GB2139110A - Water vapor exchange system - Google Patents

Water vapor exchange system Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2139110A
GB2139110A GB08321916A GB8321916A GB2139110A GB 2139110 A GB2139110 A GB 2139110A GB 08321916 A GB08321916 A GB 08321916A GB 8321916 A GB8321916 A GB 8321916A GB 2139110 A GB2139110 A GB 2139110A
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GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
water vapor
stream
streams
gaseous
membrane
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
GB08321916A
Other versions
GB2139110B (en
GB8321916D0 (en
Inventor
Philip Dantowitz
James Frederick Mcelroy
Paul John Chludzinski
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
General Electric Co
Original Assignee
General Electric Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Publication of GB8321916D0 publication Critical patent/GB8321916D0/en
Publication of GB2139110A publication Critical patent/GB2139110A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of GB2139110B publication Critical patent/GB2139110B/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/26—Drying gases or vapours
    • B01D53/268—Drying gases or vapours by diffusion
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Abstract

Water vapor is directly exchanged from one gas stream to another by means of a gas impervious water vapour transporting membrane positioned between the two streams. Water vapor can be transported from a lower pressure to a higher pressure stream as long as the partial pressure of the water vapor is higher in the transferor stream than in the transferee stream.

Description

SPECIFICATION Water vapour exchange system This invention relates to a process and apparatus for directly transferring water vapor from one gaseous stream to another without condensing and revaporizing and, more particularly without mixing gaseous streams at different pressures.
Humidification of a gaseous stream by the extraction of water vapor from another stream has conventionally been achieved by first condensing the water vapor from one stream, pumping the condensate to the pressure of the second stream, if the second stream is at a higher total pressure, revaporizing the water by the addition of heat and injecting it into the second stream. It is obvious simply from the description of the conventional process that it is energy intensive because it involves condensing, pumping and evaporating steps and requires costly equipment such as condensers, pumps and vaporizers. A need therefore exits for an apparatus and process which allows the direct exchange of water vapor from one stream to a stream of higher overall pressure without the intermediate condensing, pressurizing and evaporating steps.
We have found that a direct exchange of water vapor from one stream to another stream, for humidifying or drying purposes, may be achieved simply and effectively by means of an arrangement in which the two streams are separated by means of a gas impervious polymeric membrane which permits transport of water vapor but separates the gaseous streams. Direct water transport across the membrane can be achieved from a lower pressure to a higher pressure stream as long as the partial water vapor pressure of the transferor stream is higher than that of the transferee stream even though the total pressure of the transferee stream may be higher than that of the transferor stream.Polymeric membranes such as cellophane or perfluorinated carbon membranes such as the ones sold by DuPont under its trade designation Nafion may be utilized to permit direct water vapor transfer between the two streams.
The present invention attempts to provide a process and apparatus for the direct transfer of water vapor between two streams.
The present invention also attempts to provide direct transfer of the water vapor from one stream to a second stream even though the overall pressure of the second stream is higher than that of the stream from which the water vapor is to be transferred.
Another objective of the invention is to attempt to provide direct transfer of water vapor between one gaseous stream and another gaseous stream while maintaining the gaseous stream physically separated.
According to the present invention there is provided a process for directly transferring water vapor between two gaseous streams comprising the steps of: a) flowing two gaseous streams over opposite surfaces of a gas impervious water vapor transporting membrane separating said streams b) one of said streams having a higher water vapor partial pressure than the other whereby water vapor is transported from said one stream to said other stream.
The present invention also provides a water exchange apparatus for directly transferring water vapor between two individual gaseous streams comprising: a) a housing b) a gas impervious membrane separating said housing into two chambers c) said gas impervious membrane being capable of transporting water from one side to the other d) means for introducing individual gaseous streams to said chambers e) one of said streams having a higher water vapor partial pressure than the other whereby water vapor is transported to the stream with the lower water vapor partial pressure independent of the relative total pressures of said gaseous streams.
Thus the invention provides a process and apparatus in which two gaseous streams, between which water vapor is to be transferred, are caused to flow and come in contact with opposite sides of a water vapor transport membrane. The membrane physically separates the streams but permits transport of water vapor from the stream which has the higher water vapor partial pressure even though the overall pressure of the recipient stream may be greater than that of the stream with the higher water vapor partial pressure. The membrane may be any one of a variety of membranes capable of transporting water vapor such as cellophane, perfluorinated fluorocarbon membranes of the type sold by DuPont under its trade designation Nafion.Preferably, the two gaseous streams move through the humidifier in a counterflow arrangement as this is much more effective in transferring the water vapor which has been brought across the membrane into the transferee stream.
The present invention will be further described, by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which is a sectional view of a structure for the direct transfer of water vapor from one gaseous stream to another.
The Figure shows a sectional view of a twochamber humidifier comprising a metallic housing 1 separated by a water vapor transport membrane 2 and a suitable gasket 3 into gas transport chambers 4 and 5. The housing, may be fabricated of any suitable material such as aluminum, steel, plastic, etc. It includes inlet and outlet conduits 6,7,8 and 9 through which the two gaseous streams are introduced and removed from the chambers.As shown in the expanxded portion of the vapor transport membrane 2, the membrane, which may be of cellophane or a fluorocarbon perfluorinated polymer such as DuPont Nafion 1200, is characterised by the fact that it is impervious to liquid or gaseous hydraulic flow but will permit the transport of water in the form of vapor thereby permitting transport of water vapor from one gaseous stream to the other without intermixing of the gaseous streams.
The exchange of water vapor between the two streams by means of transportth rough such mem branes not only is energy efficient because of the direct exchange of the water vapor between the streams but is also effective because there is no need to equilibrate the stream pressures prior to vapor transport. That is vapor transport may take place even though the overall or total pressures of the gaseous streams on opposite sides of the membranes are different since the membrane will withstand both high temperatures, 300do or so, as well as substantial pressure differentials.
That is, water vapor can be transferred from one gas stream to the other even though the gas stream to which the water vapor is transferred has a higher overall pressure than the gas stream from which the water vapor comes as long as the partial pressure of the water vapor in the transferor gaseous stream exceeds that of the recipient or transferee gaseous stream. The water vapor transport across such a membrane in terms of water mols per hour is a function of the log mean concentration difference of the water vapor partial pressure on opposite sides of the membrane.Specifically, the water vapor transport is defined by the following equasion: No20 = KA(AC1nM) Where: NH20 is the flow rate of water, mol/hr K is the mass transport coefficient, Ft/hr A is the membrane area Ft2 ACInM is the log mean concentration difference across the membrane in mol/ft3.
It can be seen, therefore, that although the overall pressure of the two gas streams may be such that one the receiving stream has a higher overall pressure, water vapor transport will take place as long as the partial pressure of the water vapor is greater in the transferor stream.
It is apparent, therefore, that the arrangement described above is effective in transferring water vapor from one gaseous stream to another gaseous stream in a direct fashion without having to condense the water, pump it and revaporize it before transferring it to the recipient stream. Furthermore, such an arrangement is extremely effective because it avoids the need for steam pressure matching between the different gaseous streams, it avoids the need for equipment for condensing, pressurizing and evaporating the water in order to transfer it between the two streams. A very effective, inexpensive arrangement for humidifying a gaseous stream by transferring gaseous vapor between one stream and another has been provided.
While the instant invention has been shown in connection with certain preferred embodiments thereof and certain preferred processes for achieving the end result, the invention is by no means limited to these embodiments or these procedural sequences since other modifications of the instrumentalities employed and of the steps of the process may be made still fall within the scope of the invention. It is contemplated by the appended claims to cover any such modifications that fall within the true scope and spirit of this invention.

Claims (7)

1. A process for directly transferring water vapor between two gaseous streams comprising the steps of: a) flowing two gaseous streams over opposite surfaces of a gas impervious water vapor transporting membrane separating said streams, b) one of said streams having a higher water vapor partial pressure than the other whereby water vapor is transported from said one stream to said other streams.
2. A process as claimed in Claim 1 whereby watervaportransporttakes place from a gaseous stream having a lower overall pressure than the stream to which the water vapor is transported.
3. The process as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2 wherein the gaseous streams are counterflowed over opposite surfaces of said membrane.
4. A water exchange apparatus for directly transferring water vapor between two individual gaseous streams comprising: a) a housing, b) a gas impervious membrane separating said housing into two chambers, c) said gas impervious membrane being capable of transporting water from one side to the other, d) means for introducing individual gaseous streams to said chambers e) one of said streams having a higher water vapor partial pressure than the other whereby water vapor is transported to the stream with the lower water vapor partial pressure independent of the relative total pressures of said gaseous streams
5. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 4 wherein said means to introduce the individual gaseous streams to said chamber produces counterflow of said gaseous streams with respect to said membrane.
6. A process as claimed in Claim 1 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
7. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 4 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
GB08321916A 1982-12-27 1983-08-15 Water vapor exchange system Expired GB2139110B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US45324882A 1982-12-27 1982-12-27

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB8321916D0 GB8321916D0 (en) 1983-09-14
GB2139110A true GB2139110A (en) 1984-11-07
GB2139110B GB2139110B (en) 1987-05-20

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB08321916A Expired GB2139110B (en) 1982-12-27 1983-08-15 Water vapor exchange system

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JP (1) JPS59132920A (en)
CA (1) CA1238867A (en)
DE (1) DE3344917A1 (en)
GB (1) GB2139110B (en)

Cited By (44)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4666468A (en) * 1986-03-24 1987-05-19 The Dow Chemical Company Gas separations using membranes comprising perfluorinated polymers with pendant ionomeric moieties
US4718921A (en) * 1986-10-08 1988-01-12 Ube Industries, Ltd. Method for removing water vapor from water vapor-containing gas
US4741744A (en) * 1987-02-20 1988-05-03 The Dow Chemical Company Hydrated metal ionomer membranes for gas separation
US4834779A (en) * 1986-10-27 1989-05-30 Liquid Air Corporation Process for membrane seperation of gas mixtures
US4846977A (en) * 1986-10-21 1989-07-11 The Dow Chemical Company Method and device for separating polar from non-polar liquids using membranes
US4857081A (en) * 1987-10-15 1989-08-15 Separation Dynamics, Inc. Separation of water from hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons
US4875908A (en) * 1988-01-27 1989-10-24 Hiroyasu Kikukawa Process for selectively separating gaseous mixtures containing water vapor
US4909810A (en) * 1988-01-26 1990-03-20 Asahi Glass Company Ltd. Vapor permselective membrane
US4961759A (en) * 1989-08-17 1990-10-09 Separation Dynamics, Inc. Closed loop gas dehydration process and apparatus
US4964886A (en) * 1988-09-08 1990-10-23 L'Air Lquide, Societe Anonyme pour l'etude et l'Exploitation des Procedes Georges Claude Process and equipment for separating a component of intermediate permeability from a gaseous mixture
US5131930A (en) * 1991-05-06 1992-07-21 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Process for mixing gas streams having different pressures
US5160511A (en) * 1987-09-10 1992-11-03 Hewlett-Packard Company Water-vapour permeable material
US5200278A (en) * 1991-03-15 1993-04-06 Ballard Power Systems, Inc. Integrated fuel cell power generation system
US5260143A (en) * 1991-01-15 1993-11-09 Ballard Power Systems Inc. Method and apparatus for removing water from electrochemical fuel cells
US5366818A (en) * 1991-01-15 1994-11-22 Ballard Power Systems Inc. Solid polymer fuel cell systems incorporating water removal at the anode
US5366821A (en) * 1992-03-13 1994-11-22 Ballard Power Systems Inc. Constant voltage fuel cell with improved reactant supply and control system
NL9500253A (en) * 1995-02-10 1996-09-02 Stichting Energie Method for wetting fuel gases as well as solid polymer fuel cell.
US5631099A (en) * 1995-09-21 1997-05-20 Hockaday; Robert G. Surface replica fuel cell
US5759712A (en) * 1997-01-06 1998-06-02 Hockaday; Robert G. Surface replica fuel cell for micro fuel cell electrical power pack
WO2001011216A2 (en) * 1999-08-06 2001-02-15 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company A humidifying gas induction or supply system
US6194095B1 (en) 1998-12-15 2001-02-27 Robert G. Hockaday Non-bipolar fuel cell stack configuration
EP1121188A1 (en) * 1998-10-08 2001-08-08 International Fuel Cells, LLC Mass transfer composite membrane for a fuel cell power plant
US6284399B1 (en) 1999-09-17 2001-09-04 Plug Power Llc Fuel cell system having humidification membranes
US6326097B1 (en) 1998-12-10 2001-12-04 Manhattan Scientifics, Inc. Micro-fuel cell power devices
US6329090B1 (en) 1999-09-03 2001-12-11 Plug Power Llc Enthalpy recovery fuel cell system
US6523538B1 (en) 2000-01-05 2003-02-25 Instrumentarium Corp. Breathing circuit having improved water vapor removal
WO2003041844A1 (en) * 2001-11-14 2003-05-22 Honeywell International Inc. Vapor membrane dehumidification for air cycle environment control system
US6769431B2 (en) 2000-05-10 2004-08-03 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited Expiratory limit for a breathing circuit
FR2870641A1 (en) * 2004-05-24 2005-11-25 Renault Sas Electrochemical generator for use in motor vehicle, has water vapor transfer system transferring water from one gaseous flux to another gaseous flux of reforming system, where latter flux has vapor pressure lower than former flux
US7291240B2 (en) 2002-09-09 2007-11-06 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited Method of forming a conduit using a wound sacrificial layer
US7469719B2 (en) 2002-09-09 2008-12-30 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited Limb for breathing circuit
EP2436906A1 (en) * 2009-05-26 2012-04-04 Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation Method for reducing nitrogen oxide in internal combustion engine and device therefor
DE102012014611A1 (en) * 2012-07-24 2014-01-30 Daimler Ag Fuel cell system mounted in vehicle, has hydrophilic liquid water permeable membrane whose one side is provided with exhaust gas from anode chamber and another side is in contact with material flow from and/or to fuel cell
EP2610472B1 (en) * 2010-08-24 2015-09-30 Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation Method for reducing nitrogen oxides in internal combustion engine and apparatus therefor
EP3192540A3 (en) * 2010-05-18 2017-10-25 KCI Licensing, Inc. Reduced-pressure medical systems and methods employing a moisture processing device
US10252017B2 (en) 2000-06-21 2019-04-09 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited Conduit with heating element
US10357625B2 (en) 2003-09-17 2019-07-23 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited Breathable respiratory mask
US10603460B2 (en) 2009-12-22 2020-03-31 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited Components for medical circuits
US10682484B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2020-06-16 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited Components for medical circuits
US10960165B2 (en) 2017-07-10 2021-03-30 Teleflex Medical Incorporated Moisture removal and condensation and humidity management apparatus for a breathing circuit
US11110245B2 (en) 2003-05-30 2021-09-07 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited Breathing assistance apparatus
US11413418B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2022-08-16 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited Drying expiratory limb with tailored temperature profile and multi-lumen configuration
US11471636B2 (en) 2015-04-15 2022-10-18 Medline Industries, Lp Moisture removal and condensation and humidity management apparatus for a breathing circuit
US11865264B2 (en) 2016-10-19 2024-01-09 Medline Industries, Lp Moisture removal and condensation and humidity management apparatus for a breathing circuit

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FR2592137B1 (en) * 1985-12-23 1988-10-28 Gaz De France PROCESS FOR ENRICHING COMBUSTION AIR WITH WATER PROVIDED TO A HEAT GENERATOR AND BOILER COMPRISING THE APPLICATION OF THIS PROCESS.
JPH0751757B2 (en) * 1986-02-18 1995-06-05 旭化成工業株式会社 Dry etching method
FR2609413B1 (en) * 1987-01-13 1991-01-11 Inst Francais Du Petrole METHOD OF SIMULTANEOUSLY EXCHANGING HEAT AND MATERIAL THROUGH A POROUS WALL
KR100495114B1 (en) * 1996-08-14 2005-09-30 밴드 리서치 인코퍼레이티드 Vapor permeation system
US5843209C1 (en) * 1996-08-14 2001-05-15 Bend Res Inc Vapor permeation system
DE112005001084B4 (en) * 2004-05-18 2008-07-10 Asahi Kasei Kabushiki Kaisha Gas separator and method for its operation

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GB663720A (en) * 1945-12-29 1951-12-27 Evaporation Nouvelle L Improvements in or relating to a method for the selective elimination of water vapour from gaseous mixtures
GB1061583A (en) * 1962-08-24 1967-03-15 Engelhard Ind Inc Diffusion purification of gases
GB1546870A (en) * 1975-12-01 1979-05-31 Monsanto Co Separation of solutions
GB2053021A (en) * 1979-06-29 1981-02-04 Dow Corning A gas-phase separation system

Cited By (72)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4666468A (en) * 1986-03-24 1987-05-19 The Dow Chemical Company Gas separations using membranes comprising perfluorinated polymers with pendant ionomeric moieties
US4718921A (en) * 1986-10-08 1988-01-12 Ube Industries, Ltd. Method for removing water vapor from water vapor-containing gas
US4846977A (en) * 1986-10-21 1989-07-11 The Dow Chemical Company Method and device for separating polar from non-polar liquids using membranes
EP0266271B1 (en) * 1986-10-27 1991-10-02 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Process for membrane separation of gas mixtures
US4834779A (en) * 1986-10-27 1989-05-30 Liquid Air Corporation Process for membrane seperation of gas mixtures
US4741744A (en) * 1987-02-20 1988-05-03 The Dow Chemical Company Hydrated metal ionomer membranes for gas separation
US5160511A (en) * 1987-09-10 1992-11-03 Hewlett-Packard Company Water-vapour permeable material
US4857081A (en) * 1987-10-15 1989-08-15 Separation Dynamics, Inc. Separation of water from hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons
US4909810A (en) * 1988-01-26 1990-03-20 Asahi Glass Company Ltd. Vapor permselective membrane
US4875908A (en) * 1988-01-27 1989-10-24 Hiroyasu Kikukawa Process for selectively separating gaseous mixtures containing water vapor
US4964886A (en) * 1988-09-08 1990-10-23 L'Air Lquide, Societe Anonyme pour l'etude et l'Exploitation des Procedes Georges Claude Process and equipment for separating a component of intermediate permeability from a gaseous mixture
US4961759A (en) * 1989-08-17 1990-10-09 Separation Dynamics, Inc. Closed loop gas dehydration process and apparatus
US5441819A (en) * 1991-01-15 1995-08-15 Ballard Power Systems Inc. Method and apparatus for removing water from electrochemical fuel cells by controlling the temperature and pressure of the reactant streams
US5260143A (en) * 1991-01-15 1993-11-09 Ballard Power Systems Inc. Method and apparatus for removing water from electrochemical fuel cells
US5366818A (en) * 1991-01-15 1994-11-22 Ballard Power Systems Inc. Solid polymer fuel cell systems incorporating water removal at the anode
US5200278A (en) * 1991-03-15 1993-04-06 Ballard Power Systems, Inc. Integrated fuel cell power generation system
US5131930A (en) * 1991-05-06 1992-07-21 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Process for mixing gas streams having different pressures
US5366821A (en) * 1992-03-13 1994-11-22 Ballard Power Systems Inc. Constant voltage fuel cell with improved reactant supply and control system
NL9500253A (en) * 1995-02-10 1996-09-02 Stichting Energie Method for wetting fuel gases as well as solid polymer fuel cell.
US5631099A (en) * 1995-09-21 1997-05-20 Hockaday; Robert G. Surface replica fuel cell
US5759712A (en) * 1997-01-06 1998-06-02 Hockaday; Robert G. Surface replica fuel cell for micro fuel cell electrical power pack
EP1121188A1 (en) * 1998-10-08 2001-08-08 International Fuel Cells, LLC Mass transfer composite membrane for a fuel cell power plant
EP1121188A4 (en) * 1998-10-08 2003-03-26 Int Fuel Cells Llc Mass transfer composite membrane for a fuel cell power plant
US6326097B1 (en) 1998-12-10 2001-12-04 Manhattan Scientifics, Inc. Micro-fuel cell power devices
US6194095B1 (en) 1998-12-15 2001-02-27 Robert G. Hockaday Non-bipolar fuel cell stack configuration
WO2001011216A3 (en) * 1999-08-06 2001-08-23 E U Du Pont Nemours And Compan A humidifying gas induction or supply system
US6511052B1 (en) 1999-08-06 2003-01-28 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Humidifying gas induction or supply system
WO2001011216A2 (en) * 1999-08-06 2001-02-15 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company A humidifying gas induction or supply system
CN101187445B (en) * 1999-08-06 2013-01-02 纳幕尔杜邦公司 A humidifying gas induction or supply system
US7611792B2 (en) 1999-08-06 2009-11-03 Design Technology And Innovation Ltd. Humidifying gas induction or supply system
CZ298320B6 (en) * 1999-08-06 2007-08-29 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Humidifying gas induction or supply system, internal combustion engine and motorized vehicle
US6329090B1 (en) 1999-09-03 2001-12-11 Plug Power Llc Enthalpy recovery fuel cell system
US6284399B1 (en) 1999-09-17 2001-09-04 Plug Power Llc Fuel cell system having humidification membranes
US6523538B1 (en) 2000-01-05 2003-02-25 Instrumentarium Corp. Breathing circuit having improved water vapor removal
US7140366B2 (en) 2000-05-10 2006-11-28 Fisher & Payke Healthcare Limited Expiratory limb for a breathing circuit
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US6705092B1 (en) 2001-11-14 2004-03-16 Honeywell International Inc. Vapor membrane dehumidification for air cycle environment control system
WO2003041844A1 (en) * 2001-11-14 2003-05-22 Honeywell International Inc. Vapor membrane dehumidification for air cycle environment control system
US10478583B2 (en) 2002-09-09 2019-11-19 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited Limb for breathing circuit
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US10828456B2 (en) 2002-09-09 2020-11-10 Fisher & Paykel Heathcare Limited Conduit and method of forming
US7291240B2 (en) 2002-09-09 2007-11-06 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited Method of forming a conduit using a wound sacrificial layer
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US7468116B2 (en) 2002-09-09 2008-12-23 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited Conduit and method of forming
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US11213646B2 (en) 2003-09-17 2022-01-04 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited Breathable respiratory mask
FR2870641A1 (en) * 2004-05-24 2005-11-25 Renault Sas Electrochemical generator for use in motor vehicle, has water vapor transfer system transferring water from one gaseous flux to another gaseous flux of reforming system, where latter flux has vapor pressure lower than former flux
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS59132920A (en) 1984-07-31
CA1238867A (en) 1988-07-05
GB2139110B (en) 1987-05-20
GB8321916D0 (en) 1983-09-14
DE3344917A1 (en) 1984-07-05

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