DE102009006665A1 - Electrical on-board power supply operating method for motor vehicle, involves electrically separating starter network from consumer network during starting process, and supplying electrical energy to electrical consumer by energy storage - Google Patents
Electrical on-board power supply operating method for motor vehicle, involves electrically separating starter network from consumer network during starting process, and supplying electrical energy to electrical consumer by energy storage Download PDFInfo
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- DE102009006665A1 DE102009006665A1 DE102009006665A DE102009006665A DE102009006665A1 DE 102009006665 A1 DE102009006665 A1 DE 102009006665A1 DE 102009006665 A DE102009006665 A DE 102009006665A DE 102009006665 A DE102009006665 A DE 102009006665A DE 102009006665 A1 DE102009006665 A1 DE 102009006665A1
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- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- consumer
- network
- electrical
- starter
- energy
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
- F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
- F02N11/0862—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines characterised by the electrical power supply means, e.g. battery
- F02N11/0866—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines characterised by the electrical power supply means, e.g. battery comprising several power sources, e.g. battery and capacitor or two batteries
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R16/00—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for
- B60R16/02—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements
- B60R16/03—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for supply of electrical power to vehicle subsystems or for
- B60R16/033—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for supply of electrical power to vehicle subsystems or for characterised by the use of electrical cells or batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/14—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle
- H02J7/1423—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle with multiple batteries
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
- F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
- F02N2011/0881—Components of the circuit not provided for by previous groups
- F02N2011/0885—Capacitors, e.g. for additional power supply
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
- F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
- F02N2011/0881—Components of the circuit not provided for by previous groups
- F02N2011/0888—DC/DC converters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
- H02J2310/40—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
- H02J2310/46—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for ICE-powered road vehicles
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Abstract
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Betreiben eines elektrischen Bordnetzes eines Kraftfahrzeuges. Die Erfindung betrifft außerdem ein elektrisches Bordnetz eines Kraftfahrzeuges.The The present invention relates to a method for operating a electrical system of a motor vehicle. The invention relates as well electrical system of a motor vehicle.
Ein Kraftfahrzeug ist üblicherweise zur Versorgung seiner elektrischen Verbraucher mit einem Bordnetz ausgestattet. An dieses Bordnetz sind die einzelnen elektrischen Verbraucher angeschlossen, ebenso wie eine Batterie zur Bereitstellung von elektrischer Energie. Ein wesentlicher Verbraucher des Bordnetzes ist ein Starter zum Starten einer Brennkraftmaschine des Fahrzeugs. Während eines Startvorganges wird der Starter von der Batterie mit elektrischer Energie versorgt. Bei eingeschalteter Brennkraftmaschine werden die elektrischen Verbraucher des Bordnetzes üblicherweise über einen an das Bordnetz angeschlossenen und von der Brennkraftmaschine angetriebenen Generator mit elektrischer Energie versorgt. Gleichzeitig wird dabei die Batterie wieder aufgeladen.One Motor vehicle is usually to supply its electrical consumers with a vehicle electrical system fitted. At this electrical system are the individual electrical Connected to consumers, as well as a battery for deployment of electrical energy. An essential consumer of the electrical system is a starter for starting an internal combustion engine of the vehicle. While a startup process is the starter of the battery with electrical Energy supplied. When the internal combustion engine is turned on the electrical consumers of the electrical system usually via a connected to the electrical system and driven by the internal combustion engine Generator supplied with electrical energy. At the same time it is doing the battery is recharged.
Während des Startvorgangs zieht der Starter soviel Strom, dass alle anderen elektrischen Verbraucher des Bordnetzes nicht mehr mit ausreichend elektrischer Energie versorgt werden können. Beim Startvorgang kann sich dies darin zeigen, dass bspw. ein Autoradio vorübergehend ausgeht und dass die Fahrzeugbeleuchtung vorübergehend ausgeht oder zumindest schwächer wird. Bei einem herkömmlichen Dauerbetriebsmodus, bei dem die Brennkraftmaschine für die gesamte Fahrtzeit des Fahrzeugs eingeschaltet bleibt, kann diese Komforteinbuße in Kauf genommen werden, da sie je Fahrt nur einmal auftritt, nämlich beim Startvorgang. Zur Reduzierung des Kraftstoffverbrauchs und zur Steigerung des energetischen Wirkungsgrades kommt einem Start-Stopp-Modus zum Betreiben der Brennkraftmaschine eine erhöhte Bedeutung zu. In diesem Start-Stopp-Modus wird die Brennkraftmaschine grundsätzlich dann automatisch ausgeschaltet, wenn sie nicht erforderlich ist, bspw. im Schubbetrieb des Fahrzeugs. Sobald die Brennkraftmaschine wieder benötigt wird, bspw. zum Erzeugen eines Vortriebs, wird sie wieder automatisch eingeschaltet. Hierdurch kommt es im Start- Stopp-Modus zu einer Vielzahl von Startvorgängen für die Brennkraftmaschine. Die weiter oben erläuterte Komforteinbuße durch den großen Stromverbrauch des Starters tritt im Start-Stopp-Modus somit vermehrt auf und kann nicht mehr akzeptiert werden.During the Starting the starter draws so much power that everyone else electrical load of the electrical system is no longer with sufficient electrical Energy can be supplied. During the boot process, this may show that, for example, a car radio temporarily goes out and that the vehicle lights go out temporarily or at least weaker becomes. In a conventional Continuous mode of operation, in which the internal combustion engine for the entire Travel time of the vehicle remains switched on, this loss of comfort in purchase be taken as it occurs only once each trip, namely the Startup process. To reduce fuel consumption and increase the energy efficiency comes to a start-stop mode Operation of the internal combustion engine increased importance. In this start-stop mode the internal combustion engine is then automatically switched off, if it is not necessary, for example. In overrun operation of the vehicle. As soon as the internal combustion engine is needed again, for example for generating a propulsion, it is switched on again automatically. This comes it in start-stop mode to a variety of starts for the Internal combustion engine. The above-mentioned loss of comfort by the big one Power consumption of the starter occurs in start-stop mode thus increased and can not be accepted anymore.
Die vorliegende Erfindung beschäftigt sich mit dem Problem, für ein Bordnetz eines Kraftfahrzeugs bzw. für ein zugehöriges Betriebsverfahren eine verbesserte Ausführungsform anzugeben, die sich insbesondere dadurch charakterisiert, dass der Komfort beim Starten der Brennkraftmaschine erhöht ist.The present invention employs dealing with the problem, for an electrical system of a motor vehicle or for an associated operating method a improved embodiment which is characterized in particular by the fact that the comfort is increased when starting the internal combustion engine.
Dieses Problem wird erfindungsgemäß durch die Gegenstände der unabhängigen Ansprüche gelöst. Vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen sind Gegenstand der abhängigen Ansprüche.This Problem is inventively things the independent one claims solved. Advantageous embodiments are the subject of the dependent Claims.
Die Erfindung beruht auf dem allgemeinen Gedanken, das Bordnetz mit einem elektrostatischen Energiespeicher auszustatten, der während des Startvorgangs wenigstens einen elektrischen Verbraucher mit elektrischer Energie versorgt. Hierzu wird eine vorübergehende Trennung des Bordnetzes in zwei Teilnetze durchgeführt, nämlich in ein Starternetz, das zumindest den Starter und die Batterie umfasst, und ein Verbrauchernetz, das zumindest den Energiespeicher und den wenigstens einen Verbraucher umfasst. Mittels einer entsprechenden Schalteinrichtung können die Teilnetze für den Startvorgang voneinander getrennt werden, sodass der Spannungsabfall an der Batterie ohne Einfluss auf den oder die Verbraucher des Verbrauchernetzes ist. Nach dem Startvorgang werden die Teilnetze wieder miteinander verbunden, sodass der Energiespeicher wieder aufgeladen werden kann und die Verbraucher des Verbrauchernetzes über die Batterie bzw. über einen in das Bordnetz eingebundenen und von der Brennkraftmaschine angetriebenen Generator mit elektrischer Energie versorgt werden können. Ein derartiger elektrostatischer Energiespeicher, wie z. B. ein Kondensator, arbeitet im Vergleich zu einem elektrochemischen Energiespeicher, wie z. B. einer Batterie, nahezu verschleißfrei im Hinblick auf Entladungszyklen und Beladungszyklen. Er kann daher bspw. ohne weiteres so ausgelegt werden, dass er sich während eines üblichen Startvorgangs weitgehend entleert, da er anschließend im Betrieb der Brennkraftmaschine rasch und quasi ohne Hysterese wieder vollgeladen werden kann.The Invention is based on the general idea, the electrical system with To equip an electrostatic energy storage, which during the boot process at least one electrical consumer with electrical energy provided. This will be a temporary Separation of the electrical system is carried out in two subnets, namely in a starter network comprising at least the starter and the battery, and a consumer network, at least the energy storage and the includes at least one consumer. By means of a corresponding Switching device can the subnets for the starting process are separated, so that the voltage drop on the battery without affecting the consumer or users of the consumer network is. After the boot process, the subnets will be back together connected, so that the energy storage can be recharged and the consumers of the consumer network via the battery or via a integrated in the electrical system and driven by the internal combustion engine Generator can be supplied with electrical energy. Such a electrostatic energy storage, such. B. a capacitor works in comparison to an electrochemical energy storage, such. B. a battery, almost wear-free with regard to discharge cycles and loading cycles. He can therefore, for example, readily so interpreted be that while he is a usual one Startup largely emptied, since he then in the Operation of the engine quickly and virtually without hysteresis again can be fully loaded.
Die damit erzielbare Komfortsteigerung liegt auf der Hand, da komfortsensible Verbraucher, wie z. B. ein Autoradio und Beleuchtungselemente, auch während des Startvorgangs ohne Unterbrechung betrieben werden können.The thus achievable comfort increase is obvious, as comfort-sensitive Consumers, such. As a car radio and lighting elements, even during the Startup can be operated without interruption.
Besonders vorteilhaft ist eine Ausführungsform, bei welcher der Energiespeicher über einen Gleichstromwandler an das Verbrauchernetz angeschlossen ist. Hierdurch ist es möglich, den Energiespeicher auf einem deutlich höheren Spannungsniveau zu betreiben als das Bordnetz bzw. als die üblichen Verbraucher des Bordnetzes. Durch die höhere Spannung kann der Energiespeicher eine hohe Energiedichte besitzen, wodurch er bei hohem Energiegehalt vergleichsweise kompakt bauen kann.Especially an embodiment is advantageous in which the energy storage via a DC-DC converter is connected to the consumer network. This makes it possible to operate the energy storage at a much higher voltage level as the electrical system or as the usual Consumer of the electrical system. Due to the higher voltage of the energy storage have a high energy density, which makes it high energy content can build comparatively compact.
Zum Trennen und Verbinden der Teilnetze kann bspw. ein Halbleiterschalter, wie z. B. ein Feldeffekttransistor, verwendet werden. Derartige elektronische Schalter lassen sich vergleichsweise preiswert realisieren. Darüber hinaus ist es zusätzlich möglich, einen derartigen Halbleiterschalter so zu konfigurieren, dass er gleichzeitig als Verpolschutz für den Energiespeicher bzw. für den Gleichstromwandler verwendet werden kann. Hierdurch erhält der Halbleiterschalter eine Zusatzfunktion, die für die Einbindung des Energiespeichers sowie des Gleichstromwandlers in das Bordnetz von erhöhter Bedeutung ist.To disconnect and connect the subnets may, for example, a semiconductor switch, such. As a field effect transistor can be used. Such electro niche switches can be implemented comparatively inexpensive. In addition, it is additionally possible to configure such a semiconductor switch so that it can be used at the same time as polarity reversal protection for the energy store or for the DC-DC converter. As a result, the semiconductor switch receives an additional function, which is for the integration of the energy storage and the DC converter in the electrical system of increased importance.
Weitere wichtige Merkmale und Vorteile der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen, aus den Zeichnungen und aus der zugehörigen Figurenbeschreibung anhand der Zeichnungen.Further important features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the Dependent claims, from the drawings and from the associated description of the figures the drawings.
Es versteht sich, dass die vorstehend genannten und die nachstehend noch zu erläuternden Merkmale nicht nur in der jeweils angegebenen Kombination, sondern auch in anderen Kombinationen oder in Alleinstellung verwendbar sind, ohne den Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung zu verlassen.It it is understood that the above and the following yet to be explained features not only in the specified combination, but also in other combinations or alone, without to leave the scope of the present invention.
Bevorzugte Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung sind in den Zeichnungen dargestellt und werden in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert, wobei sich gleiche Bezugszeichen auf gleiche oder ähnliche oder funktional gleiche Bauteile beziehen.preferred embodiments The invention are illustrated in the drawings and in the following description explains where like reference numerals refer to the same or similar or functionally identical components relate.
Es zeigen, jeweils schematisch,It show, in each case schematically,
Entsprechend
den
Im
Beispiel umfasst das Verbrauchernetz
Das
Starternetz
Das
Bordnetz
Der
Halbleiterschalter
Ferner
umfasst das Bordnetz
Die
Steuerung
Sobald
der Energiespeicher
Im
Unterschied zum Betrieb des wenigstens einen Verbrauchers
Claims (12)
Priority Applications (1)
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DE102009006665A DE102009006665A1 (en) | 2009-01-29 | 2009-01-29 | Electrical on-board power supply operating method for motor vehicle, involves electrically separating starter network from consumer network during starting process, and supplying electrical energy to electrical consumer by energy storage |
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DE102009006665A DE102009006665A1 (en) | 2009-01-29 | 2009-01-29 | Electrical on-board power supply operating method for motor vehicle, involves electrically separating starter network from consumer network during starting process, and supplying electrical energy to electrical consumer by energy storage |
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DE102009006665A1 true DE102009006665A1 (en) | 2010-08-05 |
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DE102009006665A Pending DE102009006665A1 (en) | 2009-01-29 | 2009-01-29 | Electrical on-board power supply operating method for motor vehicle, involves electrically separating starter network from consumer network during starting process, and supplying electrical energy to electrical consumer by energy storage |
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Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102010050125A1 (en) * | 2010-11-03 | 2012-05-03 | Audi Ag | Motor vehicle with a powered by a first battery low-voltage network |
FR2977530A1 (en) * | 2011-07-05 | 2013-01-11 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Electric supply device for e.g. mild hybrid car, has voltage converter integrated to maintenance device, and commutation unit adapted to isolate onboard network from battery during starting and restarting phases of vehicle |
DE102011109709A1 (en) | 2011-08-06 | 2013-02-07 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Method for voltage supply to on-board network of e.g. motor car, involves interrupting connection between primary energy storage unit and on-board network based on a ratio of direct current voltages of energy storage units |
DE102011083582A1 (en) * | 2011-09-28 | 2013-03-28 | Dbk David + Baader Gmbh | Power distributor for electrical system of motor vehicle, has electronic control and regulating unit for driving, controlling and monitoring load control circuits connected between junction points and load current outputs |
WO2014033385A1 (en) * | 2012-08-29 | 2014-03-06 | Technoboost | Electric circuit for motor vehicle |
DE102012219365A1 (en) * | 2012-10-23 | 2014-04-24 | Schmidhauser Ag | DC converter |
WO2015145006A1 (en) | 2014-03-28 | 2015-10-01 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | System for stabilising power supply voltage when starting an engine in a vehicle |
JP2015177625A (en) * | 2014-03-14 | 2015-10-05 | オムロンオートモーティブエレクトロニクス株式会社 | Power supply device |
WO2017151792A3 (en) * | 2016-03-02 | 2017-10-19 | Gentherm Incorporated | System and method for supplying power in a hybrid vehicle provided with capacitors, a battery and one or more dc/dc converters |
US10124793B2 (en) | 2016-03-02 | 2018-11-13 | Gentherm Incorporated | Systems and methods for supplying power in a hybrid vehicle using capacitors, a battery and one or more DC/DC converters |
US10886583B2 (en) | 2016-03-02 | 2021-01-05 | Gentherm Incorporated | Battery and capacitor assembly for a vehicle and a method for heating and cooling the battery and capacitor assembly |
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Cited By (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102010050125A1 (en) * | 2010-11-03 | 2012-05-03 | Audi Ag | Motor vehicle with a powered by a first battery low-voltage network |
FR2977530A1 (en) * | 2011-07-05 | 2013-01-11 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Electric supply device for e.g. mild hybrid car, has voltage converter integrated to maintenance device, and commutation unit adapted to isolate onboard network from battery during starting and restarting phases of vehicle |
DE102011109709A1 (en) | 2011-08-06 | 2013-02-07 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Method for voltage supply to on-board network of e.g. motor car, involves interrupting connection between primary energy storage unit and on-board network based on a ratio of direct current voltages of energy storage units |
DE102011109709B4 (en) | 2011-08-06 | 2022-12-01 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Method and system for supplying voltage to an on-board network of a vehicle |
DE102011083582A1 (en) * | 2011-09-28 | 2013-03-28 | Dbk David + Baader Gmbh | Power distributor for electrical system of motor vehicle, has electronic control and regulating unit for driving, controlling and monitoring load control circuits connected between junction points and load current outputs |
WO2014033385A1 (en) * | 2012-08-29 | 2014-03-06 | Technoboost | Electric circuit for motor vehicle |
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US10256736B2 (en) | 2012-10-23 | 2019-04-09 | Schmidhauser Ag | DC-DC converter with polarity reversal protection |
DE102012219365A1 (en) * | 2012-10-23 | 2014-04-24 | Schmidhauser Ag | DC converter |
JP2015177625A (en) * | 2014-03-14 | 2015-10-05 | オムロンオートモーティブエレクトロニクス株式会社 | Power supply device |
WO2015145006A1 (en) | 2014-03-28 | 2015-10-01 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | System for stabilising power supply voltage when starting an engine in a vehicle |
WO2017151792A3 (en) * | 2016-03-02 | 2017-10-19 | Gentherm Incorporated | System and method for supplying power in a hybrid vehicle provided with capacitors, a battery and one or more dc/dc converters |
US10696291B2 (en) | 2016-03-02 | 2020-06-30 | Gentherm Incorporated | Systems and methods for supplying power in a hybrid vehicle using capacitors, a battery and one or more DC/DC converters |
US10876510B2 (en) | 2016-03-02 | 2020-12-29 | Gentherm Incorporated | Systems and methods for supplying power in a hybrid vehicle using capacitors, a battery and one or more DC/DC converters |
US10886583B2 (en) | 2016-03-02 | 2021-01-05 | Gentherm Incorporated | Battery and capacitor assembly for a vehicle and a method for heating and cooling the battery and capacitor assembly |
US11220988B2 (en) | 2016-03-02 | 2022-01-11 | Gentherm Incorporated | Systems and methods for supplying power in a hybrid vehicle using capacitors, a battery and one or more DC/DC converters |
US10124793B2 (en) | 2016-03-02 | 2018-11-13 | Gentherm Incorporated | Systems and methods for supplying power in a hybrid vehicle using capacitors, a battery and one or more DC/DC converters |
US11616262B2 (en) | 2016-03-02 | 2023-03-28 | Gentherm Incorporated | Battery and capacitor assembly for a vehicle and a method for heating and cooling the battery and capacitor assembly |
US11852114B2 (en) | 2016-03-02 | 2023-12-26 | Gentherm Incorporated | Systems and methods for supplying power in a hybrid vehicle using capacitors, a battery and one or more DC/DC converters |
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