EP0243061A2 - Off-line switcher with battery reserve - Google Patents

Off-line switcher with battery reserve Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0243061A2
EP0243061A2 EP19870303204 EP87303204A EP0243061A2 EP 0243061 A2 EP0243061 A2 EP 0243061A2 EP 19870303204 EP19870303204 EP 19870303204 EP 87303204 A EP87303204 A EP 87303204A EP 0243061 A2 EP0243061 A2 EP 0243061A2
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EP
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Prior art keywords
power
primary
source
voltage
switch
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Granted
Application number
EP19870303204
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0243061A3 (en
EP0243061B1 (en
Inventor
Wing Keung Eng
Robert Edward Schroeder
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AT&T Corp
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American Telephone and Telegraph Co Inc
AT&T Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J9/00—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting
    • H02J9/04—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source
    • H02J9/06—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems
    • H02J9/062—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems for AC powered loads
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J9/00—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting
    • H02J9/04—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source
    • H02J9/06—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems
    • H02J9/067—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems using multi-primary transformers, e.g. transformer having one primary for each AC energy source and a secondary for the loads

Definitions

  • This invention relates to switching type power supplies and in particular to an off-line switcher which accepts energy from both an AC line and a battery in order to provide reliable uninterrupted power to an output.
  • the parallel architecture format avoids many of the disadvantages of the serial architecture format, since the two sources of energy are fully independent of each other. While efficiency and reliability is improved, the control arrangement for substituting the load from one power source to the other is more complex; especially in those applications where a load transfer must be transient free and transparent to the load. The control arrangement must maintain synchronism and a definite phase relation between the two power processing paths. While these parallel architecture arrangements can be made cost effective at relative high power levels, the added control circuitry and complex transformer design requirements mitigate against their widespread use at relatively low power levels.
  • the present invention provides a simplified control arrangement for parallel architecture arrangements.
  • An off-line switcher having a primary AC-­voltage source coupled by a first power switch to a power transformer further includes a secondary voltage source such as a battery or other DC voltage source which is coupled by a second power switch to an auxiliary winding on the secondary side of the power transformer. Both the first and second power switches are driven by a common voltage regulation control.
  • the respective winding turns of the primary winding, the secondary and the auxiliary winding are selected so that output voltage regulation for the primary and secondary voltage sources is effective over substantially different input voltage ranges that include a small common overlap range.
  • the regulated output voltage is derived solely from the primary AC voltage source. If this line voltage source is degraded in magnitude, regulation control slips into the overlap range in which both primary and secondary voltage sources contribute to the output power. Should primary power fail entirely, the output power is supplied solely from the secondary voltage source.
  • FIG. 1 An off-line switcher designed to be energized by AC line voltage and embodying the principles of the invention is shown in FIG. 1. It includes provisions for supplying power to a load at output terminal 10 from one or both of two independent sources of power.
  • Source 1 representing a commercial AC line is coupled to a rectifier filter circuit 11.
  • Circuit 11 is coupled to a diode 2 which is operative to prevent reverse power flow from winding 21 when the input voltage is low.
  • the secondary or reserve power source 12 is illustratively shown as a battery and is coupled to winding 22 through diode 3, which prevents reverse power flow into battery 12. Power flow from either the AC source 1, or source 12, is through power transformer 20 to one or more outputs, such as terminal 10.
  • Power flow from the primary AC input source 1 is coupled to a primary winding 21 by power switch 13, whereas power flow from the secondary source 12 is coupled to an auxiliary winding 22 by power switch 14.
  • Voltage regulation at output 10 is controlled by a pulse width modulation control (PWM) 30.
  • PWM pulse width modulation control
  • the output voltage is sensed at output terminal 10 and a pulse control signal shown by waveform 101 in FIG. 2 is coupled, via a primary to secondary isolation coupler 31, to logic circuit 32.
  • Coupler 31 may comprise an optical coupler, a pulse transformer, or any other transmission medium capable of maintaining ground isolation.
  • This pulse control signal is utilized by logic circuit 32 to supply timing signals to base drive 33 to control the duty cycle of the power switch 13 as shown by waveform 103 in FIG. 2.
  • Power switch 13 may comprise a bipolar power transistor or a FET power transistor, but is not necessarily limited to these devices.
  • Voltage pulse waveform 103 used to control the drive of power switch 13 has variable pulse width. This pulse width is controlled by PWM control 30 in order to regulate the voltage output at output terminal 10.
  • the output of PWM control 30 is also applied to base drive 34 to control a duty cycle of power switch 14 (either a bipolar or FET, or the like) which couples the reserve voltage source 12 to the auxiliary winding 22.
  • the duty cycle of power switch 14 is shown by waveform 102 in FIG. 2.
  • the different duty cycles of waveforms 102 and 103 are disclosed to illustratively show typical duty cycles at which the AC voltage source 1 and DC voltage source 12 normally supply power to the output.
  • Both power switches 13 and 14 are simultaneously driven at a common duty cycle, and for a certain range, as shown by waveform 101 between edges 8 and 9, both switches couple power to the output. To the left of trailing edge 8 only the switch 13 couples power to the output and to the right of trailing edge 9 only the power switch 14 couples power to the output.
  • the resultant voltage output 10 is derived from different voltage sources of differing output voltage ranges, such as shown in FIG. 3, wherein lines 301 and 302 represent voltage level boundaries of the rectified DC operative input voltage range supplied from AC primary voltage source 1 via rectifier 11, and lines 303 and 304 represent boundaries of an operative input voltage range supplied by the secondary source 12. As shown, the voltage ranges are different except for a small overlap between lines 302 and 303.
  • Line 305 represents an alarm level at which an alarm indicating low AC line voltage is signaled if the voltage drops below this level.
  • the differing voltage ranges are achieved by control of source voltage levels and by differing transformation ratios between primary winding 21 to secondary winding 23 and between auxiliary winding 22 to secondary winding 23.
  • the output voltage is defined by the equation: where: V O is the output voltage, V P is the rectified AC line voltage, is the secondary to primary turns ratio, and D is the duty cycle at which the power switches 13 and 14 are operated.
  • this value is normally less that 1/2.
  • the invention may be embodied in other types of converters such as flyback converters, for example.
  • V O and D are as defined above;
  • V B is the reserve voltage; and is the secondary to auxiliary turns ratio.
  • the output voltage is dependent upon the turns ratio in the transformer coupled power flow path from source to the output if both primary and secondary voltage sources are identical.
  • the turns ratio in the primary power path is selected so that the control 30 regulates over a generally higher input voltage range than that for the reserve power path.
  • a drop in AC line voltage first causes control 30 to increase the duty cycle of both power switches to maintain the regulated output voltage. If the AC line voltage continues dropping, the output voltage is partially maintained by power from the reserve voltage source in the overlap region between lines 302 and 303 in FIG.
  • FIG. 4 An off-line switcher operating as a forward type converter and providing reserve battery power in accordance with the principles of the invention is schematically disclosed in FIG. 4.
  • Primary power supplied from an AC line source, is coupled to input terminals 401 and 402 and is rectified and filtered by rectifier/filter circuitry 404.
  • a connection to the primary winding 405 of transformer 406 is periodically completed by the power switching transistor 403.
  • the rectified DC output at leads 411 and 412 is derived from secondary winding 407 and rectified by diode 408.
  • Diode 409 provides a flyback path for the output filter inductor 410.
  • the output voltage is sensed across the filter capacitor 413 by a pulse width modulation controller 430, from which control signals are transmitted via coupler 431 to a logic circuit 432 which, in turn, controls timing of a drive circuit 433 to control the duty cycle of power switching transistor 403 in order to regulate the output voltage across the filter capacitor 413.
  • a battery 451 is utilized as a reserve energy source and is coupled to an auxiliary winding 415 of power transformer 406 by a Darlington connected power transistor switch 453 (or power FET) whose switching is under control of base drive transistor 455 which is in turn responsive to an output of the PWM control 430.
  • the duty cycle of power switch 453 is in synchronism with and substantially identical to the duty cycle of power switch 403.
  • the reserve energy supplied by battery 451 is current limited.
  • a current transformer 456 is utilized to sense the peak discharge current flowing from the battery 451 to the transistor switch 453. This current signal is rectified by diode 457 and filter 458 to derive a DC control signal. This control signal is coupled to the PWM controller 430 via leads 461 and 462 and is utilized through the controller 430 to provide overload protection.

Abstract

An off-line switcher includes an auxiliary winding (22) on the secondary side of the power transformer (20) coupled by a power switch (14) to a secondary voltage source (12) in order to provide uninterruptible power to the output (10) from either a primary AC (1) or the secondary DC source. The power switches (13, 14) coupling both primary and secondary source voltages to the power transformers are driven at identical duty cycles by a common regulation control (30). Differing transformation ratios between primary and secondary sources of power define different operational ranges and determine flow of power based on the magnitude of the primary source of power.

Description

    1. Field of the Invention
  • This invention relates to switching type power supplies and in particular to an off-line switcher which accepts energy from both an AC line and a battery in order to provide reliable uninterrupted power to an output.
    • Background of the Invention
  • These uninterruptible power supplies have generally assumed either a serial or parallel architecture. In a serial architecture format, a rectifier, battery and inverter are connected in tandem with the AC line, with the battery floating when the AC source input to the rectifier is satisfactory. This arrangement is generally satisfactory, but is inefficient since the overall efficiency can be no higher than the product of the efficiencies of the tandem connected components. In addition, failure of any of the tandem connected components may cause the entire power supply to fail.
  • The parallel architecture format avoids many of the disadvantages of the serial architecture format, since the two sources of energy are fully independent of each other. While efficiency and reliability is improved, the control arrangement for substituting the load from one power source to the other is more complex; especially in those applications where a load transfer must be transient free and transparent to the load. The control arrangement must maintain synchronism and a definite phase relation between the two power processing paths. While these parallel architecture arrangements can be made cost effective at relative high power levels, the added control circuitry and complex transformer design requirements mitigate against their widespread use at relatively low power levels. The present invention provides a simplified control arrangement for parallel architecture arrangements.
    • Summary of the Invention
  • An off-line switcher having a primary AC-­voltage source coupled by a first power switch to a power transformer further includes a secondary voltage source such as a battery or other DC voltage source which is coupled by a second power switch to an auxiliary winding on the secondary side of the power transformer. Both the first and second power switches are driven by a common voltage regulation control. The respective winding turns of the primary winding, the secondary and the auxiliary winding are selected so that output voltage regulation for the primary and secondary voltage sources is effective over substantially different input voltage ranges that include a small common overlap range. Normally the regulated output voltage is derived solely from the primary AC voltage source. If this line voltage source is degraded in magnitude, regulation control slips into the overlap range in which both primary and secondary voltage sources contribute to the output power. Should primary power fail entirely, the output power is supplied solely from the secondary voltage source.
    • Brief Description of the Drawing
    • FIG. 1 is a block schematic of a power supply embodying the principles of the invention;
    • FIG. 2 discloses idealized switching waveforms of the power supply of FIG. 1;
    • FIG. 3 discloses a graph of operative voltage ranges of the power supply of FIG. 1; and
    • FIG. 4 is a schematic of a power train of the power supply of FIG. 1.
    Detailed Description
  • An off-line switcher designed to be energized by AC line voltage and embodying the principles of the invention is shown in FIG. 1. It includes provisions for supplying power to a load at output terminal 10 from one or both of two independent sources of power. Source 1 representing a commercial AC line is coupled to a rectifier filter circuit 11. Circuit 11 is coupled to a diode 2 which is operative to prevent reverse power flow from winding 21 when the input voltage is low. The secondary or reserve power source 12 is illustratively shown as a battery and is coupled to winding 22 through diode 3, which prevents reverse power flow into battery 12. Power flow from either the AC source 1, or source 12, is through power transformer 20 to one or more outputs, such as terminal 10. Power flow from the primary AC input source 1 is coupled to a primary winding 21 by power switch 13, whereas power flow from the secondary source 12 is coupled to an auxiliary winding 22 by power switch 14. Voltage regulation at output 10 is controlled by a pulse width modulation control (PWM) 30. The output voltage is sensed at output terminal 10 and a pulse control signal shown by waveform 101 in FIG. 2 is coupled, via a primary to secondary isolation coupler 31, to logic circuit 32. Coupler 31 may comprise an optical coupler, a pulse transformer, or any other transmission medium capable of maintaining ground isolation. This pulse control signal is utilized by logic circuit 32 to supply timing signals to base drive 33 to control the duty cycle of the power switch 13 as shown by waveform 103 in FIG. 2. Power switch 13 may comprise a bipolar power transistor or a FET power transistor, but is not necessarily limited to these devices. Voltage pulse waveform 103 used to control the drive of power switch 13 has variable pulse width. This pulse width is controlled by PWM control 30 in order to regulate the voltage output at output terminal 10.
  • The output of PWM control 30 is also applied to base drive 34 to control a duty cycle of power switch 14 (either a bipolar or FET, or the like) which couples the reserve voltage source 12 to the auxiliary winding 22. The duty cycle of power switch 14 is shown by waveform 102 in FIG. 2.
  • The different duty cycles of waveforms 102 and 103 are disclosed to illustratively show typical duty cycles at which the AC voltage source 1 and DC voltage source 12 normally supply power to the output. Both power switches 13 and 14 are simultaneously driven at a common duty cycle, and for a certain range, as shown by waveform 101 between edges 8 and 9, both switches couple power to the output. To the left of trailing edge 8 only the switch 13 couples power to the output and to the right of trailing edge 9 only the power switch 14 couples power to the output.
  • While the two power switches 13 and 14 are operated with the same duty cycles, the resultant voltage output 10, as derived from the AC primary input 1 and the secondary source 12, is derived from different voltage sources of differing output voltage ranges, such as shown in FIG. 3, wherein lines 301 and 302 represent voltage level boundaries of the rectified DC operative input voltage range supplied from AC primary voltage source 1 via rectifier 11, and lines 303 and 304 represent boundaries of an operative input voltage range supplied by the secondary source 12. As shown, the voltage ranges are different except for a small overlap between lines 302 and 303. Line 305 represents an alarm level at which an alarm indicating low AC line voltage is signaled if the voltage drops below this level. Since power switches 13 and 14 operate at identical duty cycles, the differing voltage ranges are achieved by control of source voltage levels and by differing transformation ratios between primary winding 21 to secondary winding 23 and between auxiliary winding 22 to secondary winding 23. Hence, under normal operating conditions where output is supplied from the AC line voltage, the output voltage is defined by the equation:
    Figure imgb0001
     where:

        VO is the output voltage,

        VP is the rectified AC line voltage,
    Figure imgb0002
    is the secondary to primary turns ratio,

    and

        D is the duty cycle at which the power switches 13 and 14 are operated. In the illustrative embodiment of a forward converter, this value is normally less that 1/2. However, the invention may be embodied in other types of converters such as flyback converters, for example.
  • Under emergency conditions where the AC line has degraded or failed, the output voltage is defined by the equation:
    Figure imgb0003
     where:

        VO and D are as defined above;

        VB is the reserve voltage; and
    Figure imgb0004
     is the secondary to auxiliary turns ratio.
  • It is apparent, from the foregoing, that at a given duty cycle, the output voltage is dependent upon the turns ratio in the transformer coupled power flow path from source to the output if both primary and secondary voltage sources are identical. The turns ratio
    Figure imgb0005
     in the primary power path is selected so that the control 30 regulates over a generally higher input voltage range than that for the reserve power path. A drop in AC line voltage first causes control 30 to increase the duty cycle of both power switches to maintain the regulated output voltage. If the AC line voltage continues dropping, the output voltage is partially maintained by power from the reserve voltage source in the overlap region between lines 302 and 303 in FIG. 3, and when the AC line voltage drops below a threshold level, as shown by line 302, corresponding to a critical duty ratio D, the output voltage is sustained entirely by the reserve voltage source in the regions defined by voltage levels 304 to 303. It is readily apparent that by control of the relative transformation ratios of the nominal AC line voltage and the selected battery voltage, an uninterruptible power supply can be implemented which utilizes a common regulation control system for controlling both primary and reserve power.
  • An off-line switcher operating as a forward type converter and providing reserve battery power in accordance with the principles of the invention is schematically disclosed in FIG. 4. Primary power, supplied from an AC line source, is coupled to input terminals 401 and 402 and is rectified and filtered by rectifier/filter circuitry 404. A connection to the primary winding 405 of transformer 406 is periodically completed by the power switching transistor 403. The rectified DC output at leads 411 and 412 is derived from secondary winding 407 and rectified by diode 408. Diode 409 provides a flyback path for the output filter inductor 410. The output voltage is sensed across the filter capacitor 413 by a pulse width modulation controller 430, from which control signals are transmitted via coupler 431 to a logic circuit 432 which, in turn, controls timing of a drive circuit 433 to control the duty cycle of power switching transistor 403 in order to regulate the output voltage across the filter capacitor 413.
  • A battery 451 is utilized as a reserve energy source and is coupled to an auxiliary winding 415 of power transformer 406 by a Darlington connected power transistor switch 453 (or power FET) whose switching is under control of base drive transistor 455 which is in turn responsive to an output of the PWM control 430. The duty cycle of power switch 453 is in synchronism with and substantially identical to the duty cycle of power switch 403.
  • While power switches 403 and 453 are switched in unison, power is supplied to the output within one of the differing regulation ranges which are established by the relative turns ratio of windings 405 and 415 with respect to the secondary winding 407.
  • The reserve energy supplied by battery 451 is current limited. A current transformer 456 is utilized to sense the peak discharge current flowing from the battery 451 to the transistor switch 453. This current signal is rectified by diode 457 and filter 458 to derive a DC control signal. This control signal is coupled to the PWM controller 430 via leads 461 and 462 and is utilized through the controller 430 to provide overload protection.

Claims (4)

1. A switching type power supply comprising:
    a first switch (13) for controlling flow of energy from a primary source (1) of energy to a load,
    a second switch (14) for controlling flow of energy from a secondary source (12) of energy to the load,
    CHARACTERIZED BY
    control means (20) for regulating energy applied to the load and operative to concurrently drive the first and second switch,
    means (21, 22) for coupling energy controlled by the first and second switches to the load at first and second transformation ratios respectively, whereby:
    energy supplied to the load is derived from the primary source at a first regulation level and is derived from the secondary source at a second regulation level.
2. A switching type power supply as defined in claim 1, and further including a power transformer (20) comprising a primary winding (21) connected to the first switch (13), an auxiliary winding (22) coupled to the second switch (14) and a secondary winding (23) coupled to the load, and a turns ratio of primary to secondary winding at the first transformation ratio differing from a turns ratio of auxiliary to secondary winding at the second transformation ratio.
3. A switching type power supply as defined in claim 2, wherein the control means is operative for driving the first and second switch at an identical duty cycle.
4. A switching type power supply as defined in claim 3, and further including a battery (FIG. 4, 451) as the secondary source of energy and monitoring circuitry including a sensing transformer (456) for sensing a discharge current from the battery.
EP19870303204 1986-04-17 1987-04-13 Off-line switcher with battery reserve Expired - Lifetime EP0243061B1 (en)

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US853173 1986-04-17
US06/853,173 US4745299A (en) 1986-04-17 1986-04-17 Off-line switcher with battery reserve

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EP0243061A2 true EP0243061A2 (en) 1987-10-28
EP0243061A3 EP0243061A3 (en) 1989-08-02
EP0243061B1 EP0243061B1 (en) 1993-06-30

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CA1314932C (en) 1993-03-23
DE3786366D1 (en) 1993-08-05
US4745299A (en) 1988-05-17
EP0243061A3 (en) 1989-08-02
DE3786366T2 (en) 1993-10-14
EP0243061B1 (en) 1993-06-30

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