CN113773093B

CN113773093B - Ceramic fiber membrane and preparation method and application thereof

Info

Publication number: CN113773093B
Application number: CN202110901048.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 张勃兴; 胡鸿丽; 张笛; 王林格
Original assignee: South China University of Technology SCUT
Current assignee: South China University of Technology SCUT
Priority date: 2021-08-06
Filing date: 2021-08-06
Publication date: 2022-06-14
Anticipated expiration: 2041-08-06
Also published as: CN113773093A

Abstract

The invention discloses a ceramic fiber membrane and a preparation method and application thereof. The ceramic fiber membrane is formed by interweaving hollow nano ceramic fibers, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: 1) dispersing a ceramic precursor and an organic polymer in a solvent to prepare a spinning solution; 2) and (2) adopting a coaxial needle head to carry out electrostatic spinning, introducing a spinning solution into the outer layer of the coaxial needle head, introducing a solvent or an organic auxiliary agent solution into the inner layer of the coaxial needle head, and then carrying out solidification, pyrolysis and sintering to obtain the ceramic fiber membrane. The ceramic fiber membrane has excellent electromagnetic shielding and infrared stealth effects, is light and thin, has good flexibility, simple preparation process and low cost, is convenient to wear by a human body, is integrated into electronic devices and weaponry, and has very wide application prospect.

Description

Ceramic fiber membrane and preparation method and application thereof

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of ceramic fiber membranes, in particular to a ceramic fiber membrane and a preparation method and application thereof.

Background

The communication field and the defense field are important fields for any country, and a material with an electromagnetic shielding function or/and an infrared stealth function belongs to one of the research focuses of the two fields. With the development of modern electronic devices toward miniaturization, light weight, multiple functions and high packaging density, the problem of electromagnetic interference on the electronic devices becomes more and more serious, and the electromagnetic interference must be effectively shielded to maintain normal signal transmission of the electronic devices and improve reliability. The stealth technology is a key technology in the field of national defense, is closely related to the survival situation of equipment on a battlefield, is an important factor for determining the win-loss of war in the future, is one of the high places for competition of military forces of various countries, and is of great importance in the development of infrared stealth materials. The film material has the characteristics of light weight, thinness, flexibility and the like, is convenient for human bodies to wear and integrate into electronic devices or weaponry, and therefore the film material with the electromagnetic shielding and infrared stealth effects has very wide application prospect.

At present, the film materials with electromagnetic shielding function or/and infrared stealth function are mainly classified into the following types: 1) the metal film has excellent electromagnetic shielding and infrared stealth effects, mainly reflects electromagnetic wave shielding, has poor absorption effect, is easy to detect by radar equipment, is heavy, is not easy to wear and integrate, and simultaneously is not resistant to acid-base corrosion and high-temperature oxidation; 2) the carbon film has excellent electromagnetic shielding and infrared stealth effects, mainly reflects electromagnetic wave shielding, has poor absorption effect, and is easy to oxidize and lose efficacy in a high-temperature aerobic environment; 3) the polymer film has excellent forming manufacturability, is resistant to acid and alkali corrosion, but has poor electromagnetic wave shielding and infrared stealth effects. In summary, the existing film materials with electromagnetic shielding function or/and infrared stealth function all have obvious defects, and are difficult to meet the increasing practical requirements.

Therefore, the development of a thin film material with excellent electromagnetic shielding and infrared stealth effects, light weight and good flexibility is of great significance.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a ceramic fiber membrane and a preparation method and application thereof.

The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:

a ceramic fiber membrane is formed by interweaving hollow nano ceramic fibers.

Preferably, the hollow nano ceramic fiber is a hollow nano silicon carbide ceramic fiber, a hollow nano zirconium carbide ceramic fiber, a hollow nano silicon nitride ceramic fiber, a hollow nano zirconium boride ceramic fiber, a hollow nano alumina ceramic fiber, a hollow nano mullite ceramic fiber, a hollow nano zirconium oxide ceramic fiber, a hollow nano titanium oxide ceramic fiber, a hollow nano hafnium oxide ceramic fiber, a hollow nano tungsten oxide ceramic fiber, a hollow nano zinc oxide ceramic fiber, a hollow nano yttrium oxide ceramic fiber, a hollow nano silicon carbide-zirconium carbide ceramic fiber, a hollow nano silicon carbide-zirconium boride ceramic fiber, a hollow nano silicon carbide-silicon nitride ceramic fiber, a hollow nano aluminum oxide-zirconium oxide ceramic fiber, a hollow nano aluminum oxide-hafnium oxide ceramic fiber, a hollow nano titanium oxide ceramic fiber, a hollow nano hafnium oxide ceramic fiber, a hollow nano titanium oxide ceramic fiber, a hollow titanium oxide ceramic fiber, a titanium oxide ceramic fiber, a titanium oxide, At least one of hollow nano silica-titania ceramic fiber and hollow nano silica-tungsten oxide ceramic fiber.

Preferably, the hollow nano ceramic fiber has an outer diameter of 50nm to 5000nm and an inner diameter of 10nm to 200 nm.

Preferably, the thickness of the ceramic fiber membrane is 10 to 500 μm.

The preparation method of the ceramic fiber membrane comprises the following steps:

1) dispersing a ceramic precursor and an organic polymer in a solvent to prepare a spinning solution;

2) and (2) adopting a coaxial needle head to carry out electrostatic spinning, introducing a spinning solution into the outer layer of the coaxial needle head, introducing a solvent or an organic auxiliary agent solution into the inner layer of the coaxial needle head, and then carrying out solidification, pyrolysis and sintering to obtain the ceramic fiber membrane.

Preferably, the method for preparing the ceramic fiber membrane comprises the following steps:

1) mixing the ceramic precursor solution and the organic polymer solution to prepare spinning solution;

Preferably, the mass ratio of the ceramic precursor to the organic polymer in the step 1) is 1: 0.2-1: 10.

Preferably, the ceramic precursor in step 1) is at least one of a silicon carbide ceramic precursor, a zirconium carbide ceramic precursor, a silicon nitride ceramic precursor, a zirconium boride ceramic precursor, an alumina ceramic precursor, a mullite ceramic precursor, a zirconium oxide ceramic precursor, a titanium oxide ceramic precursor, a hafnium oxide ceramic precursor, a tungsten oxide ceramic precursor, a zinc oxide ceramic precursor, a yttrium oxide ceramic precursor, and a silicon oxide ceramic precursor.

Preferably, the preparation method of the ceramic precursor solution in step 1) comprises the following steps:

dispersing metal salt in an organic solvent, adding an organic ligand, and adding water for polycondensation reaction to obtain a ceramic precursor solution;

or dispersing one of polycarbosilane, polysilazane and polysiloxane in an organic solvent to obtain the ceramic precursor solution.

Preferably, the organic ligand is at least one of oxalic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, nitric acid, salicylic acid, citric acid, glycolic acid, acetylacetone, ethylenediamine, triethylamine and diethanolamine.

Preferably, the organic polymer in step 1) is at least one of polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyimide, polyurethane, phenolic resin, polyacrylonitrile, asphalt, and epoxy resin. The organic polymer has the function of assisting the forming and the function of providing a carbon source.

Further preferably, the organic polymer in step 1) is at least one of polyimide, phenolic resin, polyacrylonitrile and asphalt. The carbon residue rate of the pyrolyzed polyimide, phenolic resin, polyacrylonitrile and asphalt is higher.

Preferably, the solvent in step 1) is at least one of N, N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, N-hexane, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, chloroform, toluene, xylene, ethanol, propanol and butanol.

Preferably, the electrostatic spinning parameters in the step 2) are as follows: the spinning nozzle is connected with a voltage of 10kV to 20kV, the collecting device is connected with a voltage of-10 kV to 0kV, the specification of an internal needle of the coaxial needle is 20G to 30G, the specification of an external needle is 10G to 20G, the distance between the spinning nozzle and the collecting device is 10cm to 15cm, and the supply speed of spinning solution is 1mL/h to 3 mL/h.

Further preferably, the electrostatic spinning parameters in step 2) are as follows: the spinning nozzle is connected with a voltage of 10kV to 20kV, the collecting device is connected with a voltage of-10 kV to 0kV, the specification of an internal needle of the coaxial needle is 20G to 23G, the specification of an external needle is 14G to 17G, the distance between the spinning nozzle and the collecting device is 10cm to 15cm, and the supply speed of spinning solution is 1mL/h to 1.5 mL/h.

Preferably, the electrostatic spinning in the step 2) is carried out under the conditions that the ambient temperature is 20-30 ℃ and the relative humidity is 25-75%.

More preferably, the electrostatic spinning in the step 2) is performed under the conditions of an ambient temperature of 20 ℃ to 30 ℃ and a relative humidity of 30% to 40%.

Preferably, the solvent in step 2) is at least one of N, N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, N-hexane, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, chloroform, toluene, xylene, ethanol, propanol, butanol and water.

Preferably, the organic auxiliary agent solution in step 2) is at least one of a polymethyl methacrylate solution, a polyvinyl alcohol solution, a polyethylene glycol solution, a polyvinylpyrrolidone solution, a methyl cellulose solution, an ethyl cellulose solution, a hydroxypropyl cellulose solution, and a paraffin wax solution. The inner layer of the coaxial needle is filled with solvent or organic auxiliary agent solution to play a role in filling and supporting, and can be removed in the processes of curing, pyrolysis and sintering.

Preferably, the curing in step 2) is high temperature air curing or moisture curing.

Preferably, the temperature of the high-temperature air curing is 100-300 ℃.

Further preferably, the temperature of the high-temperature air curing is 200 ℃ to 250 ℃.

Preferably, the temperature of the moisture curing is 100 ℃ to 200 ℃.

Further preferably, the temperature of the moisture curing is 110 ℃ to 150 ℃.

Preferably, the pyrolysis in the step 2) is carried out at 300-800 ℃, and the pyrolysis time is 1-24 h.

Preferably, the sintering in the step 2) is carried out at 800-2000 ℃, and the sintering time is 10 min-12 h.

More preferably, the sintering in the step 2) is carried out at 900-1200 ℃, and the sintering time is 1-2 h.

The invention has the beneficial effects that: the ceramic fiber membrane has excellent electromagnetic shielding and infrared stealth effects, is light and thin, has good flexibility, simple preparation process and low cost, is convenient to wear by a human body, is integrated into electronic devices and weaponry, and has very wide application prospect.

Specifically, the method comprises the following steps:

1) the ceramic fiber membrane has excellent infrared stealth effect, and can effectively absorb and shield electromagnetic waves in a wider waveband range;

2) the ceramic fiber membrane has the characteristics of lightness, thinness, good flexibility, low cost and the like, is convenient to wear by a human body and is integrated into electronic devices and weaponry;

3) the invention utilizes the polymer ceramic precursor to carry out electrostatic spinning to rapidly prepare the ceramic fiber membrane, the preparation method is simple and reliable, and the inner diameter and the outer diameter of the ceramic fiber, the thickness of the thin film and the like can be flexibly regulated and controlled by regulating and controlling electrostatic spinning parameters.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is an SEM image of the surface of the ceramic fiber membrane of example 1.

FIG. 2 is an SEM image of a cross section of the ceramic fiber membrane of example 1.

Fig. 3 is a graph showing the infrared shielding effect of the ceramic fiber membrane of example 1.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the reflection shielding effect of the ceramic fiber films of examples 1 to 3.

FIG. 5 is a graph showing the absorption shielding effect of the ceramic fiber membranes of examples 1 to 3.

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the total shielding effect of the ceramic fiber membranes of examples 1 to 3.

Detailed Description

The invention will be further explained and illustrated with reference to specific examples.

Example 1:

a ceramic fiber membrane is prepared by the following steps:

1) stirring and dispersing 20g of zirconium n-propoxide in 80g of n-propanol, adding 5g of acetic acid, dropwise adding 2g of deionized water for polycondensation reaction, and concentrating the solution to 50g after 5 hours of reaction to obtain a ceramic precursor solution;

2) 10g of polyacrylonitrile (number average molecular weight of 150000g/mol) was dispersed in 40g of N, N-dimethylformamide to obtain a polyacrylonitrile solution;

3) mixing the ceramic precursor solution and the polyacrylonitrile solution to obtain a spinning solution;

4) loading the spinning solution into an injector of an electrostatic spinning machine, carrying out electrostatic spinning by adopting a 17G-22G coaxial needle, introducing the spinning solution into the outer layer of the coaxial needle, introducing an N, N-dimethylformamide solution of ethyl cellulose with the mass fraction of 3% into the inner layer of the coaxial needle, connecting 15kV voltage to a spinning nozzle, connecting-3 kV voltage to a collecting device, connecting the distance between the spinning nozzle and the collecting device to be 12cm, the supply speed of the spinning solution to be 1.5mL/h, the spinning environment temperature to be 25 ℃, and the relative humidity to be 40% to obtain a fiber membrane;

5) and (3) curing the fiber membrane in an oven at 250 ℃ for 2h, then putting the fiber membrane in a tubular furnace filled with nitrogen for protection, pyrolyzing the fiber membrane at 800 ℃ for 6h, and then raising the temperature to 1400 ℃ for sintering the fiber membrane for 2h to obtain the ceramic fiber membrane (the thickness is about 100 mu m).

And (3) performance testing:

1) the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of the surface of the ceramic fiber membrane of the present example is shown in fig. 1, and the SEM image of the cross section is shown in fig. 2.

As can be seen from fig. 1 and 2: the ceramic fiber membrane is formed by interweaving hollow nano zirconium carbide ceramic fibers, and the diameter of the nano zirconium carbide ceramic fibers is 300-400 nm.

2) The infrared shielding effect of the ceramic fiber membrane of the present example is shown in fig. 3 (in the figure, the blue portion is the ceramic fiber membrane, and observed by an infrared thermal imaging camera).

As can be seen from fig. 3: the ceramic fiber membrane of the present example has an excellent infrared stealth effect.

3) The electromagnetic shielding effect of the ceramic fiber film of the present embodiment was tested by a transmission line test method using a vector network analyzer, and the obtained reflection shielding effect graph is shown in fig. 4, the absorption shielding effect graph is shown in fig. 5, and the total shielding effect graph is shown in fig. 6.

As can be seen from fig. 4 to 6: in the electromagnetic wave frequency range of 0 GHz-20 GHz, the ceramic fiber membrane of the embodiment has good electromagnetic absorption and shielding effects, and can shield more than 90% of electromagnetic waves.

Example 2:

a ceramic fiber membrane is prepared by the following steps:

1) stirring and dispersing 15g of zirconium n-propoxide and 5g of boric acid in 80g of n-propanol, adding 3g of acetic acid, dropwise adding 1.5g of deionized water for polycondensation reaction, and concentrating the solution to 50g after 5 hours of reaction to obtain a ceramic precursor solution;

2) 10g of a phenol novolac resin (number average molecular weight 800g/mol) was dispersed in 40g of N, N-dimethylformamide to obtain a phenol novolac resin solution;

3) mixing the ceramic precursor solution and the phenolic resin solution to obtain a spinning solution;

4) loading the spinning solution into an injector of an electrostatic spinning machine, carrying out electrostatic spinning by adopting a 17G-25G coaxial needle, introducing the spinning solution into the outer layer of the coaxial needle, introducing an N, N-dimethylformamide solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone with the mass fraction of 2% into the inner layer of the coaxial needle, connecting the spinning nozzle with 10kV voltage, connecting the collecting device with-5 kV voltage, enabling the distance between the spinning nozzle and the collecting device to be 15cm, enabling the supply speed of the spinning solution to be 2mL/h, enabling the spinning environment temperature to be 25 ℃ and the relative humidity to be 30%, and obtaining a fiber membrane;

5) and (3) curing the fiber membrane in high-temperature water vapor at 140 ℃ for 2h, then putting the fiber membrane in a tubular furnace filled with nitrogen for protection, pyrolyzing the fiber membrane at 600 ℃ for 8h, and then raising the temperature to 1600 ℃ for sintering the fiber membrane for 2h to obtain the ceramic fiber membrane (the thickness is about 100 mu m).

And (3) performance testing:

1) the micro-morphology and the infrared shielding effect of the ceramic fiber film of this example were tested with reference to the method of example 1.

Tests show that the ceramic fiber membrane of the embodiment is formed by interweaving hollow nano zirconium carbide-zirconium boride ceramic fibers, the diameter of the nano zirconium carbide-zirconium boride ceramic fibers is 200 nm-300 nm, and the ceramic fiber membrane of the embodiment has excellent infrared stealth effect.

2) The electromagnetic shielding effect of the ceramic fiber film of the present embodiment was tested by a transmission line test method using a vector network analyzer, and the obtained reflection shielding effect graph is shown in fig. 4, the absorption shielding effect graph is shown in fig. 5, and the total shielding effect graph is shown in fig. 6.

Example 3:

a ceramic fiber membrane is prepared by the following steps:

1) stirring and dispersing 10g of zirconium n-propoxide in 40g of n-propanol, adding 3g of acetylacetone, dropwise adding 1g of deionized water for polycondensation reaction, and concentrating the solution to 25g after 5 hours of reaction to obtain a ceramic precursor solution I;

2) dispersing 5g of polycarbosilane (the number average molecular weight is 1100g/mol, Cetroffel) in 20g of toluene to obtain a ceramic precursor solution II;

3) 10g of polyimide (number average molecular weight 3300g/mol) was dispersed in 40g of N, N-dimethylformamide to obtain a polyimide solution;

4) mixing the ceramic precursor solution I, the ceramic precursor solution II and the polyimide solution to obtain a spinning solution;

5) loading the spinning solution into an injector of an electrostatic spinning machine, carrying out electrostatic spinning by adopting a 14G-20G coaxial needle, introducing the spinning solution into the outer layer of the coaxial needle, introducing an N, N-dimethylformamide solution of paraffin with the mass fraction of 5% into the inner layer of the coaxial needle, connecting the spinning nozzle with 10kV voltage, connecting the collecting device with-3 kV voltage, connecting the distance between the spinning nozzle and the collecting device with 12cm, the supply speed of the spinning solution with 1.5mL/h, the spinning environment temperature with 25 ℃ and the relative humidity with 40% to obtain a fiber membrane;

6) and (3) curing the fiber membrane in an oven at 250 ℃ for 2h, then putting the fiber membrane in a tubular furnace filled with nitrogen for protection, pyrolyzing the fiber membrane at 800 ℃ for 6h, and then raising the temperature to 1100 ℃ for sintering for 2h to obtain the ceramic fiber membrane (the thickness is about 100 mu m).

And (3) performance testing:

Tests show that the ceramic fiber membrane of the embodiment is formed by interweaving hollow silicon carbide-zirconium carbide ceramic fibers, the diameter of the silicon carbide-zirconium carbide ceramic fibers is 200 nm-300 nm, and the ceramic fiber membrane of the embodiment has excellent infrared stealth effect.

Example 4:

a ceramic fiber membrane is prepared by the following steps:

1) stirring and dispersing 18g of zirconium n-propoxide and 2g of zinc chloride in 80g of n-propanol, adding 4g of triethylamine, dropwise adding 2g of deionized water for polycondensation reaction, and concentrating the solution to 50g after 5 hours of reaction to obtain a ceramic precursor solution;

4) loading the spinning solution into an injector of an electrostatic spinning machine, carrying out electrostatic spinning by adopting a 17G-22G coaxial needle, introducing the spinning solution into the outer layer of the coaxial needle, introducing an N, N-dimethylformamide solution of polymethyl methacrylate with the mass fraction of 1% into the inner layer of the coaxial needle, connecting a spinning nozzle with a voltage of 15kV, connecting a collecting device with a voltage of-3 kV, setting the distance between the spinning nozzle and the collecting device to be 12cm, setting the supply speed of the spinning solution to be 1.5mL/h, setting the spinning environment temperature to be 25 ℃ and the relative humidity to be 40%, and obtaining a fiber membrane;

5) and (3) curing the fiber membrane in an oven at 250 ℃ for 2h, then putting the fiber membrane in a nitrogen-filled protection tube furnace for pyrolysis at 600 ℃ for 8h, and raising the temperature to 1100 ℃ for sintering for 2h to obtain the ceramic fiber membrane (the thickness is about 100 mu m).

And (3) performance testing:

Tests show that the ceramic fiber membrane of the embodiment is formed by interweaving hollow zirconium carbide-zinc oxide ceramic fibers, the diameter of the zirconium carbide-zinc oxide ceramic fibers is 300 nm-500 nm, and the ceramic fiber membrane of the embodiment has excellent infrared stealth effect.

2) The ceramic fiber membrane of this example was tested for its electromagnetic shielding effect with reference to the method of example 1.

Tests show that the ceramic fiber membrane of the embodiment has good electromagnetic absorption and shielding effects within the electromagnetic wave frequency range of 0 GHz-20 GHz, and can shield more than 90% of electromagnetic waves.

Example 5:

a ceramic fiber membrane is prepared by the following steps:

1) 10g of polycarbosilane (with the number average molecular weight of 1100g/mol, Cetroffet) and 10g of polysilazane (with the number average molecular weight of 2000g/mol, Moke) are stirred and dispersed in 80g of toluene to obtain a ceramic precursor solution;

2) 10g of polyvinylpyrrolidone (number average molecular weight: 10000g/mol) was dispersed in 40g of N, N-dimethylformamide to obtain a polyvinylpyrrolidone solution;

3) mixing the ceramic precursor solution and the polyvinylpyrrolidone solution to obtain a spinning solution;

4) loading the spinning solution into an injector of an electrostatic spinning machine, carrying out electrostatic spinning by adopting an 18G-25G coaxial needle, introducing the spinning solution into the outer layer of the coaxial needle, introducing an N, N-dimethylformamide solution of polyethylene glycol with the mass fraction of 2% into the inner layer of the coaxial needle, connecting 12kV voltage to a spinning nozzle, connecting-1 kV voltage to a collecting device, connecting the distance between the spinning nozzle and the collecting device to be 15cm, supplying the spinning solution at the speed of 1.2mL/h, and obtaining a fiber membrane at the spinning environment temperature of 25 ℃ and the relative humidity of 40%;

5) and (3) curing the fiber membrane in high-temperature water vapor at 150 ℃ for 2h, then putting the fiber membrane in a tubular furnace filled with nitrogen for protection, pyrolyzing the fiber membrane at 600 ℃ for 8h, and then raising the temperature to 1800 ℃ for sintering the fiber membrane for 2h to obtain the ceramic fiber membrane (the thickness is about 100 mu m).

And (3) performance testing:

Tests show that the ceramic fiber membrane of the embodiment is formed by interweaving hollow silicon carbide-silicon nitride ceramic fibers, the diameter of the silicon carbide-silicon nitride ceramic fibers is 200 nm-300 nm, and the ceramic fiber membrane of the embodiment has excellent infrared stealth effect.

The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A ceramic fiber membrane is characterized in that the ceramic fiber membrane is formed by interweaving hollow nano ceramic fibers; the hollow nano ceramic fiber is at least one of a hollow nano zirconium carbide ceramic fiber, a hollow nano zirconium carbide-zirconium boride ceramic fiber, a hollow silicon carbide-zirconium carbide ceramic fiber, a hollow zirconium carbide-zinc oxide ceramic fiber and a hollow silicon carbide-silicon nitride ceramic fiber; the outer diameter of the hollow nano ceramic fiber is 50 nm-5000 nm, and the inner diameter is 10 nm-200 nm; the thickness of the ceramic fiber membrane is 10 to 500 mu m; the ceramic fiber membrane is used for electromagnetic shielding or infrared stealth.

2. The method of producing a ceramic fiber membrane according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:

3. The method for producing a ceramic fiber membrane according to claim 2, characterized in that: the organic polymer in the step 1) is at least one of polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyimide, polyurethane, phenolic resin, polyacrylonitrile, asphalt and epoxy resin.

4. The method for producing a ceramic fiber membrane according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that: step 2) the electrostatic spinning parameters are as follows: the spinning nozzle is connected with a voltage of 10kV to 20kV, the collecting device is connected with a voltage of-10 kV to 0kV, the specification of an internal needle of the coaxial needle is 20G to 30G, the specification of an external needle is 10G to 20G, the distance between the spinning nozzle and the collecting device is 10cm to 15cm, and the supply speed of spinning solution is 1mL/h to 3 mL/h.

5. The method for producing a ceramic fiber membrane according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that: the organic auxiliary agent solution in the step 2) is at least one of a polymethyl methacrylate solution, a polyvinyl alcohol solution, a polyethylene glycol solution, a polyvinyl pyrrolidone solution, a methyl cellulose solution, an ethyl cellulose solution, a hydroxypropyl cellulose solution and a paraffin wax solution.

6. The method for producing a ceramic fiber membrane according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that: and 2) carrying out pyrolysis at the temperature of 300-800 ℃, wherein the pyrolysis time is 1-24 h.

7. The method for producing a ceramic fiber membrane according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that: and 2) sintering at 800-2000 ℃ for 10 min-12 h.