CN107107768B - Method for switching a plurality of differently configured battery cells of a battery pack and battery pack system having a battery pack with a plurality of differently configured battery cells - Google Patents

Method for switching a plurality of differently configured battery cells of a battery pack and battery pack system having a battery pack with a plurality of differently configured battery cells Download PDF

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CN107107768B
CN107107768B CN201580053778.1A CN201580053778A CN107107768B CN 107107768 B CN107107768 B CN 107107768B CN 201580053778 A CN201580053778 A CN 201580053778A CN 107107768 B CN107107768 B CN 107107768B
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battery
battery cell
subgroup
quality factor
current
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CN107107768A (en
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P.希伦布兰德
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4207—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/12—Recording operating variables ; Monitoring of operating variables
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
    • B60L50/64—Constructional details of batteries specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/19—Switching between serial connection and parallel connection of battery modules
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/21—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having the same nominal voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/22—Balancing the charge of battery modules
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H01M10/482—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0048—Detection of remaining charge capacity or state of charge [SOC]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/005—Detection of state of health [SOH]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/547—Voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/549—Current
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2260/00—Operating Modes
    • B60L2260/40—Control modes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for switching a plurality of battery cells (24, 27) of a battery pack (111), wherein the plurality of battery cells (24, 27) can be connected in series with one another, are each electrically coupled to the battery pack (111) with a respective first probability P1i and are each electrically decoupled from the battery pack (111) with a respective second probability P2 i. The plurality of battery cells (24, 27) forms a group of battery cells (24, 27), which comprises a first subgroup (114) of battery cells (24) of identical construction to one another and/or a second subgroup (117) of battery cells (27) of identical construction to one another and of different construction with respect to the battery cells (24) of the first subgroup (114). Furthermore, for each battery cell (24) of the first subgroup (114), the figure of merit G1i is calculated as a first function related to the current value of the battery current flowing through the battery pack (111), and/or for each battery cell (27) of the second subgroup (117), the figure of merit G2i is calculated as a second function related to the current value of the battery current and different from the first function. For each battery cell (24) of the first subgroup (114) and/or for each battery cell (27) of the second subgroup (117), the respective first probability P1i and the respective second probability P2i are also determined from the calculated figures of merit (G1 i, G2 i), respectively, for the respective battery cell (24, 27).

Description

Method for switching a plurality of differently configured battery cells of a battery pack and battery pack system having a battery pack with a plurality of differently configured battery cells
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for switching a plurality of battery cells of a battery. The invention also relates to a battery system having a battery pack having a plurality of battery cells, wherein each battery cell is assigned a respective battery cell monitoring module arranged in the battery pack.
Background
Fig. 1 shows a battery system 10 known from the prior art, which comprises a battery 11 having a plurality of battery cells (intelligent cells, SCU) 20, each having a battery cell 21 and a battery cell monitoring module (battery cell electronics module or battery cell electronics) 22 assigned to the battery cell 21. To simplify the illustration in fig. 1, only two battery cells are drawn and provided with the reference numeral 20, respectively. The battery cell monitoring module 22 enables individual control of the individual battery cells 21. In order to generate the output voltage U of the battery 11 (total output voltage), which also serves as the output voltage U of the battery system 10, the battery cell monitoring modules 22 are connected to one another in a series circuit via connecting segments. The battery system 10 also includes a Central Control Unit (CCU) 30 for controlling the battery system 10.
In order to generate the regulated output voltage (total output voltage) U of the battery 11, the individual battery cells 21 are each switched on by means of the associated battery cell monitoring module 22, i.e. the battery cells 21 are each introduced into the series circuit with a positive or negative polarity with respect to the tap of the output voltage U. In order to generate the regulated output voltage (total output voltage) U of the battery 11, the individual battery cells 21 are also each cut off by means of the associated battery cell monitoring module 22, i.e. the battery cells 21 to be cut off are separated from the series circuit in such a way that the connection terminals of each battery cell 21 to be cut off are electrically connected by means of the associated battery cell monitoring module 22, thereby bridging the respective battery cell 21. Therefore, the battery cells 21 connected to the series circuit may be in a connection state referred to as "positive-going" or another connection state referred to as "negative-going", respectively. Further, the battery cells 21 separated from the series circuit are in a connected state called "bridging".
In such a battery system 10 (smart battery system), decisions regarding changes in the connection states of the battery cells 21 are made dispersedly in the respective battery cell monitoring modules 22. The actual regulating function is realized by a central control unit 30, which is designed as a central regulator that is implemented with little effort.
In the battery pack system 10, the first control variable P1 and the second control variable P2 are predefined by a communication section 31 designed as a unidirectional communication interface, via which only one single message containing the current control variables P1 and P2 is transmitted by the central control unit 30 to all battery cell monitoring modules 22. All battery monitoring modules 22 receive the same message and autonomously either connect the respectively assigned battery 21 into a series circuit or bridge the respectively assigned battery 21 via corresponding switches (not shown) present in the battery monitoring modules 22. According to the control algorithm, the central control unit 30 specifies two control variables P1, P2 in the form of values between 0 and 1, which are transmitted by the Central Control Unit (CCU) 30 via the communication path 31 to the battery cell monitoring modules (SCU) 22 and are likewise received by all battery cell monitoring modules 22. The following applies here: 0. ltoreq. P1. ltoreq.1 and 0. ltoreq. P2. ltoreq.1.
A uniformly distributed random process is carried out in each battery monitoring module 22, which random process interprets P1 as a first probability, referred to as the switch-on probability, at which each switched-off battery cell 21 is switched on, and P2 as a second probability, referred to as the switch-off probability, at which each switched-on battery cell 21 is switched off. The central control unit 30 tracks the control variables P1 and P2 such that the smallest possible difference (control difference) occurs between the current output voltage U of the battery system U and the desired output voltage Us.
In addition to generating the regulated output voltage U of the battery 11, a simple extension of the control algorithm executed by the central control unit 30 can be made such that an effective battery cell functional state balancing (battery cell balancing) is achieved by using simultaneously weighted usage periods for the battery cells 21. In this regard, each battery monitoring module 22 scales the relevant control variable P1 or P2, i.e. the control variable P1 or P2, which is received identically and is selected as a function of the connection state of the assigned battery 21, as a function of the state of charge (SOC) and the state of aging (SOH) of the assigned battery 21. As a result, the cut-off battery cell 21 having a higher quality factor is turned on with a higher probability than the battery cell 21 having a lower (smaller) quality factor. In contrast, the battery cell 21 having a lower quality factor is cut off with a greater probability than the battery cell 21 having a higher quality factor. On time average, the battery cells 21 with the lower quality factor are less frequently loaded, whereby an effective battery cell functional state balancing between the battery cells 21 of the battery 11 is performed, wherein the state of charge differences and the state of aging differences between the different battery cells 21 of the battery 11 are balanced.
From document WO 03/088375 a2, a hybrid battery having a high-power battery and a high-energy battery is known, wherein the high-power battery and the high-energy battery are connected in parallel with one another. In this case, the high-power battery and the high-energy battery can be switched on and off during the discharge of the hybrid battery, respectively. For example, a high-power battery pack may be switched off in the presence of a current having a high current value and a high-power battery pack may be switched off in the presence of a current having a low current value.
Disclosure of Invention
According to the invention, a method for switching a plurality of battery cells of a battery is proposed, wherein the plurality of battery cells can be connected to one another in series, are each electrically coupled to the battery with a respective first probability and are each electrically decoupled from the battery with a respective second probability. Here, the plurality of battery cells constitute a group of battery cells, which group comprises a first subgroup of battery cells that are constructed identically to one another and/or a second subgroup of battery cells that are constructed identically to one another and are constructed differently with respect to the battery cells of the first subgroup. Furthermore, for each battery cell of the first sub-group, the quality factor is calculated as a first function related to a current value of the battery current flowing through the battery pack, and/or for each battery cell of the second sub-group, the quality factor is calculated as a second function related to the current value of the battery current and different from the first function. Here, for each battery cell of the first sub-pack and/or for each battery cell of the second sub-pack, the respective first probability and the respective second probability are determined in each case from the calculated quality factor of the respective battery cell.
Furthermore, the invention provides a battery pack system having a battery pack having a plurality of battery cells, wherein each battery cell is assigned a respective battery cell monitoring module arranged in the battery pack and wherein the plurality of battery cells can be connected to one another in series by means of the assigned battery cell monitoring modules. Each battery cell monitoring module is designed to electrically couple the assigned battery cells to the battery pack with a respective first probability and to electrically decouple the assigned battery cells from the battery pack with a respective second probability. Furthermore, the plurality of battery cells constitutes a group of battery cells comprising a first subgroup of battery cells constructed identically to each other and/or a second subgroup of battery cells constructed identically to each other and differently with respect to the battery cells of the first subgroup. In this case, each battery cell monitoring module assigned to a battery cell in the first subgroup is designed to calculate the quality factor as a first function relating to the current value of the battery current flowing through the battery pack for the assigned battery cell, and/or each battery cell monitoring module assigned to a battery cell in the second subgroup is designed to calculate the quality factor as a second function relating to the current value of the battery current and being different from the first function for the assigned battery cell. Furthermore, each battery cell monitoring module assigned to a battery cell in the first subgroup and/or each battery cell monitoring module assigned to a battery cell in the second subgroup are configured to determine, for the assigned battery cell, a respective first probability and a respective second probability, respectively, from the calculated quality factor of the assigned battery cell.
The dependent claims show preferred developments of the invention.
In a very preferred embodiment of the invention, each battery cell of the first sub-pack is an energy cell and each battery cell of the second sub-pack is a power cell. In this case, the first energy density calculated as the quotient between the first energy quantity which can be stored maximally in each energy cell and the mass of the respective energy cell is greater than the second energy density calculated as the quotient between the second energy quantity which can be stored maximally in each power cell and the mass of the respective power cell. Preferably, in normal operation, each power cell may be discharged and/or charged with a current having a higher current value than each energy cell. It is further preferred that the first function used for calculating the quality factor of each battery cell in the first sub-group is a monotonically decreasing function of the current value of the battery current. It is further preferred that the second function used for calculating the quality factor of each battery cell in the second sub-group is a monotonically increasing function of the current value of the battery current.
In the present invention, a quality factor is defined for each battery cell of the battery pack system according to the present invention, the quality factor being partially or completely related to a current value of a pack current flowing through the battery pack. The quality factor of each battery cell thus defined may also be related to the characteristics of the battery cell concerned. Preferably, the energy cell obtains a high quality factor according to the invention if the current value of the current battery current is small, and the energy cell obtains a small quality factor according to the invention if the current value of the current battery current is large. Furthermore, it is preferred that the quality factors of the power cells according to the invention behave exactly the opposite.
Preferably, the first function used for calculating the quality factor of each battery cell in the first sub-pack is related to the current value of the battery current in such a way that if the current value of the battery current varies between a minimum current limit value and a maximum current limit value, the quality factor of each battery cell in the first sub-pack also varies between a maximum first quality factor limit and a minimum first quality factor limit. It is furthermore preferred that the second function used for calculating the quality factor of each battery cell in the second sub-pack is related to the current value of the battery current in such a way that if the current value of the battery current varies between a minimum current limit value and a maximum current limit value, the quality factor of each battery cell in the second sub-pack also varies between a minimum second quality factor limit and a maximum second quality factor limit. In this case, the minimum first quality factor limit is in particular equal to the minimum second quality factor limit and/or the maximum first quality factor limit is in particular equal to the maximum second quality factor limit.
Preferably, the first function used for calculating the quality factor of each battery cell in the first sub-pack is related to the current value of the battery current in such a way and the second function used for calculating the quality factor of each battery cell in the second sub-pack is related to the current value of the battery current in such a way that the quality factor of each battery cell in the first sub-pack is equal to the quality factor of each battery cell in the second sub-pack if the battery current has a predefined current value between a minimum current limit value and a maximum current limit value.
Preferably, the first function used for calculating the quality factor of each battery cell in the first sub-group is also related to at least one further parameter independent of the current value of the battery current. It is further preferred that the second function used for calculating the quality factor of each battery cell in the second sub-group is also related to at least one further parameter.
In a very advantageous embodiment of the invention, the first probability used for each battery cell of the first sub-pack and/or for each battery cell of the second sub-pack is a monotonically increasing, in particular linear, function of the calculated quality factor of the respective battery cell.
In a further very advantageous embodiment of the invention, the second probability used for each battery cell of the first sub-pack and/or for each battery cell of the second sub-pack is a monotonically decreasing, in particular linear, function of the calculated quality factor of the respective battery cell.
This means that the battery cells of the first subgroup, i.e. the energy cells, are preferably more strongly discharged or charged if a battery current having a small current value flows through the battery pack. This also means that the battery cells of the second subgroup, i.e. the power cells, are preferably more strongly discharged or charged if a battery current with a large current value flows. Therefore, each battery cell is used in an optimum operating point according to its characteristics, i.e., each battery cell is more often discharged or charged with the current for which it has been explained in detail. This enables not only the energy battery but also the power battery to be mounted in the same battery pack of the battery pack system according to the present invention. Energy cells have a higher energy density (Wh/kg) than power cells. For this reason, the energy density of the battery pack system according to the present invention, in which not only the energy battery but also the power battery are mounted, may be significantly increased compared to the battery pack in which only the power battery is mounted.
In the analysis of a battery pack system that can be used in a vehicle, for example, provision may be made for: in a typical load defined for a discharge cycle of such a battery system, a maximum share of the energy quantity of the battery system is drawn with a discharge current having a C rate of preferably less than 3C. If the battery pack is discharged or charged at the C rate, the current value of the current at which the battery pack is discharged or charged is calculated as the product between the C rate and the rated charge amount of the battery pack. The C rate of 1C means, for example, that a battery pack having a rated charge of 1Ah and discharged at the C rate of 1C supplies a current of 1A for one hour. Since energy cells have a higher energy density (Wh/kg) than power cells, this aforementioned maximum share of the energy quantity can preferably be provided by the energy cells, while the power cells can preferably provide a smaller share of the energy quantity extracted from the battery packs of the battery pack system, which is extracted with a discharge current having a higher C rate. Therefore, it is possible to improve the energy density of the battery pack system in which the energy battery and the power battery are simultaneously mounted, with the discharge current of the maximum C rate kept constant.
In the table shown later, the portion of the energy amount AE extracted from the battery pack of the battery pack system is illustrated in percentage% in the first column and the C rate of the corresponding discharge current is illustrated in the second column.
AE（%） Rate of C
27% <1C
24% 1C to 2C
27% 2C to 3C
14% 3C to 4C
5% 4C to 5C
1% 5C to 6C
2% ≥7C
In the battery pack system according to the invention, the first probability used by the battery cell monitoring modules respectively assigned to the battery cells is preferably a first control variable scaled by a respective first factor for each battery cell in the first subgroup and/or for each battery cell in the second subgroup. Furthermore, the second probability used by the battery cell monitoring modules respectively assigned to the battery cells is preferably a second control variable scaled by a corresponding second factor for each battery cell of the first subgroup and/or for each battery cell of the second subgroup. Preferably, the first control variable and/or the second control variable are each independent of the quality factor of the respective battery cell, and the first factor and the second factor are each predefined as a function of the quality factor of the respective battery cell.
Preferably, the battery pack system according to the invention has a central control unit which is designed to predefine the respective first and second control variables for all battery cells of the first subgroup and/or for all battery cells of the second subgroup and to transmit the first and second control variables to all battery cell monitoring modules assigned to the battery cells in the first subgroup and/or to all battery cell monitoring modules assigned to the battery cells in the second subgroup in order to generate a desired output voltage of the battery pack. Furthermore, it is preferred that the control unit is designed to measure the current output voltage of the battery pack and compare it with a desired output voltage of the battery pack, and to change the first and second control variables when there is a difference between the current output voltage and the desired output voltage, such that the absolute value of the difference between the current output voltage and the desired output voltage is minimized.
In this case, the measured current output voltage and the desired output voltage are preferably not instantaneous values of the respective voltage, but rather an average value of the respective voltage over a plurality of control cycles or a statistical average value of the respective voltage.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a vehicle having the battery pack system according to the invention.
Drawings
Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail later with reference to the drawings. In the drawings:
figure 1 is a battery system known from the prior art with a battery having a plurality of battery cells that can be connected in series,
fig. 2 is a battery pack system having a battery pack with a plurality of battery cells capable of being connected in series, constructed according to a first embodiment of the present invention, and
fig. 3 is a correlation of the figure of merit shown for battery cells of different configurations of the battery pack system in fig. 2 with the C-rate corresponding to the current value of the battery pack current flowing through the battery pack of the battery pack system shown in fig. 2.
Detailed Description
Fig. 2 shows a battery pack system 100 according to the present invention according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The battery system 100 according to the invention comprises, in contrast to the battery system shown in fig. 1 and known from the prior art, a plurality of battery cells 24, 27 which constitute a group of battery cells 24, 27 comprising a first subgroup 114 of battery cells 24 which are of identical construction to one another and/or a second subgroup 117 of battery cells 27 which are of identical construction to one another and of different construction relative to the battery cells 24 of the first subgroup 114. Here, the battery cells 24 of the first subgroup 114 are also referred to as energy cells 24 and the battery cells 27 of the second subgroup 117 are also referred to as power cells 27. The energy battery 24 differs from the power battery 27 in that the energy battery 24 has a higher energy density (WH/kg) than the power battery 27 and in particular also in that the power battery 27 can be discharged and/or charged with a current having a higher current value than the energy battery 24.
In the battery system 100 according to the invention, a battery monitoring module 124, 127 is also assigned to each battery cell 24, 27 of the battery 111. Here too, each battery cell 24, 27 here forms a respective battery cell unit 125, 128 together with the respective associated battery cell monitoring module 124, 127. Furthermore, in the battery system 100 according to the invention, each battery cell monitoring module 124, 127 is also configured to switch the assigned battery cell 24, 27 on, i.e. electrically coupled to the battery pack 111, with a respective first probability P1i, and to switch off, i.e. electrically decoupled from the battery pack 111, with a respective second probability P2 i.
Furthermore, the battery cell units 125, 128 of the battery system 100 according to the invention are also arranged such that, if the respective battery cells 24, 27 are switched on, they are connected in series with one another, i.e. the switched-on battery cells 24, 27 can also be introduced into the series circuit here with positive or negative polarity, respectively.
The battery system 100 according to the invention differs from the battery system shown in fig. 1 by the functionality of the battery cell monitoring modules 124, 127 assigned to the battery cells 24, 27. The battery cell monitoring modules 124, 127 according to the invention are designed for different scaling than the battery cell monitoring modules of the battery system shown in fig. 1, using the control variables P1 and P2 predefined by the central control unit 30. The battery cell monitoring modules 124, 127 according to the invention are therefore also designed to determine, in contrast to the battery cell monitoring modules of the battery system shown in fig. 1, a respective first probability P1i, at which the assigned battery cells 24, 27 are switched on in each case, and a respective second probability P2i, at which the assigned battery cells 24, 27 are switched off in each case. Here, i is a natural number between 1 and the number n of the plurality of battery cells 24, 27 of the battery pack 111.
The functionality of each battery cell monitoring module 124, 127 according to the invention is described in detail subsequently:
each battery cell monitoring module 124 assigned to a battery cell 24 of the first subgroup 114 is configured to calculate the quality factor G1i of the assigned battery cell 24 as a monotonically decreasing first function related to the current value of the battery current flowing through the battery pack 111. Preferably, the first function for calculating the quality factor G1i for each battery cell 24 in the first subgroup 114 is a monotonically decreasing function of the current value of the battery current. The relationship 1 ≦ i ≦ n1 applies here to i, where n1 is the number of battery cells 24 of the first subgroup 114.
Each battery cell monitoring module 127 assigned to a battery cell 27 of the second subgroup 117 is configured to calculate the quality factor G2i of the assigned battery cell 27 as a second function which is related to the current value of the battery current flowing through the battery pack 111 and which is different from the first function. Preferably, the second function for calculating the quality factor G2i for each battery cell 27 in the second subgroup 117 is a monotonically increasing function of the current value of the battery current. Here, the relation n1+ 1. ltoreq. i.ltoreq.n applies to i.
Furthermore, in the battery system 100 according to the invention, the central control unit 30 is also designed to predefine the first control variable P1 and the second control variable P2 and to transmit them to the battery monitoring modules 124, 127 via the communication path 31.
Furthermore, each battery cell monitoring module 124, 127 according to the invention is designed to use, for the assigned battery cell 24, 27, the first control variable P1 scaled by the respective first factor f1i as the respective first probability P1i and the second control variable P2 scaled by the second factor f2i as the respective second probability P2 i.
Preferably, each battery cell monitoring module 124 assigned to a battery cell 24 of the first subgroup 114 is configured to determine, for the assigned battery cell 24, a respective first probability P1i according to relation (1) and a respective second probability P2i according to relation (2):
P1i=f1i·P1=G1i·P1，1≤i≤n1 （1）
P2i=f2i·P2=（1-G1i）·P2，1≤i≤n1 （2）。
further preferably, each battery cell monitoring module 127 assigned to a battery cell 27 of the second subgroup 117 is configured for determining, for the assigned battery cell 27, a respective first probability P1i according to relation (3) and a respective second probability P2i according to relation (4):
P1i=f1i·P1=G2i·P1，n1+1≤i≤n （3）
P2i=f2i·P2=（1-G2i）·P2，n1+1≤i≤n （4）。
in the relations (1) to (4), P1 is the first control variable and P2 is the second control variable, f1i is the first factor of the respective i- th battery cell 24, 27, f2i is the second factor of the respective i- th battery cell 24, 27, and G1i or G2i is the quality factor of the i- th battery cell 24, 27.
The correlation of the quality factor G1i of each battery cell 24 in the first subgroup 114, i.e. the quality factor G1i of each energy cell 24 of the battery pack 111, with the C-rate R corresponding to the current value of the pack current flowing through the battery pack 111 is shown in fig. 3. As can be seen from fig. 3, the quality factor G1i of each energy cell of the battery pack 111 is a monotonically decreasing function of the C-rate R corresponding to the current value of the pack current flowing through the battery pack 111 and is therefore also related to the current value of the pack current. It can also be seen from fig. 3 that the quality factor G1i of each energy cell 24 of the battery 111 varies between a maximum first quality factor limit G1max and a minimum first quality factor limit G1min when the C-rate R varies between a minimum C-rate limit Rmin and a maximum C-rate limit Rmax and therefore also when the current value of the battery current varies between a minimum current limit value and a maximum current limit value.
Also shown in fig. 3 is the correlation of the quality factor G2i of each battery cell 27 in the second subgroup 117, i.e. the quality factor G2i of each power cell 27 of the battery pack 111, with the C-rate R corresponding to the current value of the pack current flowing through the battery pack 111. As can be seen from fig. 3, the quality factor G2i of each energy cell 27 of the battery pack 111 is a monotonically increasing function of the C-rate R corresponding to the current value of the pack current flowing through the battery pack 111 and is therefore also related to the current value of the pack current. It can also be seen from fig. 3 that the quality factor G2i of each power cell 27 of the stack 111 varies between a minimum second quality factor limit G2min and a maximum second quality factor limit G2max when the C-rate R varies between the minimum C-rate limit Rmin and the maximum C-rate limit Rmax and therefore also when the current value of the stack current varies between the minimum current limit value and the maximum current limit value.
Preferably, the minimum first quality factor limit G1min is equal to the minimum second quality factor limit G2 min. Furthermore, the maximum first quality factor limit G1max is preferably equal to the maximum second quality factor limit G2 max.
It can also be seen from fig. 3 that the quality factor G1i of each energy cell 24 of the battery pack 111 is equal to the quality factor G2i of each power cell 27 of the battery pack 111, and that a predefined quality factor G0 results when the C-rate R has a predefined C-rate value R0 lying between a minimum C-rate limit Rmin and a maximum C-rate limit Rmax, and therefore also when the pack current has a predefined current value lying between a minimum current limit value and a maximum current limit value.
In addition to the preceding text disclosure, reference is hereby additionally made to the illustrations in fig. 2 and 3 for the purpose of further disclosing the invention.

Claims (16)

1. Method for switching a plurality of battery cells (24, 27) of a battery pack (111), wherein the plurality of battery cells (24, 27) can be connected in series with one another, each being electrically coupled to the battery pack (111) with a respective first probability P1i and each being electrically decoupled from the battery pack (111) with a respective second probability P2i, characterized in that the plurality of battery cells (24, 27) constitutes a group of battery cells (24, 27) comprising a first subgroup (114) of battery cells (24) constructed identically to one another and/or a second subgroup (117) of battery cells (27) constructed identically to one another and differently with respect to the battery cells (24) of the first subgroup (114), wherein for each battery cell (24) of the first subgroup (114) a figure of merit (G1 i) is calculated as a first function which is related to a current value of a battery current flowing through the battery pack (111), and/or for each battery cell (27) of the second subgroup (117), calculating the figure of merit (G2 i) as a second function related to the current value of the battery current and different from the first function, and for each battery cell (24) of the first subgroup (114) and/or for each battery cell (27) of the second subgroup (117), determining the respective first probability P1i and the respective second probability P2i from the calculated figures of merit (G1 i, G2 i) of the respective battery cell (24, 27), respectively.
2. Method according to claim 1, wherein each battery cell (24) of the first subgroup (114) is an energy cell (24) and each battery cell (27) of the second subgroup (117) is a power cell (27), wherein a first energy density, calculated as a quotient between a first amount of energy that can be stored maximally in each energy cell (24) and a mass of the respective energy cell (24), is larger than a second energy density, calculated as a quotient between a second amount of energy that can be stored maximally in each power cell (27) and a mass of the respective power cell (27), and/or wherein a first function used for calculating the quality factor (G1 i) of each battery cell (24) of the first subgroup (114) is a monotonically decreasing function of a current value of the battery current, and/or a second function used for calculating the quality factor of each battery cell (27) of the second subgroup (117) is a monotonically decreasing function of the battery current value, and/or a second function used for calculating the quality factor of each battery cell (27) of the second subgroup (117) A monotonically increasing function of the current value of the current.
3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the first function used for calculating the quality factor (G1 i) of each battery cell (24) in the first subgroup (114) is related to the current value of the battery current in such a way that if the current value of the battery current varies between a minimum current limit value and a maximum current limit value, the quality factor (G1 i) of each battery cell (24) in the first subgroup (114) also varies between a maximum first quality factor limit (G1 max) and a minimum first quality factor limit (G1 min), and/or the second function used for calculating the quality factor (G2 i) of each battery cell (27) in the second subgroup (117) is related to the current value of the battery current in such a way that if the current value of the battery current varies between a minimum current limit value and a maximum current limit value, the quality factor (G2 i) of each battery cell (27) in the second subgroup (117) also varies between a minimum second quality factor limit (G2 min) and a maximum second quality factor limit (G2 max), wherein the minimum first quality factor limit (G1 min) equals the minimum second quality factor limit (G2 min) and/or the maximum first quality factor limit (G1 max) equals the maximum second quality factor limit (G2 max).
4. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the first function used for calculating the quality factor (G1 i) of each battery cell (24) in the first subgroup (114) is related to the current value of the battery current in such a way and the second function used for calculating the quality factor (G2 i) of each battery cell (27) in the second subgroup (117) is related to the current value of the battery current in such a way that the quality factor (G1 i) of each battery cell (24) in the first subgroup (114) is equal to the quality factor (G2 i) of each battery cell (27) in the second subgroup (117) if the battery current has a predefined current value lying between a minimum current limit value and a maximum current limit value.
5. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the first function used for calculating the figure of merit (G1 i) for each battery cell (24) in the first subgroup (114) is also related to at least one further parameter independent of the current value of the battery current, and/or the second function used for calculating the figure of merit (G2 i) for each battery cell (27) in the second subgroup (117) is also related to at least one further parameter.
6. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the first probability P1i used for each battery cell (24) of the first subgroup (114) and/or for each battery cell (27) of the second subgroup (117) is a monotonically increasing function of the calculated quality factor (G1 i, G2 i) of the respective battery cell (24, 27), and/or the second probability P2i used for each battery cell (24) of the first subgroup (114) and/or for each battery cell (27) of the second subgroup (117) is a monotonically decreasing function of the calculated quality factor (G1 i, G2 i) of the respective battery cell (24, 27).
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the monotonically increasing function is a linear function and/or the monotonically decreasing function is a linear function.
8. Battery pack system (100) having a battery pack (111) having a plurality of battery cells (24, 27), wherein each battery cell (24, 27) is assigned a respective battery cell monitoring module (124, 127) arranged in the battery pack (111), and wherein the plurality of battery cells (24, 27) can be connected in series to one another by means of the assigned battery cell monitoring modules (124, 127), and each battery cell monitoring module (124, 127) is designed to electrically couple the assigned battery cells (24, 27) to the battery pack (111) with a respective first probability P1i and to electrically decouple them from the battery pack (111) with a respective second probability P2i, characterized in that the plurality of battery cells (24, 27) form a battery pack (24, 27) comprising a first subgroup (114) and/or a plurality of mutually identically designed and mutually identical subgroups of battery cells (24), which are mutually identically designed and are mutually identical A second subgroup (117) of battery cells (27) of different configuration for the battery cells (24) of the first subgroup (114), wherein each battery cell monitoring module (114) assigned to a battery cell (24) in the first subgroup (114) is configured to calculate, for the assigned battery cell (24), a figure of merit (G1 i) as a first function related to the current value of the battery current flowing through the battery pack, and/or each battery cell monitoring module (127) assigned to a battery cell (27) in the second subgroup (117) is configured to calculate, for the assigned battery cell (24, 27), a figure of merit (G2 i) as a second function related to the current value of the battery current and different from the first function, wherein each battery cell monitoring module (124) assigned to a battery cell (24) in the first subgroup (114) and/or to the second subgroup (117) 117) Each battery cell monitoring module (127) of the battery cells (27) is designed to determine, for the assigned battery cell (24, 27), a respective first probability P1i and a respective second probability P2i as a function of the calculated quality factor (G1 i, G2 i) of the assigned battery cell (24, 27), respectively.
9. The battery system (100) according to claim 8, wherein each battery cell (24) of the first subgroup (114) is an energy cell (24) and each battery cell (27) of the second subgroup (117) is a power cell (27), wherein a first energy density, calculated as a quotient between a first amount of energy that can be stored maximally in each energy cell and a mass of the respective energy cell (24), is larger than a second energy density, calculated as a quotient between a second amount of energy that can be stored maximally in each power cell (27) and a mass of the respective power cell (27), and/or wherein a first function used for calculating the quality factor (G1 i) of each battery cell (24) of the first subgroup (114) is a monotonically decreasing function of a current value of the battery current, and/or a second function used for calculating the quality factor (G2 i) of each battery cell (27) of the second subgroup (117) is a power cell (27) The function is a monotonically increasing function of the current value of the battery current.
10. The battery system (100) according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the first function used by the battery cell monitoring module (124) assigned to each battery cell in the first subgroup (114) for calculating the quality factor (G1 i) of said battery cell is related to the current value of the battery current in such a way that if the current value of the battery current varies between a minimum current limit value and a maximum current limit value, the quality factor (G1 i) of each battery cell (24) in the first subgroup (114) also varies between a maximum first quality factor limit (G1 max) and a minimum first quality factor limit (G1 min), and/or the second function used by the battery cell monitoring module (127) assigned to said battery cell in order to calculate the quality factor (G2 i) of each battery cell (27) in the second subgroup (117) is related to the current value of the battery current in such a way, i.e. if the current value of the battery current varies between a minimum current limit value and a maximum current limit value, the quality factor (G2 i) of each battery cell (27) in the second subgroup (117) also varies between a minimum second quality factor limit (G2 min) and a maximum second quality factor limit (G2 max), wherein the minimum first quality factor limit (G1 min) equals the minimum second quality factor limit (G2 min) and/or the maximum first quality factor limit (G1 max) equals the maximum second quality factor limit (G2 max).
11. The battery system (100) according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the first function used by the battery cell monitoring module (124) assigned to each battery cell in the first subgroup (114) for calculating the quality factor (G1 i) of said battery cell is related in such a way to the current value of the battery current and the second function used by the battery cell monitoring module (127) assigned to said battery cell in the second subgroup (117) for calculating the quality factor (G2 i) of each battery cell (27) in the second subgroup is related in such a way to the current value of the battery current, i.e. if the battery current has a predefined current value lying between a minimum current limit value and a maximum current limit value, the quality factor (G1 i) of each battery cell (24) in the first subgroup (114) is equal to the quality factor (G2 i) of each battery cell (27) in the second subgroup (117).
12. The battery system (100) according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the first function used by the battery cell monitoring module (124) assigned to each battery cell (24) in the first subgroup (114) for calculating the quality factor (G1 i) thereof is also related to at least one further parameter independent of the current value of the battery current, and/or the second function used by the battery cell monitoring module (127) assigned to said battery cell for calculating the quality factor (G2 i) thereof in the second subgroup (117) is also related to at least one further parameter.
13. The battery system (100) according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the first probability P1i used by the battery cell monitoring module (124, 127), respectively assigned to each battery cell, for each battery cell (24) of the first subgroup (114) and/or for each battery cell (27) of the second subgroup (117) is a monotonically increasing function of the calculated quality factor (G1 i, G2 i) of the respective battery cell (24, 27), and/or the second probability P2i used by the battery cell monitoring module (124, 127), respectively assigned to said battery cell, for each battery cell (24) of the first subgroup (114) and/or for each battery cell (27) of the second subgroup (117) is a monotonically increasing function of the calculated quality factor (G1 i, G2) of the respective battery cell (24, 27), G2 i).
14. The battery system (100) of claim 13, wherein the monotonically increasing function is a linear function and/or the monotonically decreasing function is a linear function.
15. The battery system (100) according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the first probability P1i used by the battery cell monitoring modules (124, 127) respectively assigned to the battery cells for each battery cell (24) of the first subgroup (114) and/or for each battery cell (27) of the second subgroup (117) is a first control parameter P1 scaled with a respective first factor f1i and the first probability P2i used by the battery cell monitoring modules (124, 127) respectively assigned to the battery cells for each battery cell (24) of the first subgroup (114) and/or for each battery cell (27) of the second subgroup (117) is a second control parameter P2 scaled with a respective second factor f2i, wherein the first control parameter P1 and/or the second control parameter P2 are scaled with the respective battery cell (24, 2) respectively, 27) Is independent of the quality factor (G1 i, G2 i), and the first factor f1i and the second factor f2i are predefined in accordance with the quality factor (G1 i, G2 i) of the respective battery cell (24, 27), respectively.
16. The battery pack system (100) as claimed in claim 15, having a central control unit (30) which is designed to predefine a respective first control variable P1 and a respective second control variable P2 for all battery cells (24) of the first subgroup (114) and/or for all battery cells (27) of the second subgroup (117) and to transmit the first control variable P1 and the second control variable P2 to all battery cell monitoring modules (124) assigned to the battery cells (24) of the first subgroup (114) and/or to all battery cell monitoring modules (127) assigned to the battery cells (27) of the second subgroup (117) and to measure a current output voltage (U) of the battery pack (111) and to compare it with a desired output voltage Us of the battery pack (111) in order to generate a desired output voltage Us of the battery pack (100), and the first control variable P1 and the second control variable P2 are changed when there is a difference between the present output voltage (U) and the desired output voltage Us such that the absolute value of the difference between the present output voltage (U) and the desired output voltage Us is minimized.
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KR20170067730A (en) 2017-06-16
WO2016050446A1 (en) 2016-04-07
DE102014220098A1 (en) 2016-04-07

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