CN112883638B - Online estimation method for temperature distribution of super capacitor module - Google Patents
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- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Abstract
The invention relates to an online estimation method for temperature distribution of a super capacitor module, which can realize online estimation of the temperature of all monomers in the module by measuring the temperature of a few monomers in the module. The method avoids using a large number of temperature sensors, not only greatly reduces the hardware cost, but also solves the problem that the temperature sensors are not easy to install in partial areas inside the module. Meanwhile, the algorithm occupies less computing resources, is suitable for online estimation, and can meet higher computing precision. The method has important significance for heat management optimization and safe operation of the super capacitor.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an online estimation method for temperature distribution of a super capacitor module.
Background
The super capacitor is used as a novel energy storage device, and has wide application prospect in the fields of renewable clean energy power generation, energy-saving operation of electric automobiles, urban rails, ships and the like. Along with the work of the super capacitor, the accumulation of the internal temperature of the super capacitor can continuously raise the temperature of the monomer, influence the electrical characteristics of the super capacitor, cause the performance to be reduced, accelerate the aging of the super capacitor and further shorten the service life of the super capacitor. The thermal runaway of the whole system can be caused after the temperature of the super capacitor is too high or is out of control, so that the online estimation of the temperature of the super capacitor is particularly important, the management of the super capacitor is more accurate and efficient, and the safety of an energy storage system is improved.
With the wide application of the super capacitor energy storage system, the temperature of each super capacitor monomer needs to be monitored on line in more and more application occasions. However, in practical applications, the temperature sensor is limited by the problems of cost, installation and the like, and often only detects the temperature of a few monomers in the module, and cannot monitor the temperature of each monomer. In addition, finite element thermal simulation software is generally used for researching the temperature distribution of the module, but the method is complex in model, large in calculation amount and long in calculation time, and is not beneficial to online operation.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the conventional supercapacitor module temperature estimation method, the invention provides the supercapacitor module temperature online estimation method which can effectively utilize a small amount of monomer temperature to estimate all the monomer temperatures in the module and has a simple calculation process. The method combines the characteristics of monomer arrangement in the module, optimizes and selects the installation position of the temperature sensor, considers the correlation among monomers of the super capacitor module and establishes a neural network model for online temperature estimation. The method is realized by the following steps as shown in figure 1:
the method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of (1) taking the temperature correlation of monomers in a super capacitor module into consideration, and partitioning the module by combining the arrangement characteristics of the monomers;
step two: selecting a tested monomer according to the subareas for testing to obtain temperature and current data of the selected monomer;
step three: constructing a neural network model, designing a training algorithm, training and optimizing the neural network model to obtain an estimation model, and inputting measured data into the temperature online estimation model for calculation;
step four: and outputting the estimated value of each monomer temperature in the module.
In the third step, the neural network model is trained by adopting an algorithm based on Levenberg-Marquardt, and the training process is as follows:
(1) initializing neural network parameters θ 0 Updating the step length lambda and the step length reduction coefficient beta according to the maximum iteration number K, wherein the current iteration number K is 0, the training error limit epsilon and the early-stop initial value P are 0, and early-stop tolerance coefficient P is obtained;
(2) selecting Sigmoid function as activation function
Computational neural network forward propagation
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
value, K, representing the ith neuron of the mth layer m-1 Represents the number of neurons in the m-1 layer,
represents the weight of the jth input neuron of the (m-1) th layer to the ith neuron of the m layer,
is the bias term for the ith neuron in the mth layer. Selecting a loss function of
Wherein, the first and the second end of the pipe are connected with each other,
is the square of the error of sample i, and l is the number of samples; calculating the loss k If loss k If ∈ or K ═ K or P ═ P, then step (5) is carried out;
(3) according to the formula theta-lambda [ J T (θ)J(θ)+μI] -1 J T (theta) e (theta) calculating network parameters, wherein mu is a constant larger than zero, I is an identity matrix, and J is a Jacobian matrix; update parameter derivation
And calculating the loss value loss of the model after updating the one-step parameter k+1 (ii) a If loss k+1 ＜loss k If yes, the parameters are updated, and
and p is 0, k is k +1, and λ is λ/β, and the process goes to step (2). Otherwise, turning to the step (4);
(4) making λ ═ λ β, p ═ p +1, and going to step (2);
(5) and outputting the temperature values estimated by the T1, T2, T4, T5, T7, T8 and T9.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the temperature of all the monomers in the super capacitor module can be effectively estimated through a small number of temperature measurement values, and the number and the installation cost of the temperature sensors are greatly reduced. The method has simple process, is easy to realize on line and has good engineering application prospect.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the method of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic layout diagram of a super capacitor module according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a neural network model according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The method comprises the following specific implementation processes:
the module partitioning method in the first step is described by taking the super capacitor module shown in fig. 2 as an example. Under the condition of no forced heat dissipation, in consideration of the symmetry of the module, 9 sections of monomers of half of the module are selected as research objects and respectively marked as T1-T9. By performing 30A, 50A, 70A and 90A constant current experiments on the super capacitor module, the temperature distribution of the tested monomer can be mainly divided into three areas. The temperature distribution result of each monomer and the arrangement mode of the supercapacitor module can be analyzed, and the monomer temperature rising rate is higher when the monomer is closer to the inner arrangement, and the monomer temperature rising rate is higher when the monomer is more in contact with the rest of the monomers.
In an example, as shown:
the temperatures of T1 and T3 were the lowest, and the number of contact surfaces with the remaining monomers was 2, so the first region was defined.
The temperature of the T2, T6, T7, T9 and T4 monomers is similar, the number of contact surfaces with the rest monomers is 3, and the monomers can be divided into a second area.
The temperatures of T5 and T8 were the highest, and the number of contact surfaces with the remaining monomers was 4, which was defined as the third region.
The selection method of the test monomer in the step two comprises the following steps: and selecting a reasonable number of monomers for testing according to the requirements on algorithm precision and occupied computing resources, and recommending one monomer to be selected in each temperature partition. In case of limited computational resources, at least one monomer may be selected. In this example, T3 and T6 were selected as input monomers.
And the module temperature online estimation model in the third step is realized based on a neural network. And taking the temperature and the current I of the input monomers T3 and T6 selected in the step two as the input of the module temperature online estimation model, wherein the output result is the temperature estimation values of the rest monomers T1, T2, T4, T5, T7, T8 and T9 in the module, and the precision of the temperature estimation values is related to the structure of the neural network model and the number of training samples. And determining the structure of the neural network by off-line training of the neural network model to obtain the temperature on-line estimation model. The neural network model built by the example is shown in fig. 3, and comprises 3 inputs, 7 outputs and 2 successive hidden layers in the middle, and the number of neurons in the hidden layers is 28 and 14 in sequence.
The neural network model is trained by adopting an algorithm based on Levenberg-Marquardt, and the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm utilizes approximate second-order gradient information of errors, so that the method is more accurate and efficient in theory compared with a traditional gradient descent method. The training process is as follows:
(1) initializing neural network parameters θ 0 The maximum iteration number K, the updating step length lambda, the step length reduction coefficient beta, the current iteration number K is 0, the training error limit epsilon, the early-stop initial value P is 0, and the early-stop endurance coefficient P is stopped.
(2) Selecting a Sigmoid function as the activation function
Computational neural network forward propagation
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
represents the m-th layerValue of the ith neuron, K m-1 Represents the number of neurons in the m-1 layer,
represents the weight of the jth input neuron of the (m-1) th layer to the ith neuron of the m-th layer,
is the bias term for the ith neuron in the mth layer. Selecting a loss function of
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
is the square of the error for sample i and l is the number of samples. Calculating the loss k If loss k If ∈ or K ═ K or P ═ P, then step (5) is executed.
(3) According to the formula theta-lambda [ J T (θ)J(θ)+μI] -1 J T (θ) e (θ) calculating network parameters, where μ is a constant greater than zero, I is an identity matrix, and J is a Jacobian matrix. Update parameter derivation
And calculating the loss value loss of the model after updating the one-step parameter k+1 . If loss k+1 ＜loss k If yes, the parameters are updated, and
and p is 0, k is k +1, and λ is λ/β, and the process goes to step (2). Otherwise, the step (4) is carried out.
(4) And (3) enabling the step (2) to be shifted to the step (2), wherein the step (lambda) is equal to the step (beta) and the step (p) is equal to the step (p + 1).
(5) And outputting the temperature values estimated by the T1, the T2, the T4, the T5, the T7, the T8 and the T9.
The present invention is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various corresponding changes and modifications according to the present invention without departing from the spirit and the essence of the present invention, but those changes and modifications should fall within the protection scope of the appended claims.
Claims (2)
1. An online estimation method for temperature distribution of a super capacitor module is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of (1) taking the temperature correlation of monomers in a super capacitor module into consideration, and partitioning the module by combining the arrangement characteristics of the monomers;
under the condition of no forced heat dissipation, considering the symmetry of the module, selecting 9 sections of monomers of a half of the module as research objects which are respectively marked as T1-T9;
the temperature of T1 and T3 is the lowest, and the number of contact surfaces with the rest monomers is 2, so that the first region can be divided;
the temperature of the T2, T6, T7, T9 and T4 monomers is similar, the number of contact surfaces with the rest monomers is 3, and the monomers can be divided into a second area;
the temperature of T5 and T8 is the highest, the number of contact surfaces with the rest monomers is 4, and the three-dimensional space can be divided into a third area;
step two: selecting a tested monomer according to the subareas for testing to obtain temperature and current data of the selected monomer;
the selection method of the test monomer in the step two comprises the following steps: selecting a reasonable number of monomers for testing according to the requirements on algorithm precision and occupied computing resources, and recommending one monomer to be selected in each temperature partition; in case of limited computational resources, at least one monomer may be selected; selecting T3 and T6 as input monomers;
step three: constructing a neural network model, designing a training algorithm, training, optimizing and establishing the neural network model to obtain a module temperature online estimation model, inputting measured data, and calculating in the module temperature online estimation model;
the module temperature online estimation model in the third step is realized based on a neural network; taking the temperature and current I of the input monomers T3 and T6 selected in the step two as the input of the module temperature online estimation model, wherein the output result is the temperature estimation values of the rest monomers T1, T2, T4, T5, T7, T8 and T9 in the module, and the precision of the temperature estimation values is related to the structure of the neural network model and the number of training samples; determining the structure of a neural network by off-line training of a neural network model to obtain an on-line temperature estimation model; the built neural network model comprises 3 inputs, 7 outputs and a middle 2-layer hidden layer, wherein the number of neurons in the hidden layer is 28 and 14 in sequence;
step four: and outputting the estimated value of each monomer temperature in the module.
2. The online estimation method for the temperature distribution of the supercapacitor module group according to claim 1, characterized in that in the third step, the neural network model is trained by using an algorithm based on Levenberg-Marquardt, and the training process is as follows:
(1) initializing neural network parameters θ 0 Updating the step length lambda and the step length reduction coefficient beta according to the maximum iteration number K, wherein the current iteration number K is 0, the training error limit epsilon and the early-stop initial value P are 0, and early-stop tolerance coefficient P is obtained;
(2) selecting Sigmoid function as activation function
Computational neural network forward propagation
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
value, K, representing the ith neuron of the mth layer m-1 Represents the number of neurons in the m-1 layer,
represents the weight of the jth input neuron of the (m-1) th layer to the ith neuron of the m-th layer,
a bias term for the ith neuron of the mth layer; selecting a loss function of
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
is the square of the error of sample i, and l is the number of samples; calculating the loss k If loss k If ∈ or K ═ K or P ═ P, then step (5) is carried out;
(3) according to the formula theta-lambda [ J T (θ)J(θ)+μI] -1 J T (theta) e (theta) calculating network parameters, wherein mu is a constant larger than zero, I is an identity matrix, and J is a Jacobian matrix; update parameter derivation
And calculating the loss value loss of the model after updating the one-step parameter k+1 (ii) a If loss k+1 ＜loss k If yes, the parameters are updated, and
p is 0, k is k +1, λ is λ/β and go to step (2); otherwise, turning to the step (4);
(4) making λ ═ λ β and p ═ p +1, and going to step (2);
(5) and outputting the temperature values estimated by the T1, the T2, the T4, the T5, the T7, the T8 and the T9.
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