JP3567808B2 - Maximum power control method for solar cells - Google Patents

Maximum power control method for solar cells Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3567808B2
JP3567808B2 JP23473399A JP23473399A JP3567808B2 JP 3567808 B2 JP3567808 B2 JP 3567808B2 JP 23473399 A JP23473399 A JP 23473399A JP 23473399 A JP23473399 A JP 23473399A JP 3567808 B2 JP3567808 B2 JP 3567808B2
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Prior art keywords
solar cell
maximum power
power
command value
current command
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JP2001060120A (en
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博昭 小新
弘忠 東浜
晃 吉武
忠吉 向井
宏之 大野
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Panasonic Electric Works Co Ltd
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Matsushita Electric Works Ltd
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers

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Description

【０００１】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、太陽電池を電源とし、その太陽電池からインバータ等で構成される電力変換装置を介して最大電力を効率よく取り出すための太陽電池の最大電力制御方法に関するものである。
【０００２】
【従来の技術】
近年、太陽電池を電源とし、インバータ等の電力変換装置を介して所定の電力を供給する電源装置が注目されている。この太陽電池は、太陽電池に入射する日射量をパラメータとした場合、日射量の増大に従って電力が増大する傾向を有しており、また、その太陽電池の動作点により出力電力が大幅に変動する特性を有している。
【０００３】
このような特性を有する太陽電池から最大電力を効率よく取り出すために、特開昭５７−２０６９２９号公報等には、山登り法といわれる最大電力点追尾制御が提案されている。このものにあっては、一定の日射量の下において太陽電池が、図４に示すように、電圧−電力特性を有している場合、先ず太陽電池の出力電圧の基準動作電圧を開放電圧ＶＯＰから所定のサンプリング周期で一定の変化幅ΔＶＳで減少させていく。この間、電力は図中矢印ａの方向に増加して行く。すると、電力が最大電力点Ｐを越え矢印ｂの方向に減少して行く。この電力の減少を検出すると、今度は基準動作電圧を変化幅ΔＶＳで増加させる。これにより、電力は図中矢印ｃ方向に増加し、やがて最大電力点Ｐを越え矢印ｄ方向に減少し始める。そこでこの電力の減少を検出して、再び基準動作電圧を変化幅ΔＶＳで減少させる方向へ変化させる。以上の動作を繰り返して行くことにより基準動作電圧を最大電力点Ｐ近傍で往復させ、太陽電池の最大電力点を常に追従させている。
【０００４】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
ところが、上記した従来法では、太陽電池の最大電力Ｐよりも左側の領域、すなわち図４におけるＩの領域において山登り制御をしなければならないが、太陽電池の最大電力Ｐよりも右側の領域ＩＩに対して左側の領域Ｉは電流指令値の変化に伴う太陽電池の出力電力の変化が大きく、制御の安定性確保が困難であるという問題点を有していた。
【０００５】
本発明は、上記の問題点に鑑みて成されたものであり、その目的とするところは、不安定な制御を行うことなく最大電力制御を精度良く行うことができる太陽電池の最大電力制御方法を提供することにある。
【０００６】
【課題を解決するための手段】
請求項１記載の発明は、太陽電池から電力変換装置を介して取り出される電力を最大電力に追従制御するために電力変換装置の出力電流を指令する電流指令値を制御する方法において、前記電力変換装置に与える電流指令値を増加させて行き、その際の前記太陽電池からの出力電力が増加方向であれば前記電流指令値を変化させる方向をそのまま維持し、前記出力電力が増加方向でなければ、その時点での動作点電圧に一定電圧を加えたところで制御するように電流指令値を変更し、そこから再度前記電流指令値を増加させていくようにしたことを特徴とするものである。
【０００７】
請求項２記載の発明は、請求項１記載の太陽電池の最大電力制御方法において、前記太陽電池の前記出力電力が増加方向から減少方向になる度に前記電流指令値の変化幅を小さな値に変更するようにしたことを特徴とするものである。
【０００８】
請求項３記載の発明は、請求項１記載の太陽電池の最大電力制御方法において、前記太陽電池の前記出力電力の変化量に応じて前記電流指令値の変化幅を変更するようにしたことを特徴とするものである。
【０００９】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の一実施の形態に係る太陽電池の最大電力制御方法について図１乃至図３に基づき詳細に説明する。図１は太陽電池から最大電力を取り出す装置の一例である。１０は太陽電池、１１はインバータ、１３は商用電力系統、２１は電流検出器、２２は電圧検出器、２３は最大電力制御回路、２４は誤差増幅器、２５は電流制御回路である。
【００１０】
太陽電池１０の直流出力はインバータ１１において交流に変換され、保護継電器等を介して商用電力系統１３と連系されている。太陽電池１０の出力電流及び出力電圧は、電流検出器２１及び電圧検出器２２で検出され、その検出値は最大電力制御回路２３に入力される。最大電力制御回路２３では、入力された値に基づき電流指令値を出力する。電流指令値は電流検出器２１により検出された値と比較され、その偏差は誤差増幅器２４により増幅されて電流制御回路２５に入力される。電流制御回路２５では、誤差増幅器２４からの偏差に応じてこの偏差が零になるようにインバータ１１の出力電流を制御する。
【００１１】
ここで最大電力制御回路２３の動作について図２に基づき説明する。太陽電池１０は一定の日射量及び温度にあっては、図２に示すような特性を有しており、最大電力点Ｐにおいて動作させることが理想である。
【００１２】
最大電力制御回路２３にあっては、最初、太陽電池の動作点電圧が開放電圧ＶＯＰとなるように電流指令値を出力する（図２おいてＰ０に相当）。そして、所定のサンプリング周期で電流指令値を比較的大きな変化幅で増加させていく。その際、最大電力制御回路２３にあっては、出力電力の電圧微分値を算出し、この微分値が負の場合は電流指令値を増加させていく。この間、電力はＰ０、Ｐ１、Ｐ２、Ｐ３、Ｐ４と増加していくことになる。
【００１３】
このまま電流指令値を増加させていくと、やがて出力電力は最大電力点Ｐを越え矢印ｂのように減少を始めることになる。最大電力制御回路２３にあっては、この状態を出力電力の電圧微分値が零若しくは正になったことにより検出する（図２おいてＰ５に相当）。そして、最大電力制御回路２３では、その時点での動作点電圧に所定電圧である５Ｖを加えたところから再度山登りを開始するように電流指令値を変更するようになっている。
【００１４】
上述した構成にあっては、以上の動作を繰り返すことにより、電流指令値は太陽電池１０の出力電力−出力電圧曲線における最大電力Ｐよりも右側の領域ＩＩで制御され、出力電力は最大電力Ｐの近傍を往復することになる。すなわち、太陽電池１０において精度よく制御を行うことが困難となる出力電力−出力電圧曲線における最大電力Ｐよりも左側の領域Ｉにおいて電流指令値を制御する必要がないため、安定的に最大電力制御を行うことが可能になるのである。
【００１５】
また、最大電力Ｐが日射量の変化などにより変動した場合でも、予め最大電力Ｐ近傍の定義を設定しておかずに柔軟で素早い追従制御が可能になる。
【００１６】
なお、太陽電池１０の出力電力が増加方向から減少方向になる度に、すなわち増加傾向にあった太陽電池１０の出力電力が最大出力Ｐを越え減少方向に転じる度に、電流指令値の変化幅を小さな値に変更するようにしてもよい。これにより、始動初期状態において変化幅を大きく設定しておけば最大電力Ｐへの追従速度を早めることが可能になるとともに、出力電力が増加方向から減少方向になる度に変化幅を小さくすることにより、最大電力Ｐでの振れ幅を小さくすることができ、最大電力制御の精度を高めることが可能になる。
【００１７】
また、図３（ｂ）に示すように、太陽電池１０の出力電力の変化量に応じて電流指令値の変化幅を変更するようにしてもよい。すなわち、出力電力の電圧微分値に応じて次の電流指令値を決定し、微分値の絶対値に比例して電流指令値の変化幅を変更するのである。これにより、始動初期状態のように動作点電圧が最大出力Ｐよりも大きく離れている状態にあっては、電流指令値の変化幅が大きくなるため最大電力Ｐへの追従速度を早めることが可能になるとともに、最大出力Ｐの近傍にあっては電流指令値の変化幅が小さくなるため最大電力Ｐでの振れ幅を小さくすることができ、最大電力制御の精度を高めることが可能になる。
【００１８】
【発明の効果】
以上のように、請求項１記載の発明にあっては、太陽電池から電力変換装置を介して取り出される電力を最大電力に追従制御するために電力変換装置の出力電流を指令する電流指令値を制御する方法において、前記電力変換装置に与える電流指令値を増加させて行き、その際の前記太陽電池からの出力電力が増加方向であれば前記電流指令値を変化させる方向をそのまま維持し、前記出力電力が増加方向でなければ、その時点での動作点電圧に一定電圧を加えたところで制御するように電流指令値を変更し、そこから再度前記電流指令値を増加させていくようにしたので、太陽電池の出力電力−出力電圧曲線において最大電力よりも右側の領域において太陽電池を制御することが可能になるため、不安定な制御を行うことなく最大電力制御を精度良く行うことができる太陽電池の最大電力制御方法を提供することが可能になるという効果を奏する。
【００１９】
請求項２記載の発明にあっては、請求項１記載の太陽電池の最大電力制御方法において、前記太陽電池の前記出力電力が増加方向から減少方向になる度に前記電流指令値の変化幅を小さな値に変更するようにしたので、最大電力制御初期にあっては変化幅を大きくすることで最大電力の追従を速く行うことが可能になるとともに、最大電力近傍での変動状態にあっては変化幅を小さくすることで最大電力近傍における変動を安定的に行うことが可能になるという効果を奏する。
【００２０】
請求項３記載の発明にあっては、請求項１記載の太陽電池の最大電力制御方法において、前記太陽電池の前記出力電力の変化量に応じて前記電流指令値の変化幅を変更するようにしたので、電流指令値が最大電力よりも大きく離れているところにあっては電流指令値の変化幅を大きくすることで最大電力の追従を速く行うことが可能になるとともに、電流指令値が最大電力近傍にあるときはその変化幅を小さくすることで最大電力近傍における変動を安定的に行うことが可能になるという効果を奏する。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図１】太陽電池から最大電力を取り出す装置の一例を示すブロック図である。
【図２】本実施の形態に係る最大電力制御方法を示す太陽電池の特性図である。
【図３】太陽電池の特性図であり、（ａ）は従来の最大電力制御方法に係るものであり、（ｂ）は本実施の形態に係る他の最大電力制御方法に係るものである。
【図４】従来の最大電力制御方法を示す太陽電池の特性図である。
【符号の説明】
１０ 太陽電池
１１ インバータ
１３ 商用電力系統
２１ 電流検出器
２２ 電圧検出器
２３ 最大電力制御回路
２４ 誤差増幅器
２５ 電流制御回路[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a maximum power control method for a solar cell, which uses a solar cell as a power source and efficiently extracts maximum power from the solar cell via a power converter including an inverter or the like.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, a power supply device that uses a solar cell as a power supply and supplies predetermined power via a power conversion device such as an inverter has attracted attention. When the amount of solar radiation incident on the solar cell is used as a parameter, the solar cell has a tendency that power increases as the amount of solar radiation increases, and the output power greatly varies depending on the operating point of the solar cell. Has characteristics.
[0003]
In order to efficiently extract maximum power from a solar cell having such characteristics, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 57-206929 and the like propose a maximum power point tracking control called a hill-climbing method. In this case, when the solar cell has a voltage-power characteristic as shown in FIG. 4 under a certain amount of solar radiation, first, the reference operating voltage of the output voltage of the solar cell is set to the open-circuit voltage VOP. From a predetermined sampling period to a constant change width ΔVS. During this time, the power increases in the direction of arrow a in the figure. Then, the power exceeds the maximum power point P and decreases in the direction of the arrow b. When this decrease in power is detected, the reference operating voltage is increased by a change width ΔVS. As a result, the power increases in the direction of arrow c in the figure, and then begins to decrease in the direction of arrow d beyond the maximum power point P. Therefore, the reduction of the power is detected, and the reference operating voltage is changed again in the direction of decreasing the change width ΔVS. By repeating the above operation, the reference operating voltage is reciprocated near the maximum power point P, and the maximum power point of the solar cell is always followed.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the above-described conventional method, hill-climbing control must be performed in a region on the left side of the maximum power P of the solar cell, that is, in a region I in FIG. 4, but in a region II on the right side of the maximum power P of the solar cell. On the other hand, the region I on the left side has a problem that the output power of the solar cell greatly changes due to the change of the current command value, and it is difficult to secure control stability.
[0005]
The present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a maximum power control method for a solar cell capable of accurately performing maximum power control without performing unstable control. Is to provide.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The invention according to claim 1 is a method for controlling a current command value for instructing an output current of a power converter to control the power taken from a solar cell via a power converter to follow maximum power. The current command value given to the device is increased, and if the output power from the solar cell at that time is in the increasing direction, the direction in which the current command value is changed is maintained as it is, and the output power is not the increasing direction. The current command value is changed so that control is performed when a constant voltage is added to the operating point voltage at that time, and the current command value is increased again from there.
[0007]
According to a second aspect of the present invention, in the maximum power control method for a solar cell according to the first aspect, the change width of the current command value is reduced to a small value each time the output power of the solar cell changes from an increasing direction to a decreasing direction. It is characterized in that it is changed.
[0008]
According to a third aspect of the present invention, in the maximum power control method for a solar cell according to the first aspect, the change width of the current command value is changed according to a change amount of the output power of the solar cell. It is a feature.
[0009]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, a maximum power control method for a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. FIG. 1 is an example of an apparatus for extracting maximum power from a solar cell. Reference numeral 10 denotes a solar cell, 11 denotes an inverter, 13 denotes a commercial power system, 21 denotes a current detector, 22 denotes a voltage detector, 23 denotes a maximum power control circuit, 24 denotes an error amplifier, and 25 denotes a current control circuit.
[0010]
The DC output of the solar cell 10 is converted to AC by the inverter 11 and is connected to the commercial power system 13 via a protection relay or the like. The output current and output voltage of the solar cell 10 are detected by a current detector 21 and a voltage detector 22, and the detected values are input to a maximum power control circuit 23. The maximum power control circuit 23 outputs a current command value based on the input value. The current command value is compared with the value detected by the current detector 21, and the deviation is amplified by the error amplifier 24 and input to the current control circuit 25. The current control circuit 25 controls the output current of the inverter 11 according to the deviation from the error amplifier 24 so that the deviation becomes zero.
[0011]
Here, the operation of the maximum power control circuit 23 will be described with reference to FIG. The solar cell 10 has characteristics as shown in FIG. 2 at a certain amount of solar radiation and temperature, and it is ideal that the solar cell 10 is operated at the maximum power point P.
[0012]
The maximum power control circuit 23 first outputs a current command value so that the operating point voltage of the solar cell becomes the open circuit voltage VOP (corresponding to P0 in FIG. 2). Then, the current command value is increased with a relatively large change width in a predetermined sampling cycle. At that time, the maximum power control circuit 23 calculates a voltage differential value of the output power, and if the differential value is negative, increases the current command value. During this time, the power increases as P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4.
[0013]
If the current command value is increased as it is, the output power will eventually exceed the maximum power point P and begin to decrease as shown by the arrow b. The maximum power control circuit 23 detects this state when the voltage differential value of the output power becomes zero or positive (corresponding to P5 in FIG. 2). Then, the maximum power control circuit 23 changes the current command value so that the hill-climbing starts again from the point where the predetermined voltage of 5 V is added to the operating point voltage at that time.
[0014]
In the above-described configuration, by repeating the above operation, the current command value is controlled in the area II on the right side of the maximum power P in the output power-output voltage curve of the solar cell 10, and the output power is equal to the maximum power P Reciprocate in the vicinity of. That is, since it is not necessary to control the current command value in the region I on the left side of the maximum power P in the output power-output voltage curve in which it is difficult to perform control with high accuracy in the solar cell 10, the maximum power control is stably performed. It is possible to do.
[0015]
Even when the maximum power P fluctuates due to a change in the amount of solar radiation, a flexible and quick follow-up control can be performed without setting a definition near the maximum power P in advance.
[0016]
Note that each time the output power of the solar cell 10 changes from the increasing direction to the decreasing direction, that is, each time the output power of the solar cell 10 that has been increasing tends to exceed the maximum output P and decrease, the change width of the current command value changes. May be changed to a small value. Accordingly, if the variation width is set to be large in the initial state of starting, the speed of following the maximum power P can be increased, and the variation width is reduced each time the output power changes from the increasing direction to the decreasing direction. Accordingly, the swing width at the maximum power P can be reduced, and the accuracy of the maximum power control can be improved.
[0017]
Further, as shown in FIG. 3B, the change width of the current command value may be changed according to the change amount of the output power of the solar cell 10. That is, the next current command value is determined according to the voltage differential value of the output power, and the change width of the current command value is changed in proportion to the absolute value of the differential value. Thus, in a state in which the operating point voltage is far from the maximum output P, such as in the initial state of starting, the speed of following the maximum power P can be increased because the range of change in the current command value is large. At the same time, in the vicinity of the maximum output P, the range of change of the current command value becomes small, so that the swing at the maximum power P can be reduced, and the accuracy of the maximum power control can be improved.
[0018]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the first aspect of the present invention, the current command value for commanding the output current of the power converter to control the power taken from the solar cell through the power converter to follow the maximum power is controlled. In the controlling method, the current command value given to the power conversion device is increased, and if the output power from the solar cell at that time is in the increasing direction, the direction in which the current command value is changed is maintained as it is, If the output power is not in the increasing direction, the current command value is changed so that control is performed when a constant voltage is applied to the operating point voltage at that time, and the current command value is increased again from there. Therefore, since it is possible to control the solar cell in a region on the right side of the maximum power in the output power-output voltage curve of the solar cell, the maximum power control can be performed without performing unstable control. An effect that it is possible to provide a maximum power control method of the solar cell can be carried out every well.
[0019]
According to a second aspect of the present invention, in the maximum power control method for a solar cell according to the first aspect, each time the output power of the solar cell changes from an increasing direction to a decreasing direction, the range of change of the current command value is changed. Since it is changed to a small value, it is possible to follow the maximum power quickly by increasing the change width in the initial stage of the maximum power control, and in the case of a fluctuation state near the maximum power, By reducing the change width, it is possible to stably perform a change near the maximum power.
[0020]
According to a third aspect of the present invention, in the maximum power control method for a solar cell according to the first aspect, the change width of the current command value is changed according to a change amount of the output power of the solar cell. Therefore, when the current command value is far away from the maximum power, the change in the current command value can be increased to make it possible to follow the maximum power quickly. When the power is close to the electric power, the change width is reduced, so that the fluctuation near the maximum electric power can be stably performed.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a device that extracts maximum power from a solar cell.
FIG. 2 is a characteristic diagram of a solar cell showing a maximum power control method according to the present embodiment.
3A and 3B are characteristic diagrams of a solar cell, wherein FIG. 3A relates to a conventional maximum power control method, and FIG. 3B relates to another maximum power control method according to the present embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a characteristic diagram of a solar cell showing a conventional maximum power control method.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Solar cell 11 Inverter 13 Commercial power system 21 Current detector 22 Voltage detector 23 Maximum power control circuit 24 Error amplifier 25 Current control circuit

Claims (3)

太陽電池から電力変換装置を介して取り出される電力を最大電力に追従制御するために電力変換装置の出力電流を指令する電流指令値を制御する方法において、前記電力変換装置に与える電流指令値を増加させて行き、その際の前記太陽電池からの出力電力が増加方向であれば前記電流指令値を変化させる方向をそのまま維持し、前記出力電力が増加方向でなければ、その時点での動作点電圧に一定電圧を加えたところで制御するように電流指令値を変更し、そこから再度前記電流指令値を増加させていくようにしたことを特徴とする太陽電池の最大電力制御方法。In a method of controlling a current command value for instructing an output current of a power converter to control the power taken from a solar cell via a power converter to follow a maximum power, increasing a current command value given to the power converter. If the output power from the solar cell at that time is in the increasing direction, the direction in which the current command value is changed is maintained as it is, and if the output power is not in the increasing direction, the operating point voltage at that time is maintained. A maximum power control method for a solar cell, characterized in that a current command value is changed so that control is performed when a constant voltage is applied to the power supply, and the current command value is increased again from there. 前記太陽電池の前記出力電力が増加方向から減少方向になる度に前記電流指令値の変化幅を小さな値に変更するようにしたことを特徴とする請求項１記載の太陽電池の最大電力制御方法。2. The maximum power control method for a solar cell according to claim 1, wherein a change width of the current command value is changed to a small value each time the output power of the solar cell changes from an increasing direction to a decreasing direction. . 前記太陽電池の前記出力電力の変化量に応じて前記電流指令値の変化幅を変更するようにしたことを特徴とする請求項１記載の太陽電池の最大電力制御方法。The maximum power control method for a solar cell according to claim 1, wherein a change width of the current command value is changed according to a change amount of the output power of the solar cell.
JP23473399A 1999-08-20 1999-08-20 Maximum power control method for solar cells Expired - Fee Related JP3567808B2 (en)

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