CN114314558A - Super-elastic carbon aerogel and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a super-elastic carbon aerogel and a preparation method thereof, which utilizes SiC or Si3N4SiO obtained after oxidation2The nano-wire aerogel is used as a template, pyrolytic carbon/graphite carbon is uniformly coated on the surface of the nano-wire by a chemical vapor deposition method, and SiO is removed by a corrosion method2The hollow carbon structure is preserved. Due to abundant entanglement/crosslinking nodes in the super-elastic carbon aerogel, the super-elastic carbon aerogel has high strength and excellent compression resilience, and tests prove that the super-elastic carbon aerogel can realize complete recovery when the compression strain reaches 98 percent, has high mechanical strength and greatly improves the use reliability of the aerogel. The preparation method has the characteristics of high efficiency, simple process, short preparation period and the like, and is suitable for industrial production.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of super-elastic inorganic materials, and particularly relates to super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Aerogel is the most light solid material known by human beings at present, has ultrahigh porosity and ultrahigh specific surface area, and has huge application potential in the aspects of heat insulation, energy storage, catalyst carriers, sound insulation and the like. However, the traditional carbon aerogel has the defect of brittleness, so that the reliability of the traditional carbon aerogel in practical scene application is greatly reduced. In recent years, the problem of brittleness of carbon aerogels has been gradually overcome. Researchers have replaced the nanocarbon particles in traditional aerogels with micron/nanoscale carbon tubes or graphene sheets as building blocks, due to Sp2The hybridized carbon tube or graphene has excellent deformability, so that the aerogel presents excellent compression recovery performance.
Although the brittleness problem of the aerogel is well solved, the shape of the conventional carbon aerogel is difficult to return to the original shape after compression deformation, namely, under the condition of large compression strain, the carbon tube or graphene aerogel is easy to generate large permanent deformation, and the structural stability is poor. In addition, since the degree of crosslinking/entanglement between the carbon tubes and the graphene sheet layers in the carbon aerogel microstructure is generally low, the corresponding compressive stress is usually less than 200kPa under a compressive strain of more than 90%, which is difficult to meet the requirements of practical application.
Therefore, how to realize that the carbon aerogel has high mechanical strength and super elasticity under the condition of high compressive strain is a key for guaranteeing the service reliability of the aerogel.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel and the preparation method thereof, which can effectively solve the technical problem that the aerogel is easy to generate permanent deformation under the condition of high compression strain (98%).
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme to realize the purpose:
the invention discloses a preparation method of a super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel, which comprises the following steps:
1) with SiC or Si3N4The nanowire aerogel is used as a raw material, and SiC or Si is subjected to high-temperature air oxidation3N4Conversion of nanowires to SiO2A nanowire;
2) chemical vapor deposition method is utilized to form SiO2The surface of the nanowire is evenly coated with a layer of pyrolytic carbon/graphite carbon on SiO2Amorphous or polycrystalline carbon junctions are formed between the nanowires to form a structure having SiO2A composite aerogel of a/C core-shell structure;
3) removal of SiO by etching2SiO in composite aerogel with/C core-shell structure2And (4) nanowires, wherein a hollow carbon structure is reserved, and the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel is prepared.
Preferably, in the step 1), the high-temperature air oxidation method is carried out at 900-1100 ℃.
Preferably, in the step 2), the specific conditions of the chemical vapor deposition method are as follows: at 900-1200 ℃, the heating rate is 0.1-10 ℃/min, the internal air pressure of the reaction device is 2-100 kPa, the precursor is at least one of methane, propylene and acetylene, the gas flow is 10-200 mL/min, and the deposition time is 0.5-10 h.
Preferably, in step 3), the etching method is to have SiO2And soaking the composite aerogel with the/C core-shell structure in HF for 1-3 h.
Preferably, SiC or Si3N4The nano-wires are porous three-dimensional networks constructed by nano-wires with the diameter of 30-500 nm, and the density is increased to 50-300 mg/cm through compression treatment3。
The invention discloses the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel prepared by the preparation method, and the volume density of the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel is 5-100 mg/cm3。
Preferably, the carbon layer of the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel is 5-50 nm thick.
Preferably, the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel has a maximum compressive strain of 98% and is capable of fully returning to the original height after the load is unloaded.
Further preferably, the elasticity of the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel is still kept above 99% after the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel is circularly compressed for more than 500 times.
Further preferably, the stress of the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel is 5-30 MPa when the compressive strain is 98%.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention discloses a preparation method of super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel, which utilizes SiC or Si3N4SiO obtained after oxidation2The nano-wire aerogel is used as a template, pyrolytic carbon/graphite carbon is uniformly coated on the surface of the nano-wire by a chemical vapor deposition method, and SiO is removed by a corrosion method2The hollow carbon structure is preserved. Due to abundant entanglement/crosslinking nodes in the carbon aerogel, the carbon aerogel has high strength and excellent compression resilience, and tests prove that the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel can realize complete recovery when the compression strain reaches 98 percent, has high mechanical strength and greatly improves the use reliability of the aerogel. The preparation method has the characteristics of high efficiency, simple process, short preparation period and the like, and is suitable for industrial production.
The super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel prepared by the method can realize complete recovery when the compression strain reaches 98%, and the elasticity of the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel still keeps over 99% of the original elasticity after the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel is circularly compressed for more than 500 times. Compared with the traditional carbon aerogel, the mechanical strength is improved by more than 10 times, the service reliability of the aerogel is greatly improved, and the aerogel is suitable for the fields of sealing materials, pressure sensors, catalyst carriers, filtration and the like in heat insulation and heat preservation and aerospace.
Further, the thickness of the carbon layer in the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel is 5-50 nm, the larger the thickness of the carbon layer is, the higher the strength of the super-elastic aerogel is, but as the thickness of the carbon layer continues to increase, the rebound resilience of the aerogel decreases, because the flexural modulus of the hollow carbon structure increases with the increase of the diameter, but the flexural deformation capacity decreases with the increase of the diameter. When the thickness of the carbon layer is smaller, the increase of the thickness of the carbon layer leads to the increase of the crosslinking/entanglement degree of the internal network of the material, which is beneficial to the conduction of load in the three-dimensional network, but when the thickness of the carbon layer is increased to a certain degree, the bending deformation capability of the hollow carbon structure is reduced, so that the compression recovery performance of the whole three-dimensional network is reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a microscopic SEM image of a superelastic, high strength carbon aerogel; wherein a is a low-power microscopic morphology, and b is a high-power microscopic morphology;
FIG. 2 is a transmission TEM image of a superelastic, high strength carbon aerogel; wherein a is a low-power TEM appearance, and b is a high-power TEM appearance;
FIG. 3 is a Raman diagram of a superelastic, high strength carbon aerogel; wherein a is a pyrolytic carbon structure; b is a graphite carbon structure;
FIG. 4 shows a density of 19mg/cm3The compressive stress strain curve of the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel;
FIG. 5 shows a density of 26mg/cm3The compressive stress strain curve of the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel;
FIG. 6 shows the density of 37mg/cm3The compressive stress strain curve of the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel;
FIG. 7 shows a density of 19mg/cm3The macroscopic compression process of the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel;
FIG. 8 is a graph showing a density of 19mg/cm3The 700-cycle compressive stress strain curve of the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical solutions of the present invention better understood, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Furthermore, the terms "comprises," "comprising," and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, system, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of steps or elements is not necessarily limited to those steps or elements expressly listed, but may include other steps or elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings:
the invention provides a super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel, which is a porous three-dimensional network structure formed by mutually crosslinking/intertwining hollow carbon structures, wherein the thickness of a carbon layer is 5-50 nm, and the mutually crosslinked pyrolytic carbon/graphite carbon has the structural characteristic of multiple nodes, and the nodes are fixed and can not rotate.
The volume density of the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel is 5-100 mg/cm3。
The super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel can realize complete recovery under the compression strain of 98 percent.
The super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel has the corresponding stress of 5-30 MPa when the compressive strain is 98%.
The super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel adopts SiC disclosed by a patent ZL201811626203.6 or Si disclosed by a patent ZL201811626361.13N4The nanowire aerogel is used as a raw material.
The preparation method of the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel comprises the following steps:
with SiC or Si3N4The nano-wire aerogel is used as a raw material, and the density is increased to 50-300 mg/cm through compression treatment3Then oxidizing SiC or Si by air at 900-1100 deg.C3N4Conversion of nanowires to SiO2A nanowire; then using chemical vapor deposition method to deposit on SiO2The surface of the nanowire is uniformly coated with a layer of pyrolytic carbon/graphitic carbon to form SiO2a/C core-shell structure, wherein amorphous or polycrystalline carbon nodes are formed between the nanowires; finally, removing SiO by HF corrosion2Nanowires, preserving the hollow carbon structure.
And (3) CVD process: the temperature of chemical vapor deposition is 900-1200 ℃, the heating rate of a deposition furnace is 0.1-10 ℃/min, the pressure in the furnace is 2-100 kPa, the precursor is at least one of methane, propylene or acetylene, the gas flow is 10-200 mL/min, and the deposition time is 0.5-10 h.
Further, by compressing, the raw material SiC or Si is changed3N4And finally, the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel with different densities can be obtained by the density of the nanowire aerogel.
Furthermore, by regulating and controlling the flow and the deposition time in the pyrolytic carbon deposition process, the ultra-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel with different densities can be finally obtained.
Example 1
This example produced a density of 19mg/cm3The super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel;
selecting SiC nanowire aerogel disclosed in patent ZL201811626203.6 as a raw material, and increasing the density of the SiC nanowire aerogel to 200mg/cm through compression treatment3Placing the mixture in an air furnace, oxidizing the mixture for 5 hours at the temperature of 1000 ℃ to obtain SiO2A nanowire aerogel; then placing the carbon source precursor into a chemical vapor furnace, vacuumizing, raising the temperature to 900 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min, introducing a carbon source precursor methane, controlling the flow rate of the methane to be 10mL/min, raising the temperature to 1000 ℃ at the heating rate of 2 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 2h, and placing the carbon source precursor methane in a SiO (silicon dioxide) furnace2Depositing a layer of carbon structure on the surface of the nanowire; finally, the obtained SiO2Soaking the/C composite aerogel in HF for 2h to obtain the density of 19mg/cm3The super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel. As shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, the prepared super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel has the structural characteristics of multiple nodes/high entanglement degree; after CVD pyrolytic carbon treatment, the SiC nanowire aerogel, whether the strength or the compression elasticity is greatly improved, becomes super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel: as shown in fig. 4, the compression strain of the superelastic high-strength carbon aerogel can reach 98% at most, the corresponding stress is about 9.5MPa, and the superelastic high-strength carbon aerogel can completely return to the initial height after stress relief, and no permanent deformation is generated (the macroscopic compression process is shown in fig. 7). And after 700 compression cycles of 98% strain, as shown in fig. 8, the maximum load of the material is almost unchanged, and the generated permanent strain is less than 2%.
Example 2
This example produced a density of 26mg/cm3The super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel;
selecting the one disclosed in patent ZL201811626203.6The SiC nanowire aerogel is taken as a raw material, and the density of the SiC nanowire aerogel is improved to 200mg/cm through compression treatment3Placing the mixture in an air furnace, and oxidizing the mixture for 5 hours at 1000 ℃ in an air environment to obtain SiO2A nanowire aerogel; then placing the carbon source precursor into a chemical vapor furnace, vacuumizing, raising the temperature to 900 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min, introducing a carbon source precursor methane, controlling the flow rate of the methane to be 10mL/min, raising the temperature to 1000 ℃ at the heating rate of 2 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 3h, and placing the carbon source precursor methane in an SiO (silicon dioxide) furnace2Depositing a layer of carbon structure on the surface of the nanowire; finally, the obtained SiO2Soaking the/C composite aerogel in HF for 2h to obtain the aerogel with the density of 26mg/cm3The super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel. Referring to fig. 5, the maximum compressive strain of the prepared superelastic high-strength carbon aerogel is 98%, the corresponding stress is about 15.6MPa, and no permanent deformation is generated after stress is unloaded.
Example 3
This example produced a density of 37mg/cm3The super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel;
selecting SiC nanowire aerogel disclosed in patent ZL201811626203.6 as a raw material, and increasing the density of the SiC nanowire aerogel to 200mg/cm through compression treatment3Placing the mixture in an air furnace, and oxidizing the mixture for 5 hours at 1000 ℃ in an air environment to obtain SiO2A nanowire aerogel; then placing the carbon source precursor into a chemical vapor furnace, vacuumizing, raising the temperature to 900 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min, introducing a carbon source precursor methane, controlling the flow rate of the methane to be 10mL/min, raising the temperature to 1000 ℃ at the heating rate of 2 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 5 hours, and placing the carbon source precursor methane in an SiO (silicon dioxide) furnace2Depositing a layer of carbon structure on the surface of the nanowire; finally, the obtained SiO2Soaking the/C composite aerogel in HF for 2h to obtain the composite aerogel with the density of 37mg/cm3The super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel. The maximum compressive strain of the prepared carbon aerogel is 98%, as shown in fig. 6, the corresponding stress is about 22MPa, and no permanent deformation is generated after stress is unloaded.
Example 4
This example produced a density of 100mg/cm3The super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel;
selecting Si disclosed in patent ZL201811626361.13N4Nanowire gasThe gel is used as raw material, and Si is compressed3N4The density of the nanowire aerogel is increased to 200mg/cm3Placing the mixture in an air furnace, and oxidizing the mixture for 5 hours at 1000 ℃ in an air environment to obtain SiO2A nanowire aerogel; then placing the carbon source precursor into a chemical vapor furnace, vacuumizing, raising the temperature to 1000 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min, introducing a carbon source precursor propylene, controlling the flow of the propylene to be 50mL/min, preserving the temperature for 5h, and placing the carbon source precursor propylene in SiO2Depositing a layer of carbon structure on the surface of the nanowire; finally, the obtained SiO2Soaking the/C composite aerogel in HF for 2h to obtain the composite aerogel with the density of 100mg/cm3The super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel.
Example 5
This example produced a density of 5mg/cm3The super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel;
selecting Si disclosed in patent ZL201811626361.13N4The nanowire aerogel is used as a raw material, and Si is compressed3N4The density of the nanowire aerogel is increased to 100mg/cm3Then placing the mixture in an air furnace, oxidizing the mixture for 5 hours at the temperature of 1000 ℃ in the air environment to obtain SiO2A nanowire aerogel; then placing the carbon source precursor into a chemical vapor furnace, vacuumizing, raising the temperature to 1000 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min, introducing a carbon source precursor propylene, controlling the flow of the propylene to be 10mL/min, preserving the temperature for 0.5h, and placing the carbon source precursor propylene in an SiO reactor2Depositing a layer of carbon structure on the surface of the nanowire; finally, the obtained SiO2Soaking the/C composite aerogel in HF for 2h to obtain the aerogel with the density of 5mg/cm3The super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel.
The above-mentioned contents are only for illustrating the technical idea of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereby, and any modification made on the basis of the technical idea of the present invention falls within the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The preparation method of the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
1) with SiC or Si3N4The nano-wire aerogel is used as a raw material and is oxidized by high-temperature airFrom SiC or Si3N4Conversion of nanowires to SiO2A nanowire;
2) chemical vapor deposition method is utilized to form SiO2The surface of the nanowire is evenly coated with a layer of pyrolytic carbon/graphite carbon on SiO2Amorphous or polycrystalline carbon junctions are formed between the nanowires to form a structure having SiO2A composite aerogel of a/C core-shell structure;
3) removal of SiO by etching2SiO in composite aerogel with/C core-shell structure2And (4) nanowires, wherein a hollow carbon structure is reserved, and the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel is prepared.
2. The method for preparing the superelastic high-strength carbon aerogel according to claim 1, wherein the high-temperature air oxidation process in step 1) is performed at 900-1100 ℃.
3. The method for preparing the superelastic high-strength carbon aerogel according to claim 1, wherein in step 2), the chemical vapor deposition process is performed under the following specific conditions: at 900-1200 ℃, the heating rate is 0.1-10 ℃/min, the internal air pressure of the reaction device is 2-100 kPa, the precursor is at least one of methane, propylene and acetylene, the gas flow is 10-200 mL/min, and the deposition time is 0.5-10 h.
4. The method for preparing the superelastic high strength carbon aerogel according to claim 1, wherein in step 3), the etching process is performed by etching the material with SiO2And soaking the composite aerogel with the/C core-shell structure in HF for 1-3 h.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the SiC or Si is selected from the group consisting of SiC and Si3N4The nano-wires are porous three-dimensional networks constructed by nano-wires with the diameter of 30-500 nm, and the density is increased to 50-300 mg/cm through compression treatment3。
6. The super-elastic high-strength carbon gas prepared by the preparation method of any one of claims 1 to 5The gel is characterized in that the volume density of the super-elastic high-strength carbon aerogel is 5-100 mg/cm3。
7. The superelastic high strength carbon aerogel according to claim 6, wherein the carbon layer of the superelastic high strength carbon aerogel has a thickness of 5-50 nm.
8. The superelastic high strength carbon aerogel according to claim 6, wherein said superelastic high strength carbon aerogel has a maximum compressive strain of up to 98% and is capable of fully recovering to its original height after load unloading.
9. The superelastic high strength carbon aerogel according to claim 8, wherein the superelastic high strength carbon aerogel retains more than 99% of its original elasticity after being cyclically compressed for more than 500 cycles.
10. The superelastic high strength carbon aerogel according to claim 8, wherein the superelastic high strength carbon aerogel has a stress of 5 to 30MPa at a compressive strain of 98%.
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