matter as it is, a means for supplying water containing organic matter, and/or a plant.
8. A microbial power generation method comprising providing at least two electrodes in a medium holding an organic substance and a microorganism that decomposes the organic substance to produce protons and electrons, the method comprising:
A microbial power generation method comprising providing a porous body in a medium and between electrodes.
9. 8. The microbial power generation method according to 8 above, wherein the porous body contains an inorganic substance.
10. 10. The microbial power generation method according to 8 or 9 above, wherein the porous body includes a foam containing silicon dioxide as a main component.
11. 11. The microbial power generation method according to 10 above, which comprises heating a mixture containing powder glass and a foaming agent to 600 to 1150°C in air to produce a foam.
12. The microbial power generation method according to any one of 8 to 11 above, wherein the porous body has a size of 30 mm or less.
13. The microbial power generation method according to any one of 8 to 12 above, which comprises supplying an organic substance.
14. 14. The microbial power generation method according to 13 above, wherein supplying the organic matter includes supplying the organic matter as it is, supplying water containing the organic matter, and/or providing plants.
15. A method of manufacturing a microbial power generation device, comprising providing at least two electrodes in a medium holding an organic substance and a microorganism that decomposes the organic substance to produce protons and electrons.
A method for producing a microbial power generation device, comprising providing a porous body in a medium and between electrodes.
本発明の実施形態の微生物発電装置は、微生物の生育の場を与えることができる多孔質体を、発電装置の媒体中の電極間に設けることにより、微生物をより多く存在させて、微生物集積度をより増加させて、電力を増大することができる。更に、本発明の実施形態の微生物発電装置は、有機物の供給手段を有することができるので、長期間継続的に発電するために使用することができる。 The microbial power generation device according to the embodiment of the present invention provides a porous body capable of providing a growth place for microorganisms between the electrodes in the medium of the power generation device, thereby allowing more microorganisms to exist and increasing the microbial concentration. can be further increased to increase power. Furthermore, since the microbial power generation device according to the embodiment of the present invention can have organic matter supply means, it can be used to continuously generate power for a long period of time.
以下、添付した図面を参照しながら、本発明の実施形態の微生物発電装置を説明する。
本発明の実施形態の微生物発電装置は、
有機物及び
当該有機物を分解してプロトンと電子を生成する微生物
を保持する媒体を有し、
その媒体中に少なくとも２つの電極を設けて発電する微生物発電装置において、
多孔質体を、媒体中、かつ、電極間に有する、微生物発電装置である。
Hereinafter, a microbial power generation device according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the attached drawings.
The microbial power generation device according to the embodiment of the present invention is
It has a medium that holds organic matter and microorganisms that decompose the organic matter and generate protons and electrons,
In a microbial power generation device that generates electricity by providing at least two electrodes in the medium,
This is a microbial power generation device that includes a porous body in a medium and between electrodes.
本発明の実施形態において、微生物とは、有機物を分解してプロトンと電子を生成することにより発電することができ、本発明が目的とする微生物発電装置を得ることができれば、特に制限されることはない。微生物として、例えば、通性嫌気性グラム陰性桿菌 シェワネラ菌（Shewanella oneidensis）、ジオバクター菌等を例示することができる。これらの微生物は、有機化合物を分解してエネルギーを得る際に、生じた電子を電極に伝達することが知られている。 In the embodiments of the present invention, microorganisms are capable of generating electricity by decomposing organic matter and generating protons and electrons, and are not particularly limited as long as the microorganism power generation device targeted by the present invention can be obtained. There isn't. Examples of microorganisms include facultative anaerobic Gram-negative rods such as Shewanella oneidensis and Geobacter. These microorganisms are known to transfer the generated electrons to electrodes when decomposing organic compounds to obtain energy.
本発明の実施形態において、有機物とは、微生物が分解してエネルギーを得て、微生物が電子を生じることに貢献する物質であり、本発明が目的とする微生物発電装置を得ることができる限り特に制限されることはない。有機物として、例えば、酢酸、乳酸、グルコース、蔗糖、澱粉、アミノ酸、ペプチド、たんぱく質、セルロース等を例示することができる。 In an embodiment of the present invention, an organic substance is a substance that is decomposed by microorganisms to obtain energy and contributes to the generation of electrons by microorganisms. There are no restrictions. Examples of organic substances include acetic acid, lactic acid, glucose, sucrose, starch, amino acids, peptides, proteins, and cellulose.
本発明の実施形態において、媒体とは、微生物と有機物を保持し、微生物が生育できる環境を提供し、本発明が目的とする微生物発電装置を得ることができる限り、特に制限されることはない。媒体として、例えば、土壌、堆積汚泥、水（例えば、河川の水、農業用水）等を例示することができる。土壌として、例えば、田んぼの土壌、畑の土壌、果樹園の土壌、山林の土壌、川底の土壌、海底の土壌等を例示することができる。 In the embodiments of the present invention, the medium is not particularly limited as long as it can hold microorganisms and organic matter, provide an environment in which microorganisms can grow, and obtain the microbial power generation device aimed at by the present invention. . Examples of the medium include soil, accumulated sludge, water (eg, river water, agricultural water), and the like. Examples of the soil include rice field soil, field soil, orchard soil, mountain forest soil, riverbed soil, seabed soil, and the like.
本発明の実施形態において、電極とは、通常、発電装置に使用される電極であり、媒体中で腐食、破損等を生じない電極であることが好ましく、本発明が目的とする微生物発電装置を得ることができる限り、特に制限されることはない。電極として、例えば、カーボンフェルト、カーボンシート、金属（例えば、プラチナ）等を使用することができる。 In the embodiments of the present invention, the electrodes are electrodes that are normally used in power generation devices, and are preferably electrodes that do not corrode or break in the medium. There are no particular restrictions as long as it can be obtained. For example, carbon felt, carbon sheet, metal (eg, platinum), etc. can be used as the electrode.
電極の形状、大きさ等は、微生物発電装置を考慮して適宜選択することができる。
電極は２つで１組であるが、必要であれば、２組以上の電極を使用することができる。
電極は、上下で組み合わせてよく、左右で組み合わせてよく、くし形で組み合わせてよく、円筒状又は渦巻き状で組み合わせてもよい。
２つの電極の中で、一方の電極が大気に接することが好ましい。一方の電極が大気に接する場合、酸素がより効率的に供給されるので好ましい。本発明の実施形態の微生物発電装置では、電極表面に水素イオンが引き寄せられて、水が生成する反応が生じながら発電すると考えられる。この反応がよりスムーズになるので、一方の電極が大気に接することが好ましい。
The shape, size, etc. of the electrode can be appropriately selected in consideration of the microbial power generation device.
Two electrodes constitute one set, but two or more sets of electrodes can be used if necessary.
The electrodes may be combined top and bottom, left and right, comb-shaped, cylindrical or spiral.
It is preferable that one of the two electrodes be in contact with the atmosphere. It is preferable that one electrode be in contact with the atmosphere because oxygen can be supplied more efficiently. In the microbial power generation device of the embodiment of the present invention, hydrogen ions are attracted to the electrode surface, and it is thought that power is generated while a reaction occurs in which water is produced. Since this reaction becomes smoother, it is preferable that one electrode be in contact with the atmosphere.
本発明の実施形態において、多孔質体（多孔質材料）とは、多くの細孔が存在する材料であり、微生物の生育の場を提供し、有機物を保持でき、本発明が目的とする微生物発電装置を得ることができる限り、特に制限されることはない。多孔質体として、例えば、ダイアトマイト、ゼオライト、軽石、れき、シリカゲル、発泡ガラス等の無機物を例示することができる。
多孔質体は、二酸化ケイ素を主成分とする発泡体、例えば、発泡煉石、発泡ガラス等を含むことが好ましく、発泡ガラスを含むことがより好ましい。
In an embodiment of the present invention, a porous body (porous material) is a material that has many pores, provides a place for the growth of microorganisms, can retain organic matter, and is a material that provides a place for the growth of microorganisms and is capable of retaining organic matter. There is no particular restriction as long as a power generation device can be obtained. Examples of the porous material include inorganic materials such as diatomite, zeolite, pumice, gravel, silica gel, and foamed glass.
The porous body preferably contains a foam containing silicon dioxide as a main component, such as foamed brick, foamed glass, etc., and more preferably contains foamed glass.
多孔質体の細孔径は、例えば、０．００１～１０００μｍであり、０．００５～５００μｍであることが好ましく、０．０１～１００μｍであることがより好ましく、０．０５～５０μｍであることが特に好ましい。 The pore diameter of the porous body is, for example, 0.001 to 1000 μm, preferably 0.005 to 500 μm, more preferably 0.01 to 100 μm, and preferably 0.05 to 50 μm. Particularly preferred.
多孔質体のサイズは、例えば、３０ｍｍ以下であり、例えば、２５ｍｍ以下であり、例えば、２０ｍｍ以下であり、例えば、１５ｍｍ以下であり、例えば、１０ｍｍ以下であり、例えば、７ｍｍ以下である。多孔質体のサイズは、例えば、３０ｍｍ以下であり、例えば、２５ｍｍ以下であり、例えば、２０ｍｍ以下であり、例えば、０．５ｍｍ以上であり、例えば、１ｍｍ以上であり、例えば、２ｍｍ以上であり、３ｍｍ以上である。多孔質体のサイズは、篩の目開きがＸｍｍである篩を通りぬけるか否かで示す。 The size of the porous body is, for example, 30 mm or less, for example, 25 mm or less, for example, 20 mm or less, for example, 15 mm or less, for example, 10 mm or less, for example, 7 mm or less. The size of the porous body is, for example, 30 mm or less, for example, 25 mm or less, for example, 20 mm or less, for example, 0.5 mm or more, for example, 1 mm or more, for example, 2 mm or more. , 3 mm or more. The size of the porous material is indicated by whether it can pass through a sieve with a sieve opening of X mm.
本発明の実施形態の微生物発電装置は、多孔質体を、媒体中、かつ、電極間に有する。
多孔質体は、電極間に存在すればよく、本発明が目的とする微生物発電装置を得ることができれば、その存在形式等は、特に制限されることはない。
A microbial power generation device according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a porous body in a medium and between electrodes.
The porous body only needs to exist between the electrodes, and the form in which it exists is not particularly limited as long as the microbial power generation device aimed at by the present invention can be obtained.
本発明の実施形態において、発泡ガラスとは、多数の細孔を有するガラスをいい、一例では、粉砕したガラスと発泡剤との混合物を焼成することによって製造することができる。発泡ガラスの製造方法について詳細に説明する。 In embodiments of the present invention, foamed glass refers to glass with a large number of pores, and can be produced, in one example, by firing a mixture of crushed glass and a foaming agent. The method for manufacturing foamed glass will be explained in detail.
まず、発泡ガラスの原料となるガラス（以下、「原料ガラス」と称する）を粉砕する。本発明の実施形態の微生物発電装置を得られる限り、原料ガラスの種類は特に限定されないが、ソーダ石灰ガラス、ホウケイ酸ガラス、アルミノケイ酸ガラスなどが例示される。原料のガラスには、ブラウン管、液晶、プラズマディスプレイなどに由来する廃ガラスを用いてもよい。原料ガラスの粉砕方法は特に限定されず、市販の振動ミルなどを用いて粉砕することができる。粉砕後のガラス（以下、「粉砕ガラス」と称する）の粒径は、特に限定されないが、粉砕ガラスと後述する発泡剤とが均一に混合されるように小さい方が好ましい。一例では、原料ガラスの粉砕後に目開きが５００μｍ以下である篩を用いて粒度選別を行って、粉砕ガラスの粒径が５００μｍ以下になるようにすることが好ましい。
なお、本明細書において、「粒径がＸμｍ以下である」とは、篩の目開きがＸμｍである篩を通りぬけることを意味する。
First, glass that is a raw material for foamed glass (hereinafter referred to as "raw material glass") is crushed. The type of raw material glass is not particularly limited as long as the microbial power generation device of the embodiment of the present invention can be obtained, but examples include soda lime glass, borosilicate glass, and aluminosilicate glass. As the raw material glass, waste glass derived from cathode ray tubes, liquid crystal displays, plasma displays, etc. may be used. The method of pulverizing the raw material glass is not particularly limited, and it can be pulverized using a commercially available vibrating mill or the like. The particle size of the crushed glass (hereinafter referred to as "crushed glass") is not particularly limited, but is preferably small so that the crushed glass and the blowing agent described below are uniformly mixed. In one example, after crushing the raw glass, it is preferable to perform particle size selection using a sieve with an opening of 500 μm or less so that the particle size of the crushed glass is 500 μm or less.
In addition, in this specification, "the particle size is X micrometer or less" means that it passes through the sieve whose opening of a sieve is X micrometer.
次に、粉砕ガラスと発泡剤とを混合する。本発明の実施形態の微生物発電装置を得られる限り、発泡剤の種類は、特に限定されないが、例えば、ＳｉＣ、ＳｉＮ，ＣａＣＯ３、及びＣａＣＯ３を含む材料（例えば、貝殻）等を用いることができる。このような発泡剤は、ガラスが軟化する温度でガスを発生させるので、その結果、ガラス内部に多数の細孔が形成されて、発泡ガラスが製造される。また、発泡剤の含有量は、特に限定されないが、０．１～５質量％であることが好ましく、０．２～２．０質量％であることが特に好ましい。上述の含有量である場合、発泡がより十分に起こるので、より強度が向上した発泡ガラスが得られるので好ましい。
発泡剤は、炭酸カルシウムを（好ましくは主成分として）含むことが好ましい。
発泡剤は、貝殻を（好ましくは主成分として）含むことが好ましい。
Next, the crushed glass and blowing agent are mixed. The type of foaming agent is not particularly limited as long as the microbial power generation device of the embodiment of the present invention can be obtained, but for example, materials containing SiC, SiN, CaCO 3 and CaCO 3 (for example, shells) can be used. . Such a blowing agent generates gas at a temperature at which the glass softens, and as a result, a large number of pores are formed inside the glass to produce foamed glass. Further, the content of the blowing agent is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.1 to 5% by mass, particularly preferably 0.2 to 2.0% by mass. The above-mentioned content is preferable because foaming occurs more fully and a foamed glass with improved strength can be obtained.
Preferably, the blowing agent contains calcium carbonate (preferably as a main component).
Preferably, the blowing agent contains shells (preferably as a main component).
次に、粉砕ガラスと発泡剤の混合物を焼成する。本発明の実施形態の微生物発電装置を得られる限り、焼成温度及び焼成時間は、特に限定されることはなく、ガラスが適切に発泡するように、ガラスや発泡剤の種類に応じて適宜設定することができる。焼成温度は、一例では、６００～１１５０℃である。さらに例えば、７００～１１００℃である。焼成温度は、ソーダ石灰ガラスについては、８００～１０００℃が好ましい。このような焼成温度の場合、ガラスがより十分に軟化して細孔がより適切に形成され、より好ましい発泡ガラスを製造することができる。また、焼成時間は、一例では、１～６０分であり、一例では、３～２５分であり、好ましくは、５～２０分である。このような焼成時間の場合、発泡がより十分に起こり、より好ましい発泡ガラスを製造することができる。 The mixture of crushed glass and blowing agent is then fired. As long as the microbial power generation device of the embodiment of the present invention can be obtained, the firing temperature and firing time are not particularly limited, and are set appropriately depending on the type of glass and foaming agent so that the glass foams appropriately. be able to. The firing temperature is, for example, 600 to 1150°C. Further, for example, the temperature is 700 to 1100°C. The firing temperature is preferably 800 to 1000°C for soda lime glass. In the case of such a firing temperature, the glass is more sufficiently softened, pores are formed more appropriately, and a more preferable foamed glass can be manufactured. Further, the firing time is, in one example, 1 to 60 minutes, in one example, 3 to 25 minutes, and preferably 5 to 20 minutes. In the case of such a firing time, foaming occurs more fully, and a more preferable foamed glass can be manufactured.
製造された発泡ガラスは、塊状のまま用いてもよいが、粉砕したものを用いてもよい。粉砕後の発泡ガラスの粒径は、特に限定されないが、例えば、３０ｍｍ以下であり、例えば、２５ｍｍ以下であり、例えば、２０ｍｍ以下であり、例えば、１５ｍｍ以下であり、例えば、１０ｍｍ以下であり、例えば、７ｍｍ以下である。 The produced foamed glass may be used in the form of a block, or may be crushed. The particle size of the foamed glass after pulverization is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 30 mm or less, e.g., 25 mm or less, e.g., 20 mm or less, e.g., 15 mm or less, e.g., 10 mm or less, For example, it is 7 mm or less.
本発明の実施形態の微生物発電装置は、有機物を供給する手段を有することが好ましい。有機物を供給する手段とは、有機物を微生物発電装置（好ましくは媒体）に供給して、微生物の生存及び生存継続を向上することができ、本発明が目的とする微生物発電装置を得ることができる限り、特に制限されることはない。有機物を供給する手段として、例えば、有機物をそのまま供給する手段、有機物を含む水を供給する手段及び植物（又は植栽）等を例示することができる。 The microbial power generation device according to the embodiment of the present invention preferably has means for supplying organic matter. The means for supplying organic matter is capable of supplying organic matter to a microbial power generation device (preferably a medium) to improve the survival and continued survival of microorganisms, and to obtain the microbial power generation device aimed at by the present invention. There are no particular restrictions. Examples of means for supplying organic matter include means for supplying organic matter as it is, means for supplying water containing organic matter, plants (or planting), and the like.
有機物をそのまま供給する手段とは、有機物をそのままの形態で微生物発電装置に供給して、微生物の生存及び生存継続を向上することができ、本発明が目的とする微生物発電装置を得ることができる限り、特に制限されることはない。有機物をそのまま供給する手段として、微生物発電装置に、例えば、糖、でんぷん等をそのまま（粉体又は液状のまま）直接供給する装置を例示することができる。そのような有機物供給装置は、具体的には、例えば、管、アンプル等の注射剤等を例示することができる。 Means for supplying organic matter as it is means supplying organic matter as it is to a microbial power generation device, which can improve the survival and continued survival of microorganisms, and can obtain the microbial power generation device aimed at by the present invention. There are no particular restrictions. As a means for supplying organic substances as they are, for example, a device that directly supplies sugar, starch, etc. as they are (in powder or liquid form) to the microbial power generation device can be exemplified. Specific examples of such an organic substance supply device include injections such as tubes and ampoules.
有機物を含む水を供給する手段とは、有機物を含む水を微生物発電装置、好ましくは媒体に供給して、微生物の生存及び生存継続を向上することができ、本発明が目的とする微生物発電装置を得ることができる限り、特に制限されることはない。有機物を含む水を供給する手段として、有機物が混入している農業用水（又は廃水）発電装置に供給する装置、有機物が混入している農業用水（又は廃水）、工業用水（又は廃水）等に微生物発電装置を浸漬するための装置等を例示できる。 The means for supplying water containing organic matter is capable of supplying water containing organic matter to a microbial power generation device, preferably a medium, to improve survival and continued survival of microorganisms, and is a method for supplying water containing organic matter to a microbial power generation device, which is an object of the present invention. There are no particular restrictions as long as you can obtain the following. As a means of supplying water containing organic matter, it can be used to supply agricultural water (or wastewater) that is mixed with organic matter to power generation equipment, agricultural water (or wastewater) that is mixed with organic matter, industrial water (or wastewater), etc. An example is a device for immersing a microbial power generation device.
植物（又は植栽）とは、それが微生物発電装置に存在して生育することで、有機物を微生物発電装置中に供給できる、光合成可能な植物（又は草木）をいい、微生物発電装置に存在して、微生物の生存及び生存継続を向上することができ、本発明が目的とする微生物発電装置を得ることができる限り、特に制限されることはない。そのような植物として、例えば、沈水性の水草、浮葉性の水草、浮遊性の植物及び抽水性の植物などを例示することができる。
沈水性の水草とは、一般に植物体が完全に水中にある水草をいい、例えば、イバラモ科、ヒルムシロ科、マツモ科及びアリノトウグサ科などが含まれる。
浮葉性の水草とは、一般に根が水底についていて葉を水面に浮かべる水草をいい、例えば、スイレンなどを含むスイレン科、アサザなどを含むミツガシワ科、ヒルムシロなどを含むヒルムシロ科などが含まれる。
浮遊性の植物とは、一般に水面に植物体が浮かんでいて、根が水底についていない浮遊性の植物をいい、例えば、ホテイアオイ及びボタンウキクサ等のウキクサ科、アカウキクサ及びサンショウモ等の水生シダ類、イチョウウキゴケ等のコケ植物などが含まれる。
抽水性の植物とは、一般に根が水中にあり、茎や葉を伸ばして水面上に出る植物をいい、例えば、コウホネ類、スイレン類、ハス科、カヤツリグサ科及びイネ科などが含まれる。
Plants (or plantings) refer to plants (or plants) capable of photosynthesis that can supply organic matter to the microbial power generation device by growing in the microbial power generation device; There is no particular limitation as long as the survival and continued survival of microorganisms can be improved and the microbial power generation device aimed at by the present invention can be obtained. Examples of such plants include submerged aquatic plants, floating aquatic plants, floating plants, and emergent plants.
Submersible aquatic plants generally refer to aquatic plants whose plants are completely submerged in water, and include, for example, the family Ibarumaceae, the family Helminaceae, the family Arinaceae, and the family Arinaceae.
Floating-leaved aquatic plants generally refer to aquatic plants whose roots are attached to the bottom of the water and whose leaves float on the surface of the water, and include, for example, the Nymphaceae family, which includes water lilies, the Nymphaceae family, which includes morning glory, and the family Helminaceae, which includes the cypress.
Floating plants generally refer to floating plants whose plants float on the water surface and whose roots are not attached to the bottom of the water, such as water hyacinth and Lemnaceae such as Pistolina, aquatic ferns such as Lemnaceae and Salmonella, and Ginkgo fern. This includes moss plants such as.
Extractive plants generally refer to plants whose roots are submerged in water and which extend their stems and leaves to emerge above the water surface, and include, for example, plants of the family Polygonaceae, water lilies, Lotus family, Cyperaceae family, and Poaceae family.
本発明の一の実施形態の微生物発電装置を図１に模式的に示す。微生物発電装置（１０）は、容器（８）中に、２つの電極（１）及び（２）を有する。電極（１）と電極（２）は、上下に配置されている。電極（１）と電極（２）の間は、媒体（４）で満たされている。媒体（４）の中で、電極（１）と電極（２）の間に、多孔質体（６）が配置されている。容器（８）の上は、カバー（９）で覆われており、微生物発電装置（１０）の内部が保護されている。電極（１）には導線（１２）が取り付けられており、電極（２）には導線（２２）が取り付けられており、これらの導線（１２）と（２２）で、発電された電力が取り出される。 A microbial power generation device according to one embodiment of the present invention is schematically shown in FIG. The microbial power generation device (10) has two electrodes (1) and (2) in a container (8). Electrode (1) and electrode (2) are arranged one above the other. The space between the electrode (1) and the electrode (2) is filled with a medium (4). A porous body (6) is arranged between the electrode (1) and the electrode (2) in the medium (4). The top of the container (8) is covered with a cover (9) to protect the inside of the microbial power generation device (10). A conducting wire (12) is attached to the electrode (1), and a conducting wire (22) is attached to the electrode (2), and the generated electric power is extracted by these conducting wires (12) and (22). It will be done.
本発明は他の要旨において、
有機物及び
当該有機物を分解してプロトンと電子を生成する微生物
を保持する媒体中に少なくとも２つの電極を設けることを含む、微生物発電方法であって、
微生物及び／又は有機物を担持することのできる多孔質体を媒体中、かつ、電極間に設けることを含む、微生物発電方法を提供する。
In another aspect, the present invention has the following features:
A microbial power generation method comprising providing at least two electrodes in a medium holding an organic substance and a microorganism that decomposes the organic substance to produce protons and electrons, the method comprising:
A microbial power generation method is provided, which includes providing a porous body capable of supporting microorganisms and/or organic matter in a medium and between electrodes.
本発明は、更なる要旨において、
有機物及び
当該有機物を分解してプロトンと電子を生成する微生物
を保持する媒体中に少なくとも２つの電極を設けることを含む、微生物発電装置の製造方法であって、
多孔質体を媒体中、かつ、電極間に設けることを含む、微生物発電装置の製造方法を提供する。
In a further aspect, the present invention provides:
A method of manufacturing a microbial power generation device, comprising providing at least two electrodes in a medium holding an organic substance and a microorganism that decomposes the organic substance to produce protons and electrons.
A method for manufacturing a microbial power generation device is provided, which includes providing a porous body in a medium and between electrodes.
本発明の実施形態の微生物発電方法及び微生物発電装置の製造方法において、有機物、微生物、媒体、電極、多孔質体などについて、上述の記載を参照することができる。 In the microbial power generation method and the manufacturing method of a microbial power generation device according to the embodiments of the present invention, the above descriptions can be referred to regarding organic substances, microorganisms, media, electrodes, porous bodies, and the like.
本発明者らは、微生物発電装置の発電効率を向上させるためには、(ｉ)「微生物の集積度をあげること」が、重要であると考える。更に、本発明者らは、発電継続性の確保については、(ii)「微生物の生存及び活動継続のための有機物（養分）補給」が重要であると考える。
本発明の実施形態の微生物発電装置は、多孔質体を媒体中で、電極間に設けることで、上述の(ｉ)及び(ii)に関する有利な効果を奏すると考える。それは、多孔質体が、微生物に生育の場を提供し、微生物が多孔質体に好ましくは担持され、より好ましくは固定され得るからと考えられる。更に、微生物の生存に必要な有機物も、多孔質体に保持され、好ましくは担持されるからと考えられる。本発明は、このような理由によって優れた効果を奏すると考えられるが、このような理由によって、本発明は、何ら制限されることはない。
The present inventors believe that (i) "increasing the degree of accumulation of microorganisms" is important in order to improve the power generation efficiency of a microbial power generation device. Furthermore, the present inventors believe that (ii) "supplementation of organic matter (nutrients) for continued survival and activity of microorganisms" is important for ensuring continuity of power generation.
It is believed that the microbial power generation device according to the embodiment of the present invention provides advantageous effects regarding (i) and (ii) above by providing a porous body in a medium between electrodes. This is thought to be because the porous body provides a place for microorganisms to grow, and the microorganisms are preferably supported on the porous body, and more preferably can be immobilized. Furthermore, it is thought that this is because organic substances necessary for the survival of microorganisms are also retained, and preferably supported, in the porous body. Although the present invention is considered to have excellent effects for these reasons, the present invention is not limited in any way by these reasons.
以下、本発明を実施例及び比較例により具体的かつ詳細に説明するが、これらの実施例は本発明の一態様にすぎず、本発明はこれらの例によって何ら限定されるものではない。 Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained specifically and in detail with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples, but these Examples are only one aspect of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited by these examples in any way.
本実施例で使用した材料等を以下に示す。
容器としてΦ９．５ｃｍ×１４．１ｃｍの円筒状のプラスチック製容器、電極として各々に導線を有する２つのカーボンフェルト（７ｃｍ×５ｃｍ×０．５ｃｍ）、媒体として田んぼ（農薬を使用していない）の土壌、及びΦ１０．５ｃｍ×１．７ｃｍのプラスチック製のカバーを準備した。土壌中には、通性嫌気性グラム陰性桿菌 シェワネラ菌（Shewanella oneidensis）及び／又はジオバクター菌が存在している。有機化合物を分解してエネルギーを得る際に、生じた電子を電極に伝達することが知られている。更に、多孔質体として、下記表１に示す発泡ガラスを準備した。
The materials used in this example are shown below.
A cylindrical plastic container with a diameter of 9.5 cm x 14.1 cm was used as the container, two carbon felts (7 cm x 5 cm x 0.5 cm) each having a conducting wire were used as electrodes, and a rice field (without using pesticides) was used as the medium. Soil and a plastic cover measuring 10.5 cm x 1.7 cm were prepared. The facultative anaerobic Gram-negative rods Shewanella oneidensis and/or Geobacter are present in the soil. It is known that when energy is obtained by decomposing organic compounds, the generated electrons are transferred to electrodes. Furthermore, foamed glass shown in Table 1 below was prepared as a porous body.
発泡ガラスの製造
発泡ガラスの製造は、具体的には、下記のように行った。
発泡ガラス１について記載する。まず、ソーダ石灰ガラスを、粒径が０．５ｍｍ以下になるように粉砕した。1.2質量%の発泡剤CaCO3を添加して、十分に混合した。その混合物を、９００℃の温度で８分間焼成することによって発泡ガラスを得た。この発泡ガラスを粒径が１～３ｍｍになるように粉砕して、発泡ガラス１を得た。
表１に記載した発泡剤及び焼成条件等に変えた他、発泡ガラス１の製造方法と同様の方法を使用して、発泡ガラス２～７を製造した。
Manufacture of Foamed Glass Foamed glass was specifically manufactured as follows.
Foamed glass 1 will be described. First, soda lime glass was crushed to a particle size of 0.5 mm or less. 1.2% by weight of the blowing agent CaCO3 was added and mixed thoroughly. Foamed glass was obtained by firing the mixture at a temperature of 900° C. for 8 minutes. This foamed glass was crushed to a particle size of 1 to 3 mm to obtain foamed glass 1.
Foamed glasses 2 to 7 were manufactured using the same method as that used for manufacturing foamed glass 1, except that the blowing agent and firing conditions listed in Table 1 were changed.
発泡ガラス１～７の各々を、水切りネットに入れて、土壌と発泡ガラスが分離した状態で、前処理として事前に、５週間土壌中に埋めて保管した。この保管期間に、発泡ガラス中に、微生物が入り、好ましくは集積されると考えられる。 Each of the foamed glasses 1 to 7 was placed in a draining net, and with the soil and foamed glass separated, they were buried and stored in the soil for 5 weeks as a pretreatment. It is believed that during this storage period, microorganisms enter and preferably accumulate in the foamed glass.
実施例１の微生物発電装置の製造
円筒状の容器に１２０ｇの土壌を入れた。その上に、１つのカーボンフェルトを配置して、下部電極とした。その上に７５ｇの土壌を入れた。その上に、上述の土壌に５週間埋めて保管した、３０ｇの発泡ガラス１を入れた。更に、その上に、１９０ｇの土壌を入れた。その上に、１つのカーボンフェルトを配置して、上部電極とした。カバーをかぶせて、実施例１の微生物発電装置を得た。
Production of microbial power generation device of Example 1 120 g of soil was placed in a cylindrical container. A piece of carbon felt was placed on top of it to serve as a lower electrode. 75g of soil was placed on top of it. On top of that, 30 g of foamed glass 1, which had been buried and stored in the above-mentioned soil for 5 weeks, was placed. Furthermore, 190 g of soil was placed on top of it. A piece of carbon felt was placed on top of it to serve as the upper electrode. The microbial power generation device of Example 1 was obtained by covering with a cover.
実施例２～７及び比較例１の微生物発電装置の製造
実施例１の微生物発電装置の製造方法において、発泡ガラス１の代わりに、発泡ガラス２～７を使用したこと又は発泡ガラスを使用しなかったことを除いて、同様の方法を用いて、実施例２～７又は比較例１の微生物発電装置を製造した。
Production of microbial power generation devices in Examples 2 to 7 and Comparative Example 1 In the method for manufacturing the microbial power generation device in Example 1, foamed glasses 2 to 7 were used instead of foamed glass 1, or foamed glass was not used. The microbial power generation devices of Examples 2 to 7 or Comparative Example 1 were manufactured using the same method except for the following.
微生物発電装置の評価
微生物発電装置を電源として、電流計を用いて、短絡電流を測定して、日ごとの最大電力（Pmax:mW）及び飽和電力（Psat:mW）を測定した。
測定を開始後、９日、２１日、３１日、４２日、５０日及び５９日目の飽和電力（Psat:mW）を、表２に示した。
更に、実施例１、２、７及び比較例１の微生物発電装置の飽和電力（mW）を、図２に示した。図２は、上から順に、実施例７、実施例１、実施例２、比較例１の微生物発電装置の日数に対して飽和電力をプロットして示す。
Evaluation of microbial power generation device Using the microbial power generation device as a power source, short circuit current was measured using an ammeter, and daily maximum power (Pmax: mW) and saturated power (Psat: mW) were measured.
Table 2 shows the saturation power (Psat: mW) on the 9th, 21st, 31st, 42nd, 50th, and 59th day after starting the measurement.
Furthermore, the saturated power (mW) of the microbial power generation devices of Examples 1, 2, and 7 and Comparative Example 1 is shown in FIG. FIG. 2 shows a plot of saturation power against the number of days of the microbial power generation devices of Example 7, Example 1, Example 2, and Comparative Example 1 in order from the top.
実施例１～７の微生物発電装置では、いずれも、飽和電力は、測定期間中に１．０ｍWを超えた。特に、実施例１、２、４、７の微生物発電装置では、２．０ｍWを超えた。基本的に測定期間後半に向かって、飽和電力は増加している。多孔質体を電極間に存在させることで、微生物発電装置の効率向上と発電継続性を改善することができた。
一方、多孔質体を電極間に含まない比較例１の微生物発電装置では、飽和電力は、測定期間全体を通して、高々０．８ｍWであり、測定期間後半では、飽和電力は低下した。
In all of the microbial power generation devices of Examples 1 to 7, the saturated power exceeded 1.0 mW during the measurement period. In particular, the microbial power generation devices of Examples 1, 2, 4, and 7 exceeded 2.0 mW. Basically, the saturation power increases towards the latter half of the measurement period. By placing the porous material between the electrodes, we were able to improve the efficiency and continuity of power generation in the microbial power generation device.
On the other hand, in the microbial power generation device of Comparative Example 1 that does not include a porous material between the electrodes, the saturated power was at most 0.8 mW throughout the measurement period, and the saturated power decreased in the latter half of the measurement period.
本発明の実施形態の微生物発電装置は、微生物の生育の場を与えることができる多孔質体を、発電装置の媒体中の電極間に設けることにより、微生物をより多く存在させて、微生物集積度をより増加させて、電力を増大することができる。更に、本発明の実施形態の微生物発電装置は、有機物の供給手段を有することができるので、長期間継続的に発電するために使用することができる。 The microbial power generation device according to the embodiment of the present invention provides a porous body capable of providing a growth place for microorganisms between the electrodes in the medium of the power generation device, thereby allowing more microorganisms to exist and increasing the microbial concentration. can be further increased to increase power. Furthermore, since the microbial power generation device according to the embodiment of the present invention can have organic matter supply means, it can be used to continuously generate power for a long period of time.
１ 電極
１２ 導線
２ 電極
２２ 導線
４ 媒体
６ 多孔質体
８ 容器
９ カバー
１０ 微生物発電装置
1 Electrode 12 Conductor 2 Electrode 22 Conductor 4 Medium 6 Porous body 8 Container 9 Cover 10 Microbial power generation device
Claims (11)
当該有機物を分解してプロトンと電子を生成する微生物
を保持する媒体を有し、
その媒体中に少なくとも２つの電極を設けて発電する微生物発電装置において、
多孔質体を、媒体中、かつ、電極間に有し、
多孔質体が、二酸化ケイ素を主成分とする発泡体を含む、微生物発電装置。 It has a medium that holds organic matter and microorganisms that decompose the organic matter and generate protons and electrons,
In a microbial power generation device that generates electricity by providing at least two electrodes in the medium,
having a porous body in the medium and between the electrodes,
A microbial power generation device in which the porous body includes a foam whose main component is silicon dioxide .
当該有機物を分解してプロトンと電子を生成する微生物
を保持する媒体中に少なくとも２つの電極を設けることを含む、微生物発電方法であって、
多孔質体を媒体中、かつ、電極間に設けることを含み、
多孔質体が、二酸化ケイ素を主成分とする発泡体を含む、微生物発電方法。 A microbial power generation method comprising providing at least two electrodes in a medium holding an organic substance and a microorganism that decomposes the organic substance to produce protons and electrons, the method comprising:
Including providing a porous body in the medium and between the electrodes,
A microbial power generation method in which the porous body includes a foam whose main component is silicon dioxide .
当該有機物を分解してプロトンと電子を生成する微生物
を保持する媒体中に少なくとも２つの電極を設けることを含む、微生物発電装置の製造方法であって、
多孔質体を媒体中、かつ、電極間に設けることを含み、
多孔質体が、二酸化ケイ素を主成分とする発泡体を含む、微生物発電装置の製造方法。 A method of manufacturing a microbial power generation device, comprising providing at least two electrodes in a medium holding an organic substance and a microorganism that decomposes the organic substance to produce protons and electrons.
Including providing a porous body in the medium and between the electrodes,
A method for manufacturing a microbial power generation device , wherein the porous body includes a foam whose main component is silicon dioxide .
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