DE10248447A1 - Process and device for impedance matching especially for solar modules has differentiating unit and amplifier to maximize power at the load - Google Patents

Abstract

A device (1) to adapt an electrical load (2) to a current source (3) of variable power comprises a unit (4) which differentiates a source output signal over time to give first or second differentials, followed by an amplifier (5) before the load which connects to the current source so that the output signal comprises oscillations, especially resonance oscillations. Independent claims are also included for the following: (a) a maximum power point regulator; (b) a solar module with the above;and (c) a process as above

Description

The invention relates to methods and devices for adapting electrical loads to a power source with possibly changing power source power, which make it possible derive maximum load power from the current source via the load.

Photovoltaic cells (solar cells) convert incident sunlight through the release of positive ones and negative charge carriers in a doped semiconductor material in electrical energy. While the at Tension that can be tapped from solar cells is relatively independent of the light radiation is exists for the current a pronounced one dependence of about a load of current that can be drawn from the intensity of the incident light radiation.

The 1 shows schematically the relationship between current and voltage in a typical photovoltaic system (e.g. with Siemens SM 110 modules) for two different illuminance levels of solar radiation (100% (1000 W / m ² ) and 50% (500 W / m ² )). Depending on the load resistance R _L with which the solar cell is connected, an operating point is set on the current-voltage characteristic of the solar cell for a given illuminance. In 1 The characteristic curves for load resistances R _L of 1.5 Ω, 2.8 Ω and 3.3 Ω are also shown. For a solar radiation of 100%, a working point of the solar cell at approx. 10.5 V and approx. 6.9 A results at a load resistance of 1.5 Ω, ie a power P ₁ of approx. 72.5 W. The working point for On the other hand, 100% solar radiation for a load resistance R _L of 2.8 Ω is approx. 17.5 V and approx. 6.3 A and corresponds to the maximum power point (MPP). The maximum power P _MAX1 that can be obtained from the photovoltaic system at this operating _point is thus approximately 110 W.

When the sun is only 50%, the operating point of the system for the load resistance R _L of 2.8 Ω is approximately 9.0 V and approximately 3.3 A, which results in a power P ₂ of approximately 30 W. The power _maximum P _MAX2 for this characteristic is approx. 16.0 V and approx. 3.0 A and is therefore approx. 48 W. A load resistance R _L of approx. 5.3 Ω would be required for this. In 2 the corresponding performance characteristics of the considered photovoltaic system with the power _maxima P _MAX1 and P _MAX2 are shown schematically as a function of the solar cell _voltage .

You can see from the 1 and 2 immediately that a more or less significant part of the electrical power available for a given solar radiation is not used due to mismatching of the load resistance.

In order to consistently achieve the maximum possible power output of the photovoltaic system under practical conditions, it is therefore necessary to continuously adapt the load resistance to the current illuminance. In the in the 1 and 2 In the example shown, the impedance of the load resistance must be increased to approx. 5.3 Ω for 50% solar radiation so that maximum power can be drawn from the system under these lighting conditions. In general, however, solar systems are designed for a single illuminance, so that the load impedance is not properly adapted for other lighting conditions. Due to this mismatch, most of the time the system does not take all of the available power.

Except for the irradiance, which meets the semiconductor material of the solar cell and that of the cloud cover and the contamination of the cell surface is influenced, hangs the Solar cell characteristic also depends on the cell temperature. A higher solar cell temperature leads to lower performance and therefore lower efficiency. The efficiency indicates how much of the incident light quantity is converted into usable electrical energy. Commercial solar cells have an efficiency of 8 to 14% depending on the cell type.

3 shows an example of the illuminance and its fluctuations due to changing clouds over the course of a day. One can clearly see the strong fluctuations in the irradiance, which require continuous adjustment of the solar cell operating point in order to be able to derive maximum power from the solar cell.

Another problem with the operation A photovoltaic solar system can be affected by changing consumer loads arise. Especially with "island solutions", where one or Several consumers (e.g. electric motors) directly from a solar system operated, changes with a changing load, the working point of the Solar system. Even when a battery is charged directly, the internal battery resistance influences which depends on the state of charge is the electrical power generated by the solar cell during the Charging.

To keep solar cells up to date maximum possible To take performance and to be able to use it optimally is it is known to have an adapter between the solar generator and the consumer to switch the adaptive impedance of the consumer to the adjusts the internal resistance of the solar generator, which changes over time.

In DE 3 245 866 A1 MPP control is specified in which a controllable DC voltage converter is provided between the solar generator and the load resistor, which converts the solar cell voltage into an output voltage applied to the load resistor. Current and voltage fluctuations on the input side of the adaptation device are used to determine the point of maximum power (MPP) by determining and storing the instantaneous value of the output power at the highest and at the lowest voltage. A control device compares the stored power values and specifies the voltage associated with the power maximum as a setpoint to a conventional regulator for the DC-DC converter. Since there is no targeted search for the maximum power, the working point of the solar cell is only set to the best, randomly found value. It can therefore take a relatively long time to find a corresponding "optimal" working point after a change in the ambient conditions.

DE 198 37 862 A1 relates to a solar module with an MPP controller, in which a DC-DC converter is controlled by a voltage detector with two switching thresholds, the switching thresholds being set such that the optimal operating point of the solar cell arrangement lies between the two switching thresholds. The voltage detector compares the solar cell voltage with the two switching thresholds and controls the DC-DC converter so that the source voltage continuously oscillates back and forth between the switch-on threshold and the switch-off threshold, the optimum operating point being passed through in each case. However, the problem with this proposal is the definition of the switching thresholds, which must be far apart to cover a wide range of the radiation intensity, as a result of which a strongly fluctuating source voltage or source power occurs. The optimal working point is run through, but the solar cell is not operated continuously in this optimal working point.

In US 4,794,272 A power controller for solar systems with a battery charger is specified, with which the maximum power is determined as a function of voltage and current changes on the source side or the load side of a DC / DC converter. The DC-DC converter is controlled via a pulse width control, which sets the operating point of the solar cell solely as a function of the state of charge of the battery detected via the charging current.

US 6,281,485 B1 discloses an MPP controller for solar cells. For this purpose, the MPP controller periodically detects the source voltage and the load current and uses this to determine a change in source voltage and a change in power. The control voltage of a DC-DC converter is changed depending on the sign of the source voltage change, the sign of the power change and the absolute value of the power change. The MPP circuit uses the sign of the source voltage change and power change to determine the direction in which the operating point is to be shifted in order to achieve a higher power. The goal of this iterative approach is to operate the solar cell with maximum power at the cell voltage at hand. On the basis of the absolute value of the power change, it is determined whether the optimum working point has already been reached and whether there should be no further working point shifts.

Since the in US 6,281,485 described MPP controller shifts the operating point of the solar cell with a constant step size, however, it may take a long time until the MPP controller has reached the optimal operating point. This is further complicated by the fact that the performance characteristics of solar cells are relatively flat as a function of the source voltage or a control value - the control voltage of the DC-DC converter. A maximum of the performance characteristic is therefore difficult to determine, and the actual working point of the solar cells oscillates, similar to the teaching of DE 198 37 862 to the optimal working point back and forth. This problem is further exacerbated by unavoidable inaccuracies and noise that always occurs when measuring current and voltage. In particular, a load current measurement with sufficient accuracy for the MPP control over a wide range of the currents to be detected, for example 0 to 25 A, places high demands on the corresponding sensor. Since the direction of the shift in the operating point is determined by the sign of the change in power or the change in load current, current measurement errors can lead to incorrect shifts in the working point and therefore lead to problems when searching for the maximum value.

Object of the present invention is methods and devices for adapting electrical loads to specify a power source where there is a sharp relationship between a tax figure and the from the power source output power or the the load acting load power is used to the power source in a simple way maximum load power over the Remove load. In particular, an MPP controller and a solar module are to be specified become.

This object is achieved by the independent claims. The dependent Claims relate to advantageous refinements of the inventive concept.

According to the concept of the invention, the device according to the invention for adapting an electrical load to a current source with possibly changing current source power in order to derive maximum load power from the current source via:
a differentiating device that differentiates an output signal (I _Q , U _Q ) of the current source according to time (t) and one of the first derivative (dU _Q / dt, dI _Q / dt) or the second derivative (d ² U _Q / dt ² , d ² I _Q / dt ² ) delivers corresponding output signal, and
an amplifier connected downstream of the differentiating device, at whose output the load is present and which amplifies the output signal of the differentiating device,
the amplifier being connected to the current source in such a way that the amplifier power consumed by the amplifier is taken from the current source and the output signal (U _A , I _A ) of the amplifier has oscillations, in particular resonance oscillations.

• (I) Erfassen eines Ausgangssignals (U_Q, I_Q) der Stromquelle oder einer damit korrelierten elektrischen Größe,
• (II) Erzeugen der ersten Ableitung (dU_Q/dt, dI_Q/dt) des in (I) erfaßten Signals und gegebenenfalls der zweiten Ableitung (d²U_Q/dt², d²I_Q/dt²),
• (III) Verstärken des erhaltenen Ableitungssignals unter Erhalt eines verstärkten Ausgangssignals (U_A, I_A) und
• (IV) Anlegen des erhaltenen verstärkten Ausgangssignals (U_A, I_A) an die Last,

wobei die zum Verstärken in Schritt (III) beim verwendeten Verstärker erforderliche elektrische Verstärker-Leistung der Stromquelle entnommen wird, so daß das verstärkte Ausgangssignal (U_A, I_A) Schwingungen, insbesondere Resonanzschwingungen, aufweist.The concept of the method according to the invention for adapting an electrical load to a current source with possibly changing current source power in order to derive maximum load power from the current source comprises the following steps:

• (I) detecting an output signal (U _Q , I _Q ) of the current source or an electrical variable correlated therewith,
• (II) generating the first derivative (dU _Q / dt, dI _Q / dt) of the signal recorded in (I) and, if appropriate, the second derivative (d ² U _Q / dt ² , d ² I _Q / dt ² ),
• (III) amplifying the derivative signal obtained to obtain an amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) and
• (IV) applying the obtained amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) to the load,

the electrical amplifier power required for amplification in step (III) in the amplifier used being taken from the current source, so that the amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) has oscillations, in particular resonance oscillations.

The concept of the invention also includes the application of the above control method of photovoltaic systems, in particular of solar cells and solar panels and arrangements thereof, the load in particular an ohmic Load, a battery or an accumulator, a charger, a rectifier, an inverter, a transformer and / or another electrical Converter is.

The device according to the invention for adapting electrical loads to a current source has a differentiating device which differentiates an output signal (I _Q , U _Q ) from the current source according to the time (t). The differentiating device supplies an output signal corresponding to the first derivative (dU _Q / dt, dI _Q / dt) or the second derivative (d ² U _Q / dt ² , d ₂ I _Q / dt ² ). To form the second derivative, two simple 1st order differentiators can also be connected in series. The differentiating device can be implemented analog and / or digital. It can get its supply voltage from the power source. The differentiation results in a sharp relationship between a control variable and the power source or load power.

A current source in the sense of the present invention is to be understood to mean all electrical signal sources, in particular those which deliver a current or voltage signal. The power source may include solar cells, fuel cells, or other sources that provide electrical energy. The relationship between current and voltage of the current source is usually described by a corresponding current-voltage characteristic curve, which characterizes the properties of the current source. Depending on certain environmental conditions, such as temperature and irradiance with a photovoltaic power source, the power source generates maximum power source power (P _Q ) at an optimal operating point.

According to the invention, the differentiating device is followed by an amplifier, at the output of which the load is applied and which the output signal of Differentiation device reinforced. The amplifier can have a linear or nonlinear gain characteristic and operated in a linear and / or non-linear characteristic range become. It can be with a constant or a variable gain (F) operated. It is possible, the amplifier to be implemented in analog and / or digital or hybrid technology. amplifier and differentiating device can also together, e.g. on a semiconductor chip. The amplifier advantageously has a high efficiency and low power dissipation.

The amplifier is connected to the current source in such a way that the amplifier power (P _V ) consumed by the amplifier is taken from the current source. It is expedient to connect the supply lines of the amplifier to the current source, where appropriate a corresponding adaptation of the source voltage to the required supply voltage of the amplifier is provided, for example by means of a voltage converter. Since a possible power consumption of the differentiating device can be neglected, the amplifier represents the main direct load of the current source. The amplifier source uses the amplifier power (P _V ) to amplify the output signal of the differentiating device loaded. Due to the relationship between current and voltage expressed in the characteristics of the current source, the output signal of the current source decreases when the current source is loaded by the amplifier. Due to this feedback between amplifier and current source, vibrations of the output signal (U _A , I _A ) of the amplifier can occur.

With a suitable choice of the amplification factor (F), resonance effects can occur, and resonance oscillations can form at the output of the amplifier. The resonance vibrations that occur due to the resonance effect can have certain characteristic frequencies. Power source, differentiating device, amplifier and load form an oscillator. In the event of resonance, this vibrating system takes maximum power from the source, which occurs at the load as the maximum load power (P _A ). The power source is always operated at the optimal operating point (MPP).

Because the appearance of resonance vibrations with a vibratory System of fulfillment depends on a relatively sharply defined vibration condition in the device according to the invention, when the output signal of the amplifier resonant vibrations has, a simple removal of maximum performance possible. Conveniently, the degree of amplification of the amplifier set so that the Vibration condition met and resonance vibrations occur. Since the vibrations of the Amplifier output dependent on of the degree of reinforcement (F) of the amplifier in a relatively sharply limited range of gain occur, it is very simple according to the invention, the required degree of reinforcement adjust. In contrast to the prior art, the device according to the invention requires no time-consuming search of a maximum power in a relative flat performance curve.

According to the invention, even a changing load has none direct influence on the resulting operating point of the power source and that of the power source withdrawn power. As long as the oscillation condition of the oscillator Fulfills is, the output of the amplifier swings, and maximum power is taken from the source and fed to the load. If applicable, is a Adjustment of the degree of reinforcement to a changed one Load resistance necessary to further increase the vibration condition fulfill. This follow-up of the gain of can, as already explained, performed relatively easily become.

The power source can expediently have one or more photovoltaic cells (solar cells) or consist of it. The solar cells can be designed as solar panels his. A solar panel has a flat arrangement of one another interconnected solar cells. Preferred solar panels like the type SM 110 from Siemens are for rated voltage of 12 V, generate an open circuit voltage of 17.5 V and a rated power of 110 W (rated power). To a higher output voltage and / or to achieve performance, it is advantageous to use multiple solar panels to be connected in series or in parallel. In this way, standard output voltages from, for example, 60 to 220 V and nominal powers of a few kilowatts be achieved.

Furthermore, by the device according to the invention also occurring periodic modulations of sunlight for generation of electrical power. Have these modulations a complex spectrum with a resonance maximum. This modulated Contains radiation Energy leading to an AC component of the signal generated by a solar cell as a current source. This AC component carries to excite the (resonance) vibrations and is from the device according to the invention used.

The device advantageously has an adjustment device for the degree of gain (F) of the amplifier on that on the amplifier acts. The setting device can be set manually Amplification degree, for example about a potentiometer. It is particularly advantageous if the setting device is a semi-automatic or automatic adjustment of the gain level performs. You can, for example, over an electronic potentiometer act on the amplifier and the required gain set the vibration condition for obtaining resonance vibrations on amplifier output Fulfills. The amplifier can also be a controllable preamplifier (VCA - Voltage Controlled Amplifier) and a line amplifier include with high efficiency. A practical design of the setting device provides means that the degree of reinforcement (F) of the amplifier change so long until resonance vibrations occur at the amplifier output.

To suppress interference signals is it expedient to have a Filter device between the output of the differentiating device and the input of the amplifier provided. The filter device filters the output signal of the amplifier according to a given pass characteristic, it being particularly advantageous to use a bandpass filter for filtering the amplifier input signal consulted. Through a bandpass filter can low frequency interference, especially the mains frequency 50 Hz, and high-frequency noise suppressed in the excitation signal become. Through the bandpass filter it is also possible to influence the frequencies of the resonance vibrations and a to achieve sharp resonance of the vibrating system. advantageous bandpass filter are Krohn-Hite filters with corner frequencies of 20 Hz and 200 kHz. A particularly advantageous one passband is between 1.0 and 5.0 kHz.

A particularly suitable amplifier for amplifying the output signal of the differentiating device is an operational amplifier. Operational amplifiers are easy to connect, have a large amplification range and are highly efficient. However, the device according to the invention can also have analog and / or digital amplifiers of one of the classes A to T or an adaptive power MOSFET amplifier. Examples of preferred amplifiers are the Tripath audio amplifiers of the TA series, in particular the TA3020. A broadband amplifier is advantageous to enable resonance vibrations over a wide frequency range. A particularly expedient transmission range is 10 Hz to 100 MHz. However, it is also possible according to the invention to provide amplifiers with a bandwidth in the audio range, in particular from 20 Hz to 40 kHz.

The operating point of the amplifier can also lie in a nonlinear range of its gain characteristic for the Setting the gain level can be advantageous. The non-linear operation of the amplifier can also quasi-rectangular waveforms can be achieved.

According to an advantageous embodiment of the device, the setting device has a detection device which detects the current source power (P _Q ) emitted by the current source and / or the load power (P _A ) absorbed by the load and / or an electrical correlated with these powers Size (U _A , I _A ; U _Q , I _Q ) recorded.

The detection device can in particular detect the current and / or the voltage of the current source or the load, to determine the power source or load side power. The Measured variables can range from a corresponding sensor is detected and before determining the Performance preprocessed. The measured variables are expediently filtered, smoothed and / or changed. In particular, it is advantageous to use the detected current and / or the detected one Convert voltage into corresponding DC voltage quantities (RMS values). Among other things, an RMS converter can be used. The equivalent DC quantities can be easier to be processed, in particular to the degree of reinforcement of the amplifier adjust.

Using that from the detection device detected Size can the setting device set the required gain (F) of the amplifier. The adjusting device expediently evaluates the detected size and determines the maximum of the detected Size or performance dependent of the degree of reinforcement. Due to the sharp resonance condition required for an oscillatory system Fulfills have to be, occurs a pronounced Maximum of power source or load side power on that simple is to be determined. The corresponding degree of reinforcement can be so simple Way to be determined.

The setting device expediently points a controller on the output signals of the detection device as such or after signal processing as actual values and the Degree of amplification of the amplifier regulates. In this case, the device is an MPP controller.

The controller of the adjustment device can be any analog and / or digital controller. The Control characteristics of the controller can advantageously the properties the rest Components of the device, in particular the properties of the amplifier, the power source and / or the load. Preferred control characteristics are P, I, PI, PD, Log and Exp controllers. The controller can also be adaptive his and his characteristic and / or parameters the working conditions to adjust. Digital control of the gain factor, for example by a microcontroller, can be conveniently provided.

The controller is expediently designed such that it regulates the gain (F) of the amplifier in such a way that the load power (P _A ) is maximized. In this way, maximum power is drawn from the current source via the load resistance, the gain level being able to be set particularly advantageously owing to the ability of the system to vibrate.

The controller can advantageously be designed as a maximum controller which has a setpoint generator which generates a setpoint for the control as a function of a setpoint of the controller, in particular the degree of amplification (F). The setpoint generator can use the controller setpoint to generate a dynamic setpoint for the controller in order to determine the maximum of the variable to be controlled. For example, it is possible to generate the dynamic setpoint on the basis of the controller manipulated value - gain (F) of the amplifier. The dynamic setpoint can expediently increase over time as long as the manipulated value fulfills a certain predetermined condition. The predetermined condition is preferably a limit value for the manipulated value, which is monitored by the controller. As the control setpoint increases, the manipulated variable and the actual value of the controlled system will also increase, insofar as this is possible with the given control system. If the manipulated value exceeds the specified limit value, the maximum controller generates a setpoint that decreases over time. As a result of the decreasing setpoint, the manipulated value will also become smaller and, after a certain time, meet the specified condition again, whereupon the maximum controller again generates an increasing setpoint. Such a maximum controller automatically finds the maximum of the variable to be controlled or the actual value of the control system. The variable to be controlled, here the power source or load side power, approaches its maximum possible value in increasing and decreasing ramps. This approximation is particularly advantageous if the decrease in the setpoint is faster or steeper than the increase in the setpoint. Such a maximum controller is per se, but not in connection with the oscillation principle used according to the invention, is known ( DE 198 46 818 A1 ).

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the setting device has a comparator which, at predetermined times, the value of one or more of the variables detected by the detection device (P _Q , P _A ; U _Q , I _Q ; U _A , I _A ) with the value compares the relevant size at the previous point in time and forms the respective difference value. The difference in value of the size in question indicates the change in size with respect to the previous point in time. It shows whether, for example, the corresponding size has increased or decreased as a result of a change in the degree of amplification (F). The difference value can be fed to the controller which, depending on the type of the detected quantity, controls the degree of amplification of the amplifier on the basis of the difference value in such a way that the load power (P _A ) or the current source power (P _Q ) is maximized. If, for example, the power increases as a result of a change in the degree of amplification, it is expedient to increase the degree of amplification further in order to determine the maximum power and the associated degree of amplification. Conversely, if the value of the quantity sensed by the detector or the output signal of the comparator drops, the controller can reduce the gain.

The controller can adjust the gain (F) of the amplifier preferably as a function of a change in the gain (F) at a previous point in time and the amount of the resulting change in the current source power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ) to change. In order to find the maximum of the power, it is expedient that the controller increases the amplification level (F) of the amplifier if the amplification level (F) was increased during the previous change and the comparator detects a positive change in the current source power (P _Q ). and / or the load power (P _A ) is determined or if the gain (F) was reduced in the previous change and the comparator detects a negative change in the current source power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ) is determined. The controller expediently reduces the gain (F) of the amplifier if the gain (F) was increased during the previous change and the comparator determines a negative change in the current source power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ) or if the gain (F) was reduced during the previous change and the comparator determines a positive change in the current source power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ).

A particularly rapid setting of the degree of amplification of the amplifier can be achieved if the setting device has an optimization device that executes an optimization method. The optimization method determines the maximum of the current source power (P _Q ) emitted by the current source and / or the load power (P _A ) absorbed by the load as a function of the degree of amplification (F). A number of known optimization methods are suitable for determining the maximum of the performance characteristic. Due to the complex relationship between the degree of amplification and the power source or load-side power, iterative optimization methods are particularly suitable, which test different operating points or gain factors in order to approach the maximum iteratively.

A particularly preferred iterative The optimization method is the gradient method (Newton method), which evaluates the slope of the performance characteristic curve by the performance maximum to determine. Based on the increase in the performance curve in the current Working point, step size and direction are determined for the next change of the working point. The gradient method evaluates the relationship between the manipulated variable (degree of amplification) and target size (performance) in the form of the corresponding partial derivative.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the setting device has a structural device which detects a parametric variable of the current source and delivers it to the controller in the form of an electrical correction signal. The controller can emit a correspondingly corrected output signal or control signal for controlling the degree of amplification in order to carry out a correction of the degree of amplification taking into account the detected current source parameter. In this way, for example, the current source temperature (T _Q ) can be taken into account when setting the degree of amplification. This is particularly advantageous when using solar cells as a current source, since the current-voltage characteristics of solar cells are strongly temperature-dependent. Corresponding sensors, for example a temperature sensor for detecting the solar cell temperature, can be provided for detecting the current source parameters.

To a consumer with direct current or DC voltage can operate between the output of the amplifier and the load a rectifier can be provided, the Output signal of the amplifier rectifies. By providing an alternating-current device can from the oscillating amplifier output signal a sinusoidal Alternating current can be generated to operate corresponding loads. It is still possible the AC over a load transformer in a local and / or public (line) network feed. In particular, an ohmic load, a Battery or an accumulator, a charger, a rectifier, an inverter, a transformer or another electrical converter is provided his.

A particularly advantageous exemplary embodiment of the invention provides a symmetrical, bipolar arrangement of the solar panel, differentiating device, optionally filter device and amplifier. The positive and the negative connection of a solar panel with the Differen are connected by two-wire cabling decorative device connected. The other components of the device can also be connected through the symmetrical bipolar two-wire cabling. Due to the symmetrical feed, amplifiers (push-pull amplifiers) with higher efficiency and greater input and output resistance can be used.

One solar cell or several solar cells as a power source for generating electrical power and a device according to the invention, especially an MPP controller preferably also be designed as a solar module. In particular Is it possible, that differentiating device, if necessary, filter device, amplifier and setting device as a unit, in particular as an analog and / or digital Semiconductor chip, are formed. The components of the device according to the invention can also realized entirely and / or partially by a microcomputer become.

The following is the method according to the invention explains which includes the following steps:

• (I) detecting an output signal (U _Q , I _Q ) of the current source or an electrical variable correlated therewith;
• (II) generating the first derivative (dU _Q / dt, dI _Q / dt) of the signal detected in (I) and optionally the second derivative (d2UQ / dt2, d ² I _Q / dt ² );
• (III) amplifying the derivative signal obtained to obtain an amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) and
• (IV) Applying the obtained amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) to the load.

Since the electrical amplifier power (P _V ) required for amplification in step (III) of the amplifier used is taken from the current source, the amplifier is fed back to the current source, so that the amplified output signal has oscillations, in particular resonance oscillations.

Preferably, an amplifier is used for amplification in step (III), the electrical amplifier power (P _V ) that is consumed is not constant, but rather depends on the size of the amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) and / or that in step (IV) Load-absorbed load power (P _A ) is dependent, so that a time-changing load on the power source occurs.

To avoid disturbing signal components suppress, it is advantageous to use the derivative signal after step (II) and before Filter step (III). A particularly favorable excitation of the oscillating Systems can by filtering the signal to be amplified according to a given bandpass pass characteristic be achieved.

The reinforcement is expediently in Step (III) with adjustable gain (F) of the amplifier, around the feedback System to excite vibrations and the oscillation condition too fulfill. By changing the degree of reinforcement can that vibrate System, especially a solar system, to the current working conditions, like illuminance and load resistance become. The degree of reinforcement is advantageously set so that the vibration condition for the current working conditions is.

The gain (F) is preferably set so that the load power (P _A ) absorbed by the load is maximized. The gain level is expediently set by an analog and / or digital controller, in particular a maximum value controller, which automatically determines a maximum value of the variable to be controlled.

An advantageous embodiment of the The procedure provides that in dependence of a manipulated variable of the control, in particular the degree of amplification (F), a setpoint for the scheme is generated. It is useful to have an increasing setpoint generate as long as the manipulated variable fulfills a specified condition, and in the other case to generate a time-decreasing setpoint.

To control the degree of amplification (F) of the amplifier, the value of one or more of the variables P _Q , P _A , U _Q , I _Q , U _A , I _{A can be} compared with the value of the relevant variable at the previous point in time and the respective value Difference value are formed. The degree of amplification is expediently controlled taking into account this difference value, which indicates the change in the corresponding variable compared to the previous point in time.

In step (III), an optimization method can be used to maximize the load power (P _A ) or the current source power (P _Q ) taken up by the load by (iteratively) setting the gain (F). Gradient methods that take into account the derivation of the power with regard to the variable to be set (degree of amplification) are particularly suitable for optimizing the power.

To get parametric values of the power source, especially the temperature of the power source when setting the degree of reinforcement of the amplifier to take into account can the parameter values of the current source by appropriate sensors detected and for a correction of the gain be used.

The degree of reinforcement is preferred (F) set so that the Operating point of the amplifier lies in a non-linear range of its gain characteristic.

The amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) is expediently applied to an ohmic load, a battery or an accumulator, a charger, a rectifier, an inverter, a transformer or another electrical converter.

The illustrated concept of the invention limited not refer to the explained Embodiments, but detected the basic Principle of having a current or signal source via an amplifier oscillating output signal to derive maximum power, whereby the amplifier acts back as a burden on the source.

Below are preferred embodiments the invention explained with reference to the drawing. Show it:

1 an example of a current-voltage characteristic of a solar cell arrangement;

2 an example of a performance characteristic of a solar cell arrangement;

3 a diagram of the radiation intensity during the course of a day;

4 schematically an embodiment of a device according to the invention;

5 schematically another embodiment of an apparatus according to the invention;

6a an equivalent circuit diagram of a solar module according to the invention for a load consideration to explain the invention;

6b an equivalent circuit diagram of a solar module according to the invention for a signal consideration to explain the invention;

7 a frequency diagram of a vibration occurring at the amplifier output;

8th a schematic representation of a control of the degree of amplification F;

9 a schematic representation of an experimental setup;

10 graphic representations of the course of current, voltage and temperature of a measuring resistor and

11 graphical representations of an experimental evaluation.

4 schematically shows an embodiment of the device according to the invention 1 to adapt an electrical load 2 to a power source 3 , The adjustment of the electrical load 2 takes place according to the claimed oscillation principle to the power source 3 maximum load power P _A over the load 2 refer to. The adaptation can take into account a changing load impedance R _L and / or a variable internal resistance R _{Q of} the current source 3 respectively.

The power source 3 , for example a solar cell arrangement (solar panel), can generate a changing power source power P _Q depending on different conditions, for example environmental conditions. For example, current I _Q and voltage U _{Q of} a solar cell are dependent on the illuminance and the solar cell temperature T _Q.

entsprechendes Ausgangssignal liefert. In dem gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiel bildet die Differenziereinrichtung 4 die zweite Ableitung

der Spannung U_Q der Stromquelle. Die Differenziereinrichtung 4 kann beispielsweise durch einen entsprechend beschalteten Operationsverstärker realisiert werden. Ein typischer Operationsverstärker ist beispielsweise ein LN357N-Baustein.The device 1 has a differentiating device 4 on which is the output voltage U _{Q of} the current source 3 differentiated according to time t and one of the first derivative dU _Q / dt or the second derivative

provides the corresponding output signal. In the exemplary embodiment shown, the differentiating device forms 4 the second derivative

the voltage U _{Q of} the current source. The differentiator 4 can be implemented, for example, by an appropriately connected operational amplifier. A typical operational amplifier is an LN357N device, for example.

The differentiator 4 is a bandpass filter 7 downstream, which is the output signal of the differentiating device 4 filters according to a given bandpass characteristic in order to remove interference signals and to achieve a sharp resonance of the oscillating system. The bandpass filter 7 can have a passband of up to 5 kHz, for example. The suitable pass band is easily determined, if necessary by simple experiments.

The output of the filter device 7 is with the signal input of an amplifier 5 connected. The supply voltage of the amplifier 5 or the amplifier power P _V becomes the current source 3 taken. A high-efficiency digital audio amplifier of the T-Class is preferably used. Such ver more have low distortion, low noise, a large dynamic range and high immunity to interference or noise from the supply voltage. T-Class amplifiers consist of a CMOS signal processing section and a DMOS power transistor. A preferred amplifier with high efficiency is the TA3020 from Tripath. For example, the voltage-controlled ST-VCA2 preamplifier from Radio Design Labs can be used to set the gain.

The gain level F of the amplifier 5 is by an adjustment device 8th regulated so that the load power P _A that the consumer 2 is fed, is maximized. To the load 2 The setting device has to detect the recorded load power P _A 8th a detection device 10 the current I _A flowing through the load and the output voltage U _{A of} the amplifier dropping across the load 5 detected. The detection device 10 can determine the load power P _A consumed by the load by multiplying the current I _A and the voltage U _A. It is of course also possible to detect only the current I _A or the voltage U _A and to determine the load power P _A only on the basis of the detected quantity. This is particularly advantageous when the load impedance R _L is known and constant, since only one sensor is required to determine the load power P _A. Even with a variable load impedance R _L , the load power P _A can be appropriately estimated. Instead of maximizing the load power P _A , it is still possible to optimize one of the electrical variables (U _A , I _A ) correlated with the power.

In the 1 shown adjustment device 8th further points a comparator 6 on, at predetermined times t _i , for example every 100 ms, the value of the detection device 10 determined load power P _A (t _i ) with the value of the relevant variable at the previous point in time P _A (t _i-1 ) and forms a difference value ΔP _A (t _i ). The difference value ΔP _A (t _i ) indicates the change in the load power P _A with respect to the previous evaluation time t _i-1 . A positive difference value ΔP _A (t _i ) indicates that the load power P _{A has} increased, for example as a result of a change in the gain F, and vice versa.

The difference value ΔP _A becomes a controller 9 fed the gain F of the amplifier 5 controls based on the difference value such that the load power P _{A is} maximized. The regulator 9 can, for example, the gain F (t _i ) depending on a change in the gain ΔF (t _i-1 ) at a previous time t _i-1 and the amount of the resulting change in load power | ΔP _A (t _i ) | to adjust.

The influence of the cell temperature T _Q on the characteristic of the power source 3 to consider is a design facility 11 provided, which detects the temperature T _Q and an electrical correction signal to the controller 9 supplies. Through the design facility 11 it is possible, for example, to take into account the influence of the solar cell temperature T _Q on the current-voltage characteristic of solar cells when setting the gain F. As is known, as the solar cell temperature T _{Q increases,} that of the solar cell falls 13 generated power source power P _Q. This can be compensated for by a corresponding increase in the gain F.

Because the amplifier 5 its supply voltage from the power source 3 refers to that from the amplifier 5 absorbed amplifier power P _{V of} the current source 3 taken. The power source 3 is loaded depending on the amplifier output signal U _A or the load power P _A , and there is feedback between the load 2 or amplifier 5 and power source 3 which, with a suitable choice of the gain factor F, cause oscillations of the output signal U _{A of} the amplifier 5 leads. The resonance effects that occur cause resonance vibrations at the amplifier output, which have certain characteristic frequencies.

The 7 shows a frequency diagram of a typical resonance oscillation occurring at the amplifier output. One can clearly see the pronounced frequency maximum at 4.7 kHz. In the event of resonance, this oscillating system takes maximum power from the source, which is the load power P _A at the consumer 2 is available. Another maximum of the vibration at the amplifier output is 12.3 kHz.

Since the occurrence of resonance vibrations at the amplifier output is easy to detect, the maximization of the load can 2 occurring load power P _A by evaluating a "sharp" characteristic. A complex determination of the maximum power of a relatively flat power characteristic curve, as is done according to the prior art, is not necessary. The gain level F of the amplifier 5 only needs when the power source conditions change or when the load changes 2 be tracked so that the oscillation condition of the oscillator is further fulfilled.

The 5 shows a further embodiment of a device according to the invention, which has a symmetrical, bipolar arrangement, as is often used in solar technology.

The power source 3 has several solar panels connected in series 13 on. Due to the symmetrical arrangement of the solar panels 13 a positive / negative output voltage of, for example, ± 6 V or ± 12 V is available. In order to achieve a higher nominal power, additional solar panels can be used 13 can be connected in parallel.

The differentiator 4 and the amplifier 5 are via a corresponding symmetrical Verka with the power source 3 connected and suitable for processing bipolar signals. Due to the symmetrical arrangement of the components common in solar technology, high efficiency with high yield can be achieved for the entire photovoltaic system.

Between the output of the amplifier 5 and the burden 2 is a rectifier 12 provided that the output current I _A or the output voltage U _{A of} the amplifier 5 rectifies. That way the load can 2 can be operated with direct current or direct voltage, which is particularly advantageous for charging accumulators or batteries. In order to generate sinusoidal alternating currents, an alternating-current device can also be provided. This can be directly connected to the output of the amplifier 5 or with the output of the rectifier 12 be connected. The alternating current generated can also be fed into a local and / or public network via a load transformer. It is particularly advantageous to provide a three-phase inverter for this purpose.

In the in 5 shown embodiment controls the controller 9 the gain F of the amplifier 5 , The controller 9 this is done by the detection device 10 determined current source power P _Q or some other correlated variable. The regulator 9 can be designed, for example, as a maximum value controller, which generates a setpoint for the control as a function of the gain F. A setpoint generator uses the gain factor to generate a setpoint that rises over time until the maximum power P _Q drawn from the power source is achieved.

The 6a shows an equivalent circuit diagram of a solar module according to the invention for a load consideration to explain the principle of operation. The power source 3 is represented by an ideal current source with impressed current IQ and an internal resistance R _Q. At the output of the power source 3 occurs, the voltage U = _Q I _Q · R _Q.

Because the power consumption of the differentiator 4 compared to the power P _V consumed by the amplifier, the current source 3 exclusively through the amplifier 5 loaded. For the power source 3 provides the amplifier 5 is a variable load R _V depending on the power P _V consumed by it.

On the output side of the amplifier 5 the voltage Ua and the current I _A occur. The amplifier 5 is by the load 2 loaded with an impedance R _L.

Because the internal resistance R _{Q of} the power source 3 is usually much larger than the resistance R _{V of} the amplifier, the following applies approximately: P V = I Q 2 · R V ,

für die Last-Leistung. Unter der Annahme eines verlustlos arbeitenden Verstärkers mit 100 % Wirkungsgrad gilt: P_A = P_V.This results on the amplifier output side

for the load power. Assuming a lossless amplifier with 100% efficiency: P _A = P _V.

The resistance R _{V of} the amplifier can thus be determined:

The 6b shows an equivalent circuit diagram of a solar module according to the invention for signal consideration. For the purpose of simple explanation, the amplifier 5 shown as a connected operational amplifier (UU converter). The gain factor of the amplifier 5 according to this wiring to F

an. Am Verstärkerausgang ergibt sich die Spannung U_A = F · U_V.The current source voltage UQ present at the input of the device is determined by the differentiating device 4 differentiated twice according to time t. At the input of the amplifier 5 therefore there is tension

on. The voltage U _A = F · U _V results at the amplifier output.

Taking into account the expression for R _V obtained by considering the performance:

For the voltage at the amplifier input:

Taking into account the relationship between amplifier input voltage U _V and amplifier output voltage U _A , the following second-order differential equation is obtained:

This non-linear differential equation of the second order for the voltage U _A (t) at the output of the amplifier describes an oscillatory system consisting of a current source 3 , Differentiating device 4 , Amplifier 5 and load 2 , The solutions of the differential equation correspond to complex vibrations. When the vibration condition occurs, resonance effects occur which lead to resonance vibrations of the amplifier output voltage U _A. In the event of a resonance, the power source 3 maximum power P _Q taken and fed to the load.

The resonance frequencies of the oscillation of the output voltage U _{A of} the amplifier are in the frequency diagram 7 shown. One can clearly see the pronounced maximum of the output voltage U _A at a frequency of approximately 4.7 kHz.

8th shows a schematic representation of a gain control, which automatically allows such a setting of the gain F to achieve oscillation at the amplifier output.

To adapt the working range, the detected actual value X, for example the voltage U _A or the power P _A , optionally after smoothing or averaging, can optionally be carried out by a standardization device 14 normalized or scaled.

A maximum regulator 15 determines a manipulated variable Y for setting the gain F of the amplifier 5 , whereby a target value correlated with the actual value, for example the load power P _A , is to be maximized. The maximum regulator 15 saves the current actual value X and the manipulated value Y at time t. At the time t + 1, the manipulated value Y is increased by the value dY. This change in the manipulated variable changes the gain by dF, which also changes the voltage U _A and the power P _A.

If the actual value X 'at time t + 1 is smaller than the actual value X at the previous point in time t the manipulated variable changed in the wrong direction. At the next time t + 2 the manipulated value is then reduced by the value 2 dY.

If the actual value X 'at time t + 1 gets bigger or remains the same, the change can be repeated. To the next At time t + 2, the manipulated value is increased by the value dY increased.

This procedure is done by the maximum controller 15 constantly repeated. In this way, the output voltage U _A and the power P _A can be continuously maximized.

Via an optional characteristic curve adjustment device 16 can the calculated manipulated variable Y to the gain characteristic of the amplifier 5 (Reinforcements Vi) can be adjusted. This is expediently done by a piece-wise linear adaptation characteristic curve, which is described, for example, by reference point pairs (Yi, Vi).

example 1

9 shows a schematic representation of an experimental setup for examining the performance of a device according to the invention 1 , The aim of the trials was to make a profit from a load resistor 2 recorded load power P _A by impedance matching with the device according to the invention 1 demonstrated.

A total of six identical solar panels were used 13 aligned to the sun. Two panels were combined so that three pairs of panels were available for measurement. The first two pairs of panels (channels a and b) were switched 17a . 17b with the device according to the invention 1 connected. The device 1 had two independent channels with loads on their respective outputs resistors 2a . 2 B were. The third pair of solar panels via a switch was used as a reference for the qualitative comparison measurement 17c with a load resistor 2c connected (channel c).

To errors due to manufacturing Exclude component differences, All pairings of the components were examined in preliminary tests. By these measurements determined that the maximum error was due to Component differences is less than 1%.

For measuring the load power P _A by the respective load resistors 2a . 2 B . 2c was recorded, a calorimetric measurement was carried out by recording the temperature profile of the load resistors, each arranged on an aluminum block as a heat sink 2a . 2 B . 2c carried out. For this purpose, a temperature sensor was located in a central hole in each heat sink 18a . b . c arranged, the temperature Ta, Tb, Tc of the load resistor 2a . b . c erfäßte. The data of the temperature sensors 18a . 18b . 18c were from a measuring device 19 recorded. In addition, the voltages and currents of the load resistors 2a . 2 B . 2c recorded and recorded.

At the start of the measurement, the switches 17a . 17b . 17c switched on at the same time. For each channel a, b, c, the current and voltage as well as the temperature of the heat sink were recorded and recorded for the individual measuring intervals.

The 10 shows the course of the current, voltage and temperature for channels a, b, c. Current and voltage of channels a, b, their loads 2a . 2 B about the device according to the invention 1 were adapted to the time-varying source powers P _{Q of} their solar panels, were significantly larger than the current and voltage of the reference channel c. The greater load power of channels a, b is also evident in the temperature curve of the heat sink of the load resistors 2a . 2 B , The temperatures of these heat sinks increased in the course of the measurement compared to the temperature of the heat sink of the load resistor 2c clearly.

Example 2

In 11 further experimental results are shown graphically. The upper graphic shows the course of the recorded load power with and without the device according to the invention (MPP controller) for four time ranges (ranges 1 . 2 . 3 and 4 ). The graphic below shows the ratio of the load power with the device to the load power of the reference channel. This power ratio is greater than one for wide ranges of the measurement, which means a gain in performance through the device according to the invention.

The biggest win was in area 1 of the measurement. During this period, the sun was covered by a cloud, so that only a low source power was available. In this area, the load was adjusted by the device to the increased internal resistance of the source, thus optimizing the power consumption. The load performance with device 1 is significantly larger than without.

In the area 2 the irradiance of the solar panels changed. Through the adjustment device 8th became the gain F of the amplifier 5 regulated in order to adapt the oscillation condition of the oscillation system to the changed lighting conditions. Both services fluctuated strongly in this area.

In the area 3 the sun was again covered by a cloud. The power at the load resistor directly connected to the solar panels collapsed due to the mismatch to the changed source impedance, while the device according to the invention made an adjustment to the changed source parameters.

In the area 4 the source power fluctuated relatively strongly with direct sunlight. The performances with and without the device according to the invention are approximately the same in this area. At the end of the measurement period, the sun was again covered by clouds, and the impedance matching according to the invention led to a renewed performance gain, like the lower graphic in the area 4 shows.

The experiments of Examples 1 and 2 show a clear performance gain through the device according to the invention. Especially in areas where the solar panels are irradiated of the optimal conditions for Which device the solar system was designed, the device can despite maximum mismatch of the source take maximum power and that Apply load resistance. This corresponds to an ongoing adaptive adaptation of the load the source under performance gain.

1

contraption or MPP controller

2

load (Electrical)

3

power source

4

Differentiator

5

amplifier

6

comparator

7

filtering device

8th

adjustment

9

regulator

10

detector

11

corrector

12

Rectifying means

13

solar cells (photovoltaic cells)

14

normalization means

15

Maximum slider

16

Characteristic adjusting means

U _Q

Power source voltage 3

I _Q

in the Current source circuit flowing electricity

P _Q

Current source power

U _A

Output voltage of the amplifier 5

I _A

by the load 2 flowing current

P _A

from the load 2 load power consumed

P _V

Amplifier power

F

Amplification degree of the amplifier 5

T _Q

Power source temperature

Claims (35)

Contraption ( 1 ) to adapt an electrical load ( 2 ) to a power source ( 3 ) with possibly changing current source power (P _Q ) to the current source ( 3 ) maximum load power (P _A ) over the load ( 2 ) which has: a differentiating device ( 4 ), which is an output signal (I _Q , U _Q ) of the current source ( 3 ) differentiated according to time (t) and provides an output signal corresponding to the first derivative (dU _Q / dt, dI _Q / dt) or the second derivative (d ² U _Q / dt ² , d ² I _Q / dt ² ), and one of the differentiating devices ( 4 ) downstream amplifier ( 5 ) at the output of which the load ( 2 ) and the output signal of the differentiating device ( 4 ) amplified, with the amplifier ( 5 ) with the power source ( 3 ) is connected that the amplifier ( 5 ) absorbed amplifier power (P _V ) of the current source ( 3 ) is removed, and the output signal (U _A , I _A ) of the amplifier ( 5 ) Has vibrations, in particular resonance vibrations. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that a filter device ( 7 ), in particular a bandpass filter, between the output of the differentiating device ( 4 ) and the input of the amplifier ( 5 ) is provided, which the output signal of the amplifier ( 5 ) filters according to a given pass characteristic. Device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it comprises an adjusting device ( 8th ) for the gain (F) of the amplifier ( 5 ) on the amplifier ( 5 ) works. Device according to one or more of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the amplifier ( 5 ) is an operational amplifier. Device according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that the setting device ( 8th ) a detection device ( 10 ) which corresponds to that of the power source ( 3 ) current source power output (P _Q ) and / or that of the load ( 2 ) recorded load power (P _A ) and / or an electrical variable correlated with these powers (U _A , I _A ; U _Q , I _Q ). MPP controller, characterized by a device according to claim 5, in which the setting device ( 8th ) a controller ( 9 ) which has the output signals of the detection device ( 10 ) as such or according to Sig nal processing as actual values and the gain (F) of the amplifier ( 5 ) regulates. MPP controller according to claim 6, characterized in that the controller ( 9 ) is designed to match the gain (F) of the amplifier ( 5 ) regulates so that the load power (P _A ) is maximized. MPP controller according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the controller ( 9 ) has a setpoint generator, which is a function of a control value of the controller ( 9 ), especially the gain (F) of the amplifier ( 5 ), generates a setpoint for the control. MPP controller claim 8, characterized in that the setpoint generator, as long as the manipulated variable fulfills a specified condition, one time-increasing setpoint and otherwise when the manipulated variable does not meet the condition generates a time-decreasing setpoint. MPP controller according to one or more of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the adjusting device ( 8th ) a comparator ( 6 ) which, at predetermined times, has the value of one or more of the 10 ) recorded variables (P _Q , P _A ; U _Q , I _Q ; U _A , I _A ) with the value of the relevant variable at the previous point in time and the respective difference value to the controller ( 9 ) which, depending on the type of the detected quantity, the gain (F) of the amplifier ( 5 ) controls on the basis of the difference value so that the load power (P _A ) or the current source power (P _Q ) is maximized. MPP controller according to one or more of claims 6 to 10, characterized in that the controller ( 9 ) the gain (F) of the amplifier ( 5 ) increases if the value of the 10 ) detected size or the output signal of the comparator ( 6 ) increases and the gain (F) of the amplifier ( 5 ) decreases if the corresponding size drops. MPP controller according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that the controller ( 9 ) the gain (F) of the amplifier ( 5 ) depending on a change in the gain (F) at a previous point in time and the amount of the resulting change in the current source power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ). MPP controller according to claim 12, characterized in that the controller ( 9 ) the gain (F) of the amplifier ( 5 ) increased if the gain (F) was increased during the previous change and by the comparator ( 6 ) a positive change in the current source power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ) is determined, or if the gain (F) was reduced in the previous change and by the comparator ( 6 ) a negative change in the power source power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ) is determined that the controller ( 9 ) the gain (F) of the amplifier ( 5 ) decreased if the gain (F) was increased in the previous change and by the comparator ( 6 ) a negative change in the current source power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ) is determined, or if the gain (F) was reduced in the previous change and by the comparator ( 6 ) a positive change in the power source power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ) is determined. MPP controller according to one or more of claims 6 to 13, characterized in that the setting device ( 8th ) has an optimization device which executes an optimization method, in particular a gradient method, in order to determine the maximum of the current source ( 3 ) delivered power source power (P _Q ) and / or of the load ( 2 ) determined load power (P _A ) and the gain (F) of the amplifier ( 5 ) to control accordingly. Device or MPP controller according to one or more of Claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the operating point of the amplifier ( 5 ) lies in a non-linear range of its gain characteristic. Device or MPP controller according to one or more of Claims 3 to 15, characterized in that the setting device ( 8th ) a correction device ( 11 ) which has a parametric size of the current source ( 3 ), especially the power source temperature (T _Q ) of the power source ( 3 ), recorded and in the form of an electrical correction signal to the controller ( 9 ) which provides a correspondingly corrected output signal or control signal for controlling the degree of amplification (F) of the amplifier ( 5 ) issues. Device or MPP controller according to one or more of Claims 1 to 16, characterized in that between the output of the amplifier ( 5 ) and the load ( 2 ) a rectifier ( 12 ) and / or an inverter device is provided. Device or MPP controller according to one or more of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that the amplifier ( 5 ) is an analog or digital amplifier of one of the classes A to T or an adaptive power MOSFET amplifier. Solar module that acts as a power source ( 3 ) one or more photovoltaic cells (solar cells) ( 13 ) for generating electrical power and a device or an MPP controller ( 1 ) according to any one of claims 1 to 18. Procedure for adapting an electrical load ( 2 ) to a power source ( 3 ) with possibly changing current source power (P _Q ) to the current source ( 3 ) maximum load power (P _A ) over the load ( 2 ), which comprises the following steps: (I) detecting an output signal (U _Q , I _Q ) of the current source ( 3 ) or a correlated electrical quantity, (II) generating the first derivative (dU _Q / dt, dI _Q / dt) of the signal recorded in (I) and, if appropriate, the second derivative (d ² U _Q / dt ² , d ² I _Q / dt ² ), (III) amplifying the derivative signal obtained to obtain an amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) and (IV) applying the amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) obtained to the load ( 2 ), the amplification in step (III) for the amplifier used ( 5 ) required electrical amplifier power (P _V ) of the current source ( 3 ) is removed, so that the amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) has vibrations, in particular resonance vibrations. A method according to claim 20, characterized in that for the amplification in step (III) an amplifier ( 5 ) is used, whose electrical amplifier power (P _V ) is not constant, but on the size of the amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) and / or on the load ((IV)) 2 ) depends on the load power (P _A ). Method according to claim 20 or 21, characterized in that that after Step (II) and before step (III) filtered the derivative signal is, especially by a bandpass filter. Method according to one or more of claims 20 to 22, characterized in that the amplification in step (III) while adjusting the degree of amplification (F) of the amplifier ( 5 ) is made. Method according to Claim 23, characterized in that the degree of amplification (F) is set in step (III) in such a way that the load ( 2 ) load power (P _A ) is maximized. A method according to claim 24, characterized in that the gain (F) is set by a controller. A method according to claim 25, characterized in that in dependence a control value of the controller, in particular the degree of amplification (F), a setpoint for the scheme is generated. A method according to claim 26, characterized in that as long as the manipulated variable fulfills a specified condition, a time-increasing one Setpoint is generated and otherwise if the manipulated variable is the condition not fulfilled, a time-decreasing setpoint is generated. Method according to one or more of claims 23 to 27, characterized in that in step (III) at predetermined times the value of one or more of the quantities P _Q , P _A , U _Q , I _Q , U _A , I _A with the value of the relevant variable at the previous point in time and the respective difference value is formed with which the gain (F) of the amplifier ( 5 ) is controlled so that the load power (P _A ) or the current source power (P _Q ) is maximized. Method according to Claim 28, characterized in that the degree of amplification (F) of the amplifier ( 5 ) depending on a change in the gain (F) at a previous point in time and the amount of the resulting change in the current source power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ) is changed. Method according to Claim 28 or 29, characterized in that an optimization method, in particular a gradient method, is used in step (III) in order to adjust the gain (F) of the amplifier ( 5 ) from the load ( 2 ) to maximize the load power (P _A ) or the power source power (P _Q ). Method according to one or more of claims 23 to 30, characterized in that in step (III) the degree of amplification (F) of the amplifier ( 5 ) depending on a detected parameter value of the current source ( 3 ), in particular the power source temperature (T _Q ). Method according to one or more of claims 23 to 31, characterized in that in step (III) the degree of amplification (F) of the amplifier ( 5 ) is set so that the operating point lies in a non-linear range of its gain characteristic. Method according to one or more of claims 20 to 32, characterized in that in step (IV) the amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) to an ohmic load, a battery or an accumulator, a charger, a rectifier, an inverter , a transformer or another electrical converter as a load ( 2 ) is created. Application of the method according to one or more of claims 20 to 33 for the control or regulation of photovoltaic systems, in particular of solar cells and solar panels and arrangements thereof. Application of the method according to one or more of claims 20 to 33 for the control or regulation of photovoltaic systems, in particular of solar cells and solar panels, and arrangements thereof, the load ( 2 ) is an ohmic load, a battery or an accumulator, a charger, a rectifier, an inverter, a transformer and / or another electrical converter.