CN104505841B - The Static Synchronous generator reactive support and control method of power grid asymmetry short circuit fault - Google Patents
The Static Synchronous generator reactive support and control method of power grid asymmetry short circuit fault Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104505841B CN104505841B CN201410726874.5A CN201410726874A CN104505841B CN 104505841 B CN104505841 B CN 104505841B CN 201410726874 A CN201410726874 A CN 201410726874A CN 104505841 B CN104505841 B CN 104505841B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- sequence
- current
- phase
- reactive
- negative
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 238000000819 phase cycle Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000011217 control strategy Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/26—Arrangements for eliminating or reducing asymmetry in polyphase networks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/18—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks
- H02J3/1821—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using shunt compensators
- H02J3/1835—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using shunt compensators with stepless control
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y02E40/30—Reactive power compensation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y02E40/50—Arrangements for eliminating or reducing asymmetry in polyphase networks
Abstract
The present invention relates to the Static Synchronous generator reactive support and control methods of power grid asymmetry short circuit fault, and by calculating grid entry point voltage unbalance factor in real time, dynamical output negative phase-sequence reactive current only carries out reactive power support to a wherein phase or two-phase that short trouble occurs；By using instruction current amplitude limit strategy, it is ensured that as degree of asymmetry increases, to export negative phase-sequence reactive current to greatest extent, realize maximum negative-sequence current support and control.The control strategy can effectively avoid original control strategy overcompensation and overpressure problems caused by injecting three-phase symmetrical reactive current, and new resolving ideas is provided for asymmetry short circuit fault.
Description
Technical field
The negative phase-sequence dynamic reactive support control under power grid asymmetry short circuit fault the present invention relates to a kind of Static Synchronous generator
System strategy to a phase or two-phase voltage that short circuit occurs, it can be achieved that only carry out reactive power support.
Background technology
In recent years, based on the mature technologies such as high-voltage large-capacity STATCOM and battery energy storage, with advanced Synchronization Control
Mode is core, has both the inertia of conventional synchronization generator and synchronous/damping torque characteristic and voltage regulation properties, can be between
Formula of the having a rest energy is contributed and load variations situation is real-time, quickly adjusts public grid entry point electric voltage frequency and amplitude, and then it is dynamic to improve it
Step response, the Static Synchronous generator techniques of enhancing grid entry point grid strength are developed rapidly, however when power grid occurs not
During symmetrical short-circuit failure, since its size still according to grid entry point voltage positive-sequence component injects three-phase symmetrical reactive current, it will lead
It causes not fall the voltage overcompensation of phase and over-pressed, equally jeopardizes the safe and stable operation of power grid, therefore there is an urgent need to study power grid
Split-phase dynamic reactive support and control technology under asymmetry short circuit fault.
Patent of the present invention stops synchronous generator (as shown in Figure 1) for H bridges cascade chain type Structural Static, by control strategy
Optimization, can successfully manage under power grid asymmetry short circuit fault because output three-phase symmetrical dynamic reactive support electric current caused by not
Overpressure problems caused by falling phase voltage overcompensation provide new solution for power grid unsymmetrical short-circuit, are conducive to power grid and exist
Safe and stable operation under unbalanced fault.
At present, external only ABB is proposed Static Synchronous generator (SSG) product, but it does not have power grid asymmetry
Negative phase-sequence dynamic reactive support and control strategy under short trouble, domestic Static Synchronous generator techniques and its related control strategies are still
In the starting stage.
Invention content
The object of the present invention is to provide negative phase-sequence dynamic reactives under a kind of Static Synchronous Generator Network asymmetry short circuit fault
Support and control strategy stops synchronous generator split-phase dynamic nothing to solve H bridges cascade chain type Structural Static under asymmetry short circuit fault
Work(support technology problem avoids the overpressure problems caused by injecting three-phase symmetrical reactive current.
To achieve the above object, the solution of the present invention includes：
The Static Synchronous generator reactive support and control method of power grid asymmetry short circuit fault, step are as follows：1) it carries out just
Sequence watt current, positive sequence active component, negative phase-sequence watt current, negative phase-sequence reactive current decoupling control；2) grid entry point is calculated in real time
Voltage unbalance factor asks for negative phase-sequence dynamic support referenced reactive current under asymmetry short circuit fault according to degree of unbalancedness.
It further includes step 3) and amplitude limit control is carried out to instruction current.
According to degree of unbalancedness, negative phase-sequence dynamic reactive current-order is calculated--- rated current,
Vp--- network voltage positive-sequence component；Vn--- network voltage negative sequence component.
The present invention is eliminated by injecting residual voltage under asymmetry short circuit fault first, negative sequence voltage and the idle electricity of positive sequence
The alternate unbalanced power of three-phase caused by stream；Secondly, grid entry point voltage unbalance factor is detected in real time, it is defeated according to degree of unbalancedness dynamic
Go out negative phase-sequence reactive current, and then realize the dynamic reactive support and control only to falling phase voltage；Finally, according to negative-sequence current size
Amplitude limit is carried out to forward-order current, it is ensured that OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER support and control under asymmetry short circuit fault.It is not right that the present invention solves power grid
H bridges cascade chain type Structural Static under short trouble is claimed to stop synchronous generator split-phase dynamic reactive support technology problem, is avoided because of note
Overpressure problems caused by entering three-phase symmetrical reactive current.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is that H bridges cascade chain type Structural Static stops synchronous generator structure chart；
Fig. 2 is H bridges cascade Static Synchronous generator negative phase-sequence dynamic reactive support and control policy construction figure；
Fig. 3 is positive-negative sequence separation Decoupling network；
Fig. 4 is active power close loop control block diagram；
Fig. 5 is reactive power closed-loop control block diagram；
Fig. 6 is residual voltage control program.
Specific embodiment
If normal grid voltage phase voltage peak value is VT, fall phase voltage peak value as n × VT(0≤n≤1), with VTAs base
Quasi- value carries out perunit, then, can according to unsymmetrical short-circuits modes such as network voltage single-phase earthing, two phase ground and two-phase phase faults
It respectively obtains Static Synchronous generator output voltage under network voltage asymmetry short circuit fault and expresses formula.
Single-phase grounding fault：
According to symmetrical component method, when short trouble occurs, if grid entry point voltage-phase does not change, list can obtain
Static Synchronous generator output positive sequence, negative phase-sequence, zero-sequence component amplitude are under phase ground short circuit failure：
This makes it possible to obtain three-phase voltage expression formula such as formulas 1 during singlephase earth fault) shown in：
In formula：Vp--- network voltage positive-sequence component；Vn--- network voltage negative sequence component；V0--- network voltage zero sequence
Component；vabc--- three-phase power grid voltage；N --- grid voltage sags amplitude.
Two relative ground circuit failures：
According to symmetrical component method, when short trouble occurs, if grid entry point voltage-phase does not change, two are can obtain
Static Synchronous generator output positive sequence, negative phase-sequence, zero-sequence component amplitude are under relative ground circuit failure：
This makes it possible to obtain three-phase voltage expression formula such as formulas 2 during two relative ground circuits) shown in：
In formula：Vp--- network voltage positive-sequence component；Vn--- network voltage negative sequence component；V0--- network voltage zero sequence
Component；vabc--- three-phase power grid voltage；N --- grid voltage sags amplitude.
Two-phase phase fault：
According to symmetrical component method, when short trouble occurs, if grid entry point voltage-phase does not change, two are can obtain
Static Synchronous generator output positive sequence, negative phase-sequence, zero-sequence component amplitude are under phase phase fault：
This makes it possible to obtain three-phase voltage expression formula such as formulas 3 during two-phase phase fault) shown in：
In formula：Vp--- network voltage positive-sequence component；Vn--- network voltage negative sequence component；V0--- network voltage zero sequence
Component；vabc--- three-phase power grid voltage；N --- grid voltage sags amplitude.
Accordingly, for the present invention under asymmetry short circuit fault, negative phase-sequence dynamic reactive support and control strategy is as follows：
Pass through positive-negative sequence separation control strategy realization positive sequence, the decoupling control of negative sequence component；
By formula 1), formula 2), formula 3), network voltage positive sequence, negative sequence component size after being detached according to positive-negative sequence, in real time calculate
Degree of unbalancedness；
According to degree of unbalancedness, by formula 4), by closed-loop control+instruction current Feed-forward Control Strategy, negative phase-sequence is exported in real time
Dynamic reactive electric current realizes the support to falling phase voltage.IeFor rated current.
The present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
H bridges cascade chain type Static Synchronous generator negative phase-sequence dynamic reactive support and control plan under power grid asymmetry short circuit fault
Slightly control structure block diagram is as shown in Fig. 2, whole system is detached by positive-negative sequence and phase lock control, negative-sequence current generate, negative phase-sequence refers to
Enable the compositions such as current limit and instruction feedforward, residual voltage control, submodule Pressure and Control.
(1) positive-negative sequence separation Decoupling network and phaselocked loop
When uneven or asymmetry short circuit fault occurs in network voltage, voltage is simultaneously comprising positive sequence, negative phase-sequence, zero sequence point
Amount, thus detaches positive and negative sequence component firstly the need of by Decoupling network shown in Fig. 3, locks positive sequence base on this basis
Wave component phase.
(2) power closed-loop control
Power closed-loop control is realized by receiving host computer or remote control end power instruction to Static Synchronous generated power work(
The accurate control of rate, reactive power.It is real in a manner that power feedforward is combined with closed-loop control to accelerate system response time
Existing, the output of power ring adjuster is watt current, referenced reactive current.According to instantaneous power theory, active power, reactive power
Value of feedback is respectively：
In formula：Pf--- instantaneous active is fed back；Qf--- instantaneous reactive is fed back；Vp--- network voltage positive-sequence component；
Ipd--- positive sequence watt current；Ipq--- positive sequence active component.
Active power, reactive power closed-loop control block diagram are as shown in Figure 4, Figure 5.
(3) negative current instructions generation and current limit
First, three-phase power grid voltage is detected in real time, and detaching Decoupling network according to positive-negative sequence respectively obtains negative phase-sequence, positive sequence voltage
Component, by formula 4) calculate negative phase-sequence dynamic reactive current-order；Secondly, positive-negative sequence separated network is to three-phase grid as shown in Figure 3
Electric current carries out positive-negative sequence separation, realizes positive sequence watt current, positive sequence active component, negative phase-sequence watt current, negative phase-sequence reactive current
Decoupling control；Finally, it under power grid asymmetry short circuit fault, to ensure negative-sequence current output, realizes and is moved to falling phase voltage
State supports, and forward-order current need to be instructed and carry out amplitude limit, specific strategy is as follows：
Positive sequence current values are calculated according to the active and reactive instruction current of positive sequence, such as formula 5) shown in；
Negative sequence current value is calculated according to the active and reactive instruction current of negative phase-sequence, such as formula 6) shown in；
Amplitude limit principle is that the sum of positive sequence, negative phase-sequence instruction current are no more than the Static Synchronous rated current of generator, and in electricity
Under net asymmetry short circuit fault, should be preferential using negative-sequence current output, obtain forward-order current amplitude limit value such as formula 7 accordingly) shown in.
In formula：--- forward-order current instructs；--- positive sequence watt current instructs；--- positive sequence is idle
Current-order；--- negative current instructions；--- negative phase-sequence watt current instructs；--- negative phase-sequence reactive current refers to
It enables；Ie--- rated current.
(4) residual voltage controls
The guarantee of residual voltage control program is alternate to press, and under power grid asymmetry short circuit fault, still ensures that H bridge cascade chains
The equilibrium of DC voltage, control structure block diagram are as shown in Figure 6 on formula structure three chains of static synchronous generator.First, it calculates
Three respective DC voltage average values of chain, after passing it through three-phase to two phase inversions, zero is can be calculated by pi regulator
Sequence voltage phase and amplitude information, the value are residual voltage；Secondly, active and reactive electricity is exported according to Static Synchronous generator
Stream and the output of residual voltage controller determine residual voltage phase information；0 that finally residual voltage is converted as dq0 → abc
Axis component, be added to each submodule after 2r → 3s transformation.
Can be realized under power grid asymmetry short circuit fault by above-mentioned control strategy only imbalance is fallen the voltage of phase into
Mobile state reactive power support, overcompensation overpressure problems caused by effectively preventing original control strategy.Simultaneously as employ instruction
Current limit strategy, it is ensured that as degree of asymmetry increases, to export negative phase-sequence reactive current to greatest extent, realize maximum
Negative-sequence current support and control.
Specific embodiment is presented above, but the present invention is not limited to described embodiment.The base of the present invention
This thinking is above-mentioned basic scheme, and for those of ordinary skill in the art, various changes are designed in introduction according to the present invention
The model of shape, formula, parameter do not need to spend creative work.It is right without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention
The change, modification, replacement and modification that embodiment carries out are still fallen in protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. the Static Synchronous generator reactive support and control method of power grid asymmetry short circuit fault, which is characterized in that step is as follows：
1) decoupling control of positive sequence watt current, positive sequence active component, negative phase-sequence watt current, negative phase-sequence reactive current is carried out；2) it counts in real time
Grid entry point voltage unbalance factor is calculated, negative phase-sequence dynamic support reactive current under asymmetry short circuit fault is asked for according to degree of unbalancedness and is referred to
It enables；The support of Static Synchronous generator dynamic reactive is realized according to negative phase-sequence dynamic support referenced reactive current；According to degree of unbalancedness, lead to
Closed-loop control+instruction current Feed-forward Control Strategy is crossed, calculates negative phase-sequence dynamic reactive current-orderIe--- volume
Constant current, Vp--- network voltage positive-sequence component；Vn--- network voltage negative sequence component；
Negative phase-sequence dynamic reactive electric current according toAmplitude limit；--- negative-sequence current refers to
It enables；--- negative phase-sequence watt current instructs；--- negative phase-sequence referenced reactive current；Ie--- rated current.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410726874.5A CN104505841B (en) | 2014-12-03 | 2014-12-03 | The Static Synchronous generator reactive support and control method of power grid asymmetry short circuit fault |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410726874.5A CN104505841B (en) | 2014-12-03 | 2014-12-03 | The Static Synchronous generator reactive support and control method of power grid asymmetry short circuit fault |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN104505841A CN104505841A (en) | 2015-04-08 |
| CN104505841B true CN104505841B (en) | 2018-07-06 |
Family
ID=52947571
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410726874.5A Active CN104505841B (en) | 2014-12-03 | 2014-12-03 | The Static Synchronous generator reactive support and control method of power grid asymmetry short circuit fault |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN104505841B (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106921157B (en) * | 2015-12-28 | 2020-08-04 | 国网智能电网研究院 | Alternating-current side single-phase earth fault control method of flexible ring network controller |
| CN107104451B (en) * | 2017-05-03 | 2019-10-15 | 云南电网有限责任公司红河供电局 | A kind of distributed power generation current transformer imbalance suppressing method |
| CN107846027B (en) * | 2017-11-23 | 2020-04-21 | 杭州电子科技大学 | Three-phase voltage supporting method for MMC under three-phase power grid unbalance |
| WO2022016510A1 (en) * | 2020-07-24 | 2022-01-27 | 华为数字能源技术有限公司 | Current control method and system used when asymmetrical voltage fault occurs |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102208812A (en) * | 2010-03-29 | 2011-10-05 | 张兵 | Unbalance compensation method for three-level static synchronous compensator |
| CN103926476A (en) * | 2014-04-10 | 2014-07-16 | 宁波恒力达科技有限公司 | Three-phase imbalance detection method based on FFT and symmetrical component method and inverter |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103441507A (en) * | 2013-07-08 | 2013-12-11 | 湖南工业大学 | Control method of cascade STATCOM on unbalanced working condition |
-
2014
- 2014-12-03 CN CN201410726874.5A patent/CN104505841B/en active Active
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102208812A (en) * | 2010-03-29 | 2011-10-05 | 张兵 | Unbalance compensation method for three-level static synchronous compensator |
| CN103926476A (en) * | 2014-04-10 | 2014-07-16 | 宁波恒力达科技有限公司 | Three-phase imbalance detection method based on FFT and symmetrical component method and inverter |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN104505841A (en) | 2015-04-08 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Zhao et al. | Power system support functions provided by smart inverters—A review | |
| CN105375508B (en) | The control method of Cascade-type photovoltaic grid-connected inverter low voltage crossing | |
| Kenyon et al. | Grid-following inverters and synchronous condensers: A grid-forming pair? | |
| CN108718094A (en) | A method of it improving large-sized photovoltaic system low-voltage and passes through performance | |
| CN104505841B (en) | The Static Synchronous generator reactive support and control method of power grid asymmetry short circuit fault | |
| Shang et al. | Improved virtual synchronous control for grid-connected VSCs under grid voltage unbalanced conditions | |
| Chen et al. | Modelling, simulation and hardware-in-the-loop validation of virtual synchronous generator control in low inertia power system | |
| Zhang et al. | Research on high-frequency resonance mechanism and active harmonic suppression strategy of power systems with power electronics | |
| CN104377699A (en) | Hybrid induction type active power filter and reactive compensation system and method for wind power plant | |
| Li et al. | The steady-state and fault ride-through control strategies of soft normally open point in distribution network | |
| Xin et al. | AC fault ride-through coordinated control strategy of LCC-MMC hybrid DC transmission system connected to passive networks | |
| CN112865060B (en) | Four-leg topological power distribution network integrated arc extinction device and method | |
| Yang et al. | Voltage sag ride-through control strategy with reactive power compensation for virtual synchronous generator | |
| CN112583050A (en) | Control method and system for multi-VSG inverter loop current suppression and fault handling | |
| Rezaei et al. | Sliding mode control of a grid-connected distributed generation unit under unbalanced voltage conditions | |
| Liang et al. | Control analysis of inverter parallel system based on virtual synchronous generator | |
| CN103986169A (en) | Method for controlling static var compensator under power grid asymmetrical fault condition | |
| Liu et al. | Adaptive Virtual Impedance Current Limiting Strategy for Grid-Forming Converter | |
| CN106410850B (en) | The control method of the grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system of the voltage inverter containing two-stage type | |
| Li et al. | A Coordination Control Strategy Participating in Frequency Control for VSC-HVDC and LCC-HVDC | |
| Fan et al. | Research on Setting Method of Control Parameters for Excitation system on New-generation Synchronous Condensers | |
| Gu et al. | Positive-and negative-sequence control strategy of grid-connected PV systems under balanced and unbalanced voltage sags | |
| Zhang et al. | Rapid Power Support-based Frequency Response Strategy for Grid Forming Inverter in Low-Inertia Power Systems | |
| Yifan et al. | A novel control algorithm for magnetically controlled reactor | |
| Bian et al. | Research on the fault characteristics of HVDC with wind farm |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C41 | Transfer of patent application or patent right or utility model | ||
| TA01 | Transfer of patent application right |
Effective date of registration: 20160325 Address after: 100031 Xicheng District West Chang'an Avenue, No. 86, Beijing Applicant after: State Grid Corporation of China Applicant after: STATE GRID HUBEI ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY Applicant after: Xuji Group Co., Ltd. Applicant after: Xuji Electric Co., Ltd. Applicant after: Xi'an XJ Power Electronics Technology Co., Ltd. Address before: No. 1298 Xuchang City, Henan province 461000 XJ Avenue Applicant before: Xuji Electric Co., Ltd. Applicant before: Xi'an XJ Power Electronics Technology Co., Ltd. |
|
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |