CN112090436A - Nickel-based catalyst, preparation method and application - Google Patents
Nickel-based catalyst, preparation method and application Download PDFInfo
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- CN112090436A CN112090436A CN202010960811.1A CN202010960811A CN112090436A CN 112090436 A CN112090436 A CN 112090436A CN 202010960811 A CN202010960811 A CN 202010960811A CN 112090436 A CN112090436 A CN 112090436A
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- zinc oxide
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 280
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 141
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 114
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000002071 nanotube Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylenetetramine Chemical compound C1N(C2)CN3CN1CN2C3 VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;zinc Chemical compound [Zn].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O ZOIORXHNWRGPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004312 hexamethylene tetramine Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000010299 hexamethylene tetramine Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001027 hydrothermal synthesis Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- MEFBJEMVZONFCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdate Chemical compound [O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O MEFBJEMVZONFCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002077 nanosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012265 solid product Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M phosphinate Chemical compound [O-][PH2]=O ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000002073 nanorod Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002159 nanocrystal Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 21
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 10
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 229960000314 zinc acetate Drugs 0.000 description 8
- KWSLGOVYXMQPPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2h-tetrazole Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=CC=CC(C2=NNN=N2)=C1 KWSLGOVYXMQPPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229940057499 anhydrous zinc acetate Drugs 0.000 description 7
- RRIWRJBSCGCBID-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RRIWRJBSCGCBID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 7
- 229940116202 nickel sulfate hexahydrate Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 7
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 7
- 229910001379 sodium hypophosphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- DJWUNCQRNNEAKC-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc acetate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O DJWUNCQRNNEAKC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 7
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 6
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011684 sodium molybdate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000015393 sodium molybdate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- TVXXNOYZHKPKGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium molybdate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O TVXXNOYZHKPKGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000003486 chemical etching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N heavy water Substances [2H]O[2H] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009210 therapy by ultrasound Methods 0.000 description 3
- YZYKBQUWMPUVEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N zafuleptine Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCC(C(C)C)NCC1=CC=C(F)C=C1 YZYKBQUWMPUVEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910021607 Silver chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000026 X-ray photoelectron spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005137 deposition process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010411 electrocatalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002052 molecular layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 2
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910021511 zinc hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910015667 MoO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000840 electrochemical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003837 high-temperature calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005216 hydrothermal crystallization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010842 industrial wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002843 nonmetals Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphinic acid Chemical class O[PH2]=O ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003017 phosphorus Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002341 toxic gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004506 ultrasonic cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/186—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J27/188—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium with chromium, molybdenum, tungsten or polonium
- B01J27/19—Molybdenum
-
- B01J35/33—
-
- B01J35/40—
-
- B01J35/60—
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9041—Metals or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9075—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Abstract
The invention relates to a nickel-based catalyst, a preparation method and application thereof. The catalyst comprises a three-dimensional mesh substrate with conductivity and a nickel, molybdenum, phosphorus and oxygen composite porous nanotube loaded on the surface of the three-dimensional mesh substrate, wherein the porous nanotube has catalytic activity. The preparation method of the catalyst comprises the following steps: growing zinc oxide nano-crystal seeds on a substrate, synthesizing a zinc oxide nano-rod template, and synthesizing the nickel, molybdenum, phosphorus and oxygen composite porous nanotube electrocatalytic material by an electrodeposition method. The catalyst is excellent in urea oxidation reaction.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of electrocatalysis, and particularly relates to a nickel-based catalyst, a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
Urea Oxidation Reaction (UOR) is the core half-Reaction of new energy technologies such as Direct Urea Fuel Cells (DUFC) and Urea-assisted electrolysis hydrogen production. Among them, DUFC is a new fuel cell device that can generate electricity using urea in industrial wastewater or domestic sewage as a fuel. The urea-assisted electrolysis hydrogen production is realized by applying voltage to the aqueous solution containing urea, obtaining hydrogen at the cathode of an electrolytic cell and generating UOR at the anode, thereby realizing the dual purposes of clean energy production and urea-rich wastewater purification.
However, the UOR reaction is required to undergo 6e—A transfer process, and thus slow kinetics; and the reaction has an oxidation potential that is too high to initiate, a highly active catalyst is required to promote the reaction rate. The above problems greatly limit the development of new energy technologies involving UORs. Although noble metal based catalysts (e.g. Pt, IrO)2And RuO2) Have been shown to have higher UOR activity, but their high cost and scarcity of resources have limited their large-scale application. Therefore, the development of a UOR electrocatalyst with low cost and high activity is crucial to improve the energy conversion efficiency of DUFCs and urea-assisted electrolytic hydrogen production.
In order to solve the above-mentioned cost and resource problems, a nickel-based UOR electrocatalyst has become a hot line of research. Including nickel-based alloys, hydroxides, oxides, phosphides, sulfides, and composites thereof, among others. Among them, a NiMoM (M ═ P, O, S) composite material doped with transition metal molybdenum and a non-metal atom is excellent in catalytic activity and stability in the UOR reaction.
In order to make the low-cost nickel-based catalytic material have more accessible catalytic sites and accelerate electron transfer, the industrial nickel-based catalytic material is usually subjected to hydrothermal crystallization, high-temperature calcination, high-temperature phosphorization, high-temperature vulcanization, chemical etching of a template and other processes to make the catalytic material form a nano, porous, hollow and other microstructure. However, the synthesis processes have long routes and complicated steps; the methods such as high-temperature treatment have the problems of high energy consumption and high cost; chemical etching often uses strong acid, strong base reagents and produces pH3、H2S and other toxic gases cause harm to the environment. In addition, the activity and stability of the synthesized nickel-based catalyst in the catalytic application process are not satisfactory.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to solving at least one of the above problems in the prior art.
Therefore, the invention provides a nickel-based catalyst in a first aspect, so as to solve the problems of low catalytic activity and poor stability of the existing nickel-based catalyst.
A second aspect of the present invention provides a method for preparing the above nickel-based catalyst.
A third aspect of the invention provides the use of a nickel-based catalyst as described above for catalysing the oxidation of urea.
A first aspect of the present invention provides a nickel-based catalyst comprising:
a three-dimensional network matrix having electrical conductivity; and
the porous nanotubes are distributed on the surface of the three-dimensional reticular matrix and consist of four elements of nickel, molybdenum, phosphorus and oxygen.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the porous nanotube is formed by stacking interconnected composite nanospheres, which include four elements of nickel, molybdenum, phosphorus, and oxygen.
The composite nanosphere comprises four elements of nickel, molybdenum, phosphorus and oxygen, and means that a single composite nanosphere simultaneously contains four elements of nickel, molybdenum, phosphorus and oxygen.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the three-dimensional reticulated matrix may be nickel foam.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the length of the porous nanotubes is between 1 μm and 2 μm.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the diameter of the porous nanotubes is between 200nm and 400 nm.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the thickness of the tube wall of the porous nanotube is 50nm to 100 nm.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the porous nanotube includes 30 wt.% to 70 wt.% of nickel, 1 wt.% to 20 wt.% of molybdenum, 1 wt.% to 20 wt.% of phosphorus, and 1 wt.% to 30 wt.% of oxygen.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the porous nanotubes are amorphous structures.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the wall of the porous nanotube is a porous structure, and the porous structure and the hollow tube form a tube shape, which can increase the contactable sites of the catalytic reaction in the catalytic reaction.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the porous nanotubes have gaps between each other, which play a role in further increasing the accessible sites for the catalytic reaction in the catalytic reaction.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, in the nickel-based catalyst, the introduction of Mo and P atoms adjusts the electronic structure of Ni atoms, nickel and molybdenum atoms are bonded to phosphorus atoms through metallic bonds, and part of electrons are transferred from the micro-positive charge center consisting of nickel and molybdenum atoms to the micro-negative charge center of phosphorus atoms.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the nickel, molybdenum, phosphorus and oxygen in the nickel-based catalyst act synergistically to improve catalytic activity.
A second aspect of the present invention provides a method for preparing a nickel-based catalyst, comprising the steps of:
s1: soaking foamed nickel in an ethanol solution of zinc acetate;
s2: annealing the foamed nickel treated in the step S1;
s3: soaking the foamed nickel treated in the step S2 into a mixed aqueous solution of zinc acetate and hexamethylenetetramine for hydrothermal reaction, and washing and drying a solid product to obtain foamed nickel loaded with a zinc oxide template;
s4: preparing an electrodeposition aqueous solution, carrying out electrochemical deposition on the foamed nickel loaded with the zinc oxide template obtained in the step S3 in the electrodeposition aqueous solution, simultaneously carrying out in-situ etching on the zinc oxide template, and washing and drying to obtain the nickel-based catalyst.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the preparation method further includes pretreating the nickel foam before step S1.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pre-treatment comprises shearing the nickel foam into nickel foam pieces.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the pretreatment further comprises the steps of sequentially placing the foamed nickel in ethanol, hydrochloric acid and deionized water for ultrasonic cleaning and drying.
Wherein, the purpose of cleaning with ethanol is to remove oil stains on the surface of the foamed nickel, and the purpose of cleaning with hydrochloric acid is to remove oxides possibly existing on the surface of the foamed nickel.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the ethanol solution of zinc acetate of step S1 has a concentration of 0.04M to 0.08M.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the dipping operation of step S1 is: soaking the foamed nickel in an ethanol solution of zinc acetate for 3-5 times, and 30s each time.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, in step S2, the annealing process is performed at a temperature of 300 ℃ to 400 ℃ for 20min to 40 min.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, in step S2, the annealing process is performed at 350 ℃ for 30 min.
In step S2, the annealing functions to convert zinc acetate into zinc oxide.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, in step S3, the hydrothermal reaction is performed at 80 to 120 ℃ for 1 to 4 hours.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, in the mixed aqueous solution of step S3, the molar concentration of the zinc acetate is 0.01M to 0.06M, and the molar concentration of the hexamethylenetetramine is 0.01M to 0.06M.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, in step S3, the zinc acetate may be at least one of zinc acetate dihydrate or anhydrous zinc acetate.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S3, the zinc acetate is anhydrous zinc acetate, and the anhydrous zinc acetate is more suitable for synthesizing zinc oxide nanorods with high aspect ratio.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, in step S3, the zinc oxide template is a zinc oxide nanorod.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, in step S3, the zinc oxide template is formed according to the following formula (1) to (3):
(CH2)6N4+10H2O→6HCHO+4NH3·H2O (1)，
Zn2++2NH3·H2O→Zn(OH)2+2NH4 + (2)，
Zn(OH)2→ZnO+H2O (3)。
according to an embodiment of the present invention, in step S4, the electrodeposition aqueous solution is a mixed solution of nickel salt, molybdate, hypophosphite and a complexing agent.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, in step S4, the aqueous electrodeposition solution contains 0.1M to 0.5M of a nickel salt, 0.01M to 0.05M of a molybdate salt, 0.1M to 0.5M of a hypophosphite salt, and 0.1M to 0.5M of a complexing agent.
In step S4, the nickel salt is used to provide a nickel source; the function of the molybdate is to provide a molybdenum source; the function of the hypophosphite is to provide a source of phosphorus.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S4, the aqueous electrodeposition solution contains 0.1M to 0.5M nickel sulfate hexahydrate, 0.01M to 0.05M sodium molybdate, 0.1M to 0.5M sodium hypophosphite, and 0.1M to 0.5M sodium citrate.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, in step S4, the pH of the electrodeposition aqueous solution is 5 to 7, and the reagent for adjusting the pH is at least one of a monobasic acid and a dibasic acid aqueous solution.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S4, the reagent for adjusting the pH of the aqueous electrodeposition solution is a 1M to 5M aqueous sulfuric acid solution.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S4, the constant current deposition is performed by using a three-electrode system, and the electrochemical deposition is performed by using the foamed nickel loaded with the zinc oxide template as a working electrode, a Pt foil as a counter electrode, and Ag/AgCl as a reference electrode.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, in step S4, the electrochemical deposition is constant current deposition, wherein the current density is 10mA cm-2～100mA cm-2The deposition time is 10 min-60 min.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S4, the constant current deposition has a current density of 80mA cm-2～100mA cm-2The deposition time was 30 min.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, in step S4, the galvanostatic deposition occurs according to the following equations (4) - (10):
H2PO2 -→(HPO2 -)ads+(H)ads (4)，
(HPO2 -)ads+OH-→H2PO3+2e- (5)，
Ni2++2e-→Ni (6)，
H2PO2 -+2H++e-→P+2H2O (7)，
(H)ads+H++e-→H2 (8)，
MoO4 2-+[NiCit]2++2H2O+2e-→[NiCitMoO2]2++4OH- (9)，
[NiCitMoO2]2++2H2O+4e-→Mo+[NiCit]2++4OH- (10)。
according to an embodiment of the present invention, in step S4, the zinc oxide template is etched in situ by a chemical etching mechanism, as shown in formula (11):
ZnO+2H+→Zn2++H2O (11)。
in a third aspect, the invention provides the use of a nickel-based catalyst for catalysing the oxidation of urea.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the nickel-based catalyst may be applied to a direct urea fuel cell.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the nickel-based catalyst can be applied to the technical field of new energy sources such as urea-assisted hydrogen production and the like.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has at least the following beneficial effects:
(1) the nickel-based catalyst provided by the invention has a porous nanotube structure, and gaps exist among nanotubes, so that the number of accessible catalytic sites of the catalyst with unit mass in a catalytic reaction is increased;
(2) according to the nickel-based catalyst provided by the invention, metal atoms of nickel and molybdenum and nonmetal atoms of phosphorus and oxygen generate synergistic effect, so that the catalytic activity is improved;
(3) according to the preparation method of the nickel-based catalyst, in the process of forming the porous nanotube catalyst by the electrochemical deposition method, the nanorod-shaped zinc oxide template is etched until the zinc oxide template disappears, so that the process flow is short, and the process is simple;
(4) the preparation method of the nickel-based catalyst provided by the invention does not need to use a strong acid and strong alkali etching template; does not generate PH3And the like, and is environment-friendly;
(5) according to the preparation method of the nickel-based catalyst, the adopted raw materials are nickel, molybdenum and phosphorus salt, and compared with a noble metal-based catalyst applied in industry, the cost is low;
(6) the nickel-based catalyst provided by the invention is applied to catalyzing urea oxidation reaction, and in a KOH (1.0M) solution containing 0.5M urea, the initial potential is only 1.30V (vs. RHE), and reaches 100mA cm-2The high current density of the compound only needs 1.41V (vs. RHE), and the compound shows excellent UOR activity;
(7) the nickel-based catalyst provided by the invention is applied to catalyzing urea oxidation reaction, and the current density is 20mA cm in KOH (1.0M) aqueous solution containing 0.5M urea-2Continuously catalyzingAfter 20h, the UOR current density retention rate reaches 88.6 percent; showing better stability.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph of the product obtained in example 1.
FIG. 2 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the product obtained in examples 1 to 3 and a standard pattern of crystalline zinc oxide.
FIG. 3 is a scanning electron micrograph of the product obtained in example 2.
FIG. 4 is a scanning electron micrograph of the product obtained in example 3.
FIG. 5 is a scanning electron micrograph of the product obtained in example 4.
FIG. 6 is a transmission electron micrograph of the product obtained in example 4.
FIG. 7 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the product obtained in example 4.
FIG. 8 is an X-ray photoelectron spectrum of the product obtained in example 4.
FIG. 9 is a scanning electron micrograph of the product obtained in comparative example 1.
FIG. 10 is a transmission electron micrograph of the product obtained in comparative example 2.
FIG. 11 is a plot of the UOR polarization of the products obtained in example 4 and comparative examples 1-2.
FIG. 12 is a graph of the results of the UOR stability test for the product obtained in example 4.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to examples, comparative examples, application examples, and the accompanying drawings. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are illustrative only for the purpose of explaining the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.
In the present invention, all the raw materials used are commercially available unless otherwise specifically limited.
Example 1
The embodiment prepares the foamed nickel loaded with the zinc oxide template, and the specific preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) foam nickel pretreatment: cutting the foamed nickel into pieces with the maximum surface area of 1cm x 2cm, sequentially placing the pieces in ethanol, hydrochloric acid and deionized water, respectively performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min, and drying for later use;
(2) growing zinc oxide seed crystal: soaking the foamed nickel obtained in the step (1) in an absolute ethyl alcohol solution containing 0.06M zinc acetate dihydrate for 3 times, 30s each time, and then placing the soaked foamed nickel in a tube furnace for annealing treatment under the air atmosphere, wherein the annealing temperature is 350 ℃, and the annealing time is 30 min;
(3) preparing foamed nickel loaded with a zinc oxide template: preparing a mixed aqueous solution of anhydrous zinc acetate and hexamethylenetetramine, wherein the concentration of the anhydrous zinc acetate is 0.03M, and the concentration of the hexamethylenetetramine is 0.03M; and (3) putting the foamed nickel obtained in the step (2) into the mixed aqueous solution, then transferring the mixed aqueous solution into a reaction kettle, carrying out hydrothermal reaction for 4 hours in a 95 ℃ oven, and after the reaction is finished, washing and drying the solid product to obtain the foamed nickel loaded with the zinc oxide template.
The scanning electron micrograph of the prepared product is shown as attached figure 1. The zinc oxide template exists in the form of nano rods, gaps exist among the nano rods, and the zinc oxide template is uniformly attached to the surface of the three-dimensional foam nickel substrate; the length of the zinc oxide nano rod is 1-2 μm, and the diameter of the rod is 100-200 nm.
The X-ray diffraction pattern of the prepared zinc oxide nanorod array is shown in the attached figure 2. The spectra show that this product only shows peaks of crystalline nickel and peaks of crystalline zinc oxide, consistent with the design product of this example, i.e. nickel foam loaded with zinc oxide template.
Example 2
The nickel-based catalyst is prepared by the embodiment and specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing the foamed nickel loaded with the zinc oxide template by adopting the method of example 1;
(2) preparing an electrodeposition water solution: the electrodeposition aqueous solution is a mixed aqueous solution, and the solute consists of nickel sulfate hexahydrate, sodium molybdate, sodium hypophosphite and sodium citrate, wherein the concentration of the nickel sulfate hexahydrate is 0.2M, the concentration of the sodium molybdate is 0.04M, the concentration of the sodium hypophosphite is 0.15M, and the concentration of the sodium citrate is 0.3M, and then the mixed aqueous solution is adjusted to the pH value of about 6 by using a 3M sulfuric acid aqueous solution;
(3) preparing a nickel-based catalyst: taking foamed nickel loaded with a zinc oxide template as a working electrode, and depositing a compound containing four elements of Ni, Mo, P and O on the surface of the zinc oxide template in the electrodeposition aqueous solution obtained in the step (2) by using a constant current deposition method, wherein the deposition current density is 100mA cm-2And the deposition time is 10min, and a part of the zinc oxide template is etched in situ in the deposition process, cleaned and dried to obtain the nickel-based catalyst.
The scanning electron microscope image of the prepared nickel-based catalyst is shown in the attached fig. 3, and compared with the attached fig. 1, the attached fig. 3 shows that the surface of the nanorod becomes rough, but the nanotube does not appear, which indicates that: (1) elements in the electrodeposition aqueous solution deposit on the surface of the zinc oxide nano rod to form a nano layer, and (2) the zinc oxide template is not completely etched.
The X-ray diffraction pattern of the nickel-based catalyst prepared in this example is shown in FIG. 2, and FIG. 2 shows that the product obtained in this example shows only the characteristic peaks of crystalline nickel and crystalline zinc oxide, indicating that: (1) deposition time of 10min, zinc oxide template was not completely etched, (2): the nano-deposition layer formed on the surface has no characteristic peak and is amorphous.
Example 3
In this example, a nickel-based catalyst was prepared, which is different from example 2 in that the deposition time in step (3) was 20 min.
The scanning electron microscope of the prepared nickel-based catalyst is shown in the attached figure 4, and comparing the attached figures 1 and 3, the attached figure 4 shows that the surface roughness of the zinc oxide template is improved, and meanwhile, a small amount of nanotubes exist, which indicates that: (1) elements in the electrodeposition aqueous solution deposit on the surface of the zinc oxide nanorod to form a nano layer, and (2) the zinc oxide template is not completely etched, but the etching degree is improved compared with that of example 1, and the etching degree is positively correlated with the time of electrochemical deposition.
The X-ray diffraction pattern of the prepared nickel-based catalyst is shown in fig. 2, and fig. 2 shows that, compared with the products obtained in examples 1 and 2, the characteristic peaks of crystalline zinc oxide except the characteristic peak of crystalline nickel are obviously weakened, and the characteristic peak of a deposited layer does not appear in the products obtained in this example. The results show that: (1) the electrochemical deposition time is in positive correlation with the etching degree of the zinc oxide template, and compared with the deposition time of 10min in the embodiment 2, the deposition time of 20min in the embodiment can not completely etch the template, but the etching degree is improved; (2) the deposit deposited from the aqueous electrodeposition solution onto the surface of the zinc oxide template is amorphous.
Example 4
In this example, a nickel-based catalyst was prepared, which is different from example 2 in that the deposition time was 30min in step (3).
The scanning electron microscope of the prepared nickel-based catalyst is shown as the attached figure 5, and the attached figure 5 shows that: (1) almost all zinc oxide nanorod templates are completely etched, which indicates that the zinc oxide templates can be completely etched within 30min of electrodeposition time, (2) hollow nanotubes are generated and are fixedly supported on the surface of the three-dimensional foam nickel substrate, the length of the nanotubes is 1-2 μm, the outer diameter of the nanotubes is 200-400 nm, and (3) the walls of the nanotubes are formed by stacking connected small spheres.
The transmission electron microscope of the prepared nickel-based catalyst is shown in fig. 6, and it can be seen that the thickness of the nanotube wall of the nickel-based catalyst prepared in the embodiment is about 50nm to 100nm, and the tube wall presents a porous structure.
The X-ray diffraction pattern of the prepared nickel-based catalyst is shown in figure 7, and compared with the X-ray diffraction patterns of examples 1-3 shown in figure 2, the pattern of the product obtained in the example shown in figure 7 does not show obvious characteristic peaks. The above results show that: (1) the resulting nickel-based catalyst of this example was amorphous, (2) the zinc oxide template had been completely etched in-situ during the 30min electrodeposition process.
The X-ray photoelectron spectrum of the prepared nickel-based catalyst is shown in the attached figure 8, and the material is composed of Ni, Mo, P and O, and the mass percentages of the Ni, the Mo, the P and the O are respectively as follows through fitting analysis: 49.32 wt.%, 11.99 wt.%, 12.60 wt.%, and 26.09 wt.%. The results indicate that (1) the composition of the porous nanotubes was compositely composed of the elements Ni, Mo, P, and O, and (2) the composition of the product obtained in this example was 49.32 wt.% nickel, 11.99 wt.% molybdenum, 12.60 wt.% phosphorus, and 26.09 wt.% oxygen.
The amount of the catalyst supported on the substrate in this example was calculated by the differential method according to formula (12):
the loading capacity (mass of nickel-based catalyst-mass of foamed nickel matrix)/maximum area of foamed nickel (12).
Through calculation, the loading amount of the porous nanotube-shaped catalyst on the foam nickel matrix in the material of the application is 5mg cm-2。
Comparative example 1
The nickel-based catalyst without the zinc oxide template is prepared by the embodiment, and the preparation method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) foam nickel pretreatment: cutting the foamed nickel into pieces with the maximum surface area of 1cm x 2cm, sequentially placing the pieces in ethanol, hydrochloric acid and deionized water, respectively performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min, and drying for later use;
(2) preparing an electrodeposition water solution: the electrodeposition aqueous solution is a mixed aqueous solution, and the solute consists of nickel sulfate hexahydrate, sodium molybdate, sodium hypophosphite and sodium citrate, wherein the concentration of the nickel sulfate hexahydrate is 0.2M, the concentration of the sodium molybdate is 0.04M, the concentration of the sodium hypophosphite is 0.15M, and the concentration of the sodium citrate is 0.3M; adjusting the precursor solution to pH of about 6 with 3M sulfuric acid aqueous solution;
(3) preparing a nickel-based catalyst without introducing a zinc oxide template: taking the foamed nickel obtained in the step (1) as a working electrode, and directly depositing a compound containing four elements of Ni, Mo, P and O on the surface of the foamed nickel substrate in the electrodeposition aqueous solution obtained in the step (2) by using a constant current deposition method, wherein the deposition current density is 100mA cm-2And the deposition time is 30min, and the Ni-Mo-P-O composite nano-particle membrane material is obtained after cleaning and drying.
The scanning electron microscope schematic diagram of the prepared nickel-based catalyst without introducing the zinc oxide template is shown in the attached figure 9; it can be seen that the nickel-based catalyst of the present example is formed by close packing of dense, large-sized nanoparticles, which illustrates that: the introduction of the zinc oxide template is a necessary condition for forming the porous nanotube-shaped nickel-based catalyst.
Comparative example 2
The embodiment prepares the nickel-based catalyst without introducing the molybdenum element, and the specific preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) foam nickel pretreatment: cutting the foamed nickel into pieces with the maximum surface area of 1cm x 2cm, sequentially placing the pieces in ethanol, hydrochloric acid and deionized water, respectively performing ultrasonic treatment for 10min, and drying for later use.
(2) Growing zinc oxide seed crystal: soaking the foamed nickel obtained in the step (1) in 100mL of absolute ethanol solution containing 0.06M zinc acetate dihydrate for 3 times, 30s each time, and then placing the soaked foamed nickel in a tube furnace for annealing treatment under the air atmosphere, wherein the annealing temperature is 350 ℃ and the annealing time is 30 min;
(3) preparing foamed nickel loaded with a zinc oxide template: preparing a mixed aqueous solution of anhydrous zinc acetate and hexamethylenetetramine, wherein the concentration of the anhydrous zinc acetate is 0.03M and the concentration of the hexamethylenetetramine is 0.03M; putting the foamed nickel obtained in the step (2) into the mixed aqueous solution, then transferring the mixed aqueous solution into a reaction kettle to perform hydrothermal reaction in an oven at the temperature of 95 ℃ for 4 hours, and after the reaction is finished, washing and drying a solid product to obtain foamed nickel loaded with a zinc oxide template;
(4) preparing an electrodeposition water solution: the electrodeposition aqueous solution is a mixed aqueous solution, and the solute consists of nickel sulfate hexahydrate, sodium hypophosphite and sodium citrate, wherein the concentration of the nickel sulfate hexahydrate is 0.2M, the concentration of the sodium hypophosphite is 0.15M, and the concentration of the sodium citrate is 0.3M; adjusting the precursor solution to pH of about 6 with 3M sulfuric acid aqueous solution;
(5) preparing a nickel-based catalyst without introducing molybdenum element: taking the foamed nickel loaded with the zinc oxide template obtained in the step (3) as a working electrode, and depositing a compound containing three elements of Ni, P and O on the surface of the zinc oxide template in the electrodeposition aqueous solution obtained in the step (4) by using a constant current deposition method, wherein the deposition current density is 100mA cm-2And the deposition time is 30min, and the zinc oxide template is etched in situ in the deposition process, cleaned and dried to obtain the nickel-based catalyst without introducing the molybdenum element.
The scanning electron microscope of the prepared nickel-based catalyst without introducing the molybdenum element is shown as the attached drawing 10, and the obtained morphology is similar to that of the nickel-based catalyst obtained in the embodiment 4.
Application example
Using the products prepared in example 4 and comparative examples 1-2 above as working electrodes, carbon rods as counter electrodes, Ag/AgCl electrodes as reference electrodes, and performing linear cyclic voltammetric sweep and current-time response tests under a three-electrode system to evaluate the UOR electrocatalytic activity and stability thereof, the electrolyte tested was a 0.5M urea +1.0M potassium hydroxide mixed solution.
Will commercial RuO2(99.95 wt.%) catalyst was supported on the surface of foamed nickel at the same loading as a control, and was prepared by: commercial RuO to be calculated2(99.95 wt.%) catalyst was dispersed in absolute ethanol solution and then drop-coated onto clean nickel foam to prepare RuO2Foamed nickel (RuO)2/NF) electrode, the UOR activity test was carried out in the same manner as described above.
FIG. 11 shows the RuO and samples obtained in example 4 and comparative examples 1-22UOR polarization profile of/NF in 0.5M urea +1.0M potassium hydroxide mixed solution. As can be seen from the figure, the initial potential of UOR of the catalyst prepared in inventive example 4 is only 1.30V (vs. RHE), reaching 100mA cm-2The high current density of the catalyst is only 1.41V (vs. RHE), which is obviously superior to the catalysts prepared in comparative examples 1 and 2 and the commercial noble metal-based catalyst (RuO)2/NF)。
Table 1 lists the UOR current densities for each catalyst sample at different electrode potentials.
TABLE 1 comparison of UOR Current Density for various catalyst samples
It can be seen that (1) the nickel-based catalyst obtained in example 4 of the present invention has a comparable performance to the catalysts prepared in comparative examples 1 and 2 and a commercial noble metal-based catalyst (RuO) under the same electrochemical test conditions2/NF) higher UOR current density; (2) comparative examples 1-2 and commercial RuO under the same test conditions2the/NF catalyst, the nickel-based catalyst obtained in example 4, had the lowest UOR onset potential.
FIG. 12 is a schematic view of an embodimentThe UOR current-time response plot for the nickel-based catalyst prepared in example 4. As shown in FIG. 12, the catalyst was used at 20mA cm-2After continuous catalysis for 20 hours under the high current density, the UOR current density retention rate of the catalyst reaches 88.6 percent, and the catalyst shows better stability.
The present invention has been described in detail with reference to the embodiments, but the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and various changes can be made within the knowledge of those skilled in the art without departing from the gist of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A nickel-based catalyst, comprising:
a three-dimensional network matrix having electrical conductivity; and the porous nanotubes are distributed on the surface of the three-dimensional reticular matrix and consist of four elements of nickel, molybdenum, phosphorus and oxygen.
2. The nickel-based catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the porous nanotubes are stacked of interconnected composite nanospheres comprising four elements of nickel, molybdenum, phosphorus, and oxygen.
3. The nickel-based catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the three-dimensional reticulated matrix is foamed nickel.
4. The preparation method of the nickel-based catalyst is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
s1: soaking foamed nickel in an ethanol solution of zinc acetate;
s2: annealing the foamed nickel treated in the step S1;
s3: soaking the foamed nickel treated in the step S2 into a mixed aqueous solution of zinc acetate and hexamethylenetetramine for hydrothermal reaction, and washing and drying a solid product to obtain foamed nickel loaded with a zinc oxide template;
s4: preparing an electrodeposition aqueous solution, performing electrochemical deposition on the foamed nickel loaded with the zinc oxide template obtained in the step S3 in the electrodeposition aqueous solution, simultaneously etching the zinc oxide template in situ, and washing and drying to obtain the nickel-based catalyst.
5. The method for preparing the nickel-based catalyst according to claim 4, wherein the annealing treatment is performed at a temperature of 300 to 400 ℃ for 20 to 40min in step S2.
6. The method for preparing the nickel-based catalyst according to claim 4, wherein the hydrothermal reaction is performed at 80 to 120 ℃ for 1 to 4 hours in step S3.
7. The method of claim 4, wherein in step S3, the molar concentration of zinc acetate in the aqueous mixture is 0.01M to 0.06M, and the molar concentration of hexamethylenetetramine in the aqueous mixture is 0.01M to 0.06M.
8. The method of claim 4, wherein the aqueous electrodeposition solution comprises 0.1 to 0.5M of the nickel salt, 0.01 to 0.05M of the molybdate, 0.1 to 0.5M of the hypophosphite, and 0.1 to 0.5M of the complexing agent in step S4; the pH value of the electrodeposition aqueous solution is 5-7.
9. The method for preparing the nickel-based catalyst according to claim 4, wherein the electrochemical deposition is a constant current deposition with a current density of 10mA cm at step S4-2～100mA cm-2The deposition time is 10 min-60 min.
10. Use of a nickel-based catalyst according to any of claims 1 to 3 for catalysing the oxidation of urea.
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