CN104079195B - Power conversion circuit and power conversion system - Google Patents

Power conversion circuit and power conversion system Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104079195B
CN104079195B CN201410309235.9A CN201410309235A CN104079195B CN 104079195 B CN104079195 B CN 104079195B CN 201410309235 A CN201410309235 A CN 201410309235A CN 104079195 B CN104079195 B CN 104079195B
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winding
power
power conversion
brachium pontis
conversion circuit
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CN104079195A (en
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石磊
徐志武
石勇
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Huawei Digital Power Technologies Co Ltd
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Huawei Technologies Co Ltd
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Abstract

The invention provides a power conversion circuit and a power conversion system. The power conversion circuit comprises a first power conversion module, a second power bridge arm and a second coupling inductor. The first power conversion module comprises M first power bridge arms and a first coupling inductor, the M first power bridge arms are connected with a first terminal of the power conversion circuit, the first coupling inductor comprises a first magnetic core and M windings wound on the first magnetic core, and the M windings are connected with the M first power bridge arms respectively and used for being coupled with the M first power bridge arms. The second power bridge arm is connected with the first terminal of the power conversion circuit. The second coupling inductor comprises a second magnetic core, a first winding and a second winding, the first winding and the second winding are wound on the second magnetic core, the first winding is connected with the coupling end of the first coupling inductor, the second winding is connected with the second power bridge arm and used for coupling the second power bridge arm and the first power conversion module, and the coupling end of the second coupling inductor is connected with the second end of the power conversion circuit. The power conversion circuit and the power conversion system can lower the cost of the coupling inductors.

Description

Power conversion circuit and power conversion system
Technical field
The present invention relates to Power Electronic Technique, especially relate to a kind of power conversion circuit and power conversion system.
Background technology
At present, it is used widely using the multi-electrical level inverter of staggered corresponding technology.Multi-electrical level inverter includes parallel connection Multiple power brachium pontis, multiple power brachium pontis pass through multiple windings or coil coupling in coupling inductance, and in an interleaved manner Run.Using interleaving technique, both can improve the power grade of multi-electrical level inverter, input, output electricity can be reduced again Stream ripple, can also improve the dynamic response of converter, reduce in circuit the volume of magnetic element and realize the automatic of converter All flow.
Generally, coupling inductance requires magnetic circuit full symmetric, and in actual production, as multiwinding transformer, is difficult to Make the magnetic circuit of coupling inductance full symmetric.
However, the ripple electricity on the asymmetric circulation and filter inductance that can cause in coupling inductance of the magnetic circuit of coupling inductance Stream increases, and leads to the changing value of magnetic flux density during coupling inductance work to increase, thus it requires in design using higher volume of Inductance (increases the number of turn or core cross section amasss), and guarantee magnetic core does not operationally occur saturation.So, cause coupling inductance Cost increases.
Content of the invention
The embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of power conversion circuit and power conversion system, can reduce the one-tenth of coupling inductance This.
A kind of first aspect, there is provided power conversion circuit, this power conversion circuit includes: the first power conversion modules, First power conversion modules include m the first power brachium pontis and the first coupling inductance, m the first power brachium pontis and power conversion electricity The first terminal on road is connected, and is worked in crisscross parallel mode, and the first coupling inductance includes the first magnetic core and is wound on the M winding on one magnetic core, m winding is connected with m the first power brachium pontis respectively, in order to couple m the first power brachium pontis, M is the positive integer more than or equal to 2, and the number of turn of m winding is identical;Second power brachium pontis, the first end with power conversion circuit Son is connected;Second coupling inductance, the second coupling inductance include the second magnetic core and the first winding of being wound on the second magnetic core and Second winding, the first winding is connected with the coupled end of the first coupling inductance, and the second winding is connected with the second power brachium pontis, uses To couple the second power brachium pontis and the first power conversion modules, the coupled end of the second coupling inductance and the second of power conversion circuit Terminal is connected, and the number of turn of the first winding and the second winding is different.
In conjunction with a first aspect, in the first possible implementation, the first magnetic core is interconnective m cylinder, m Winding is wound on m cylinder respectively, and the coiling direction of m winding is identical, and the number of turn of m winding is identical, the first winding Turn ratio with the second winding is the number of the power brachium pontis that the number of power brachium pontis that the second winding connects is connected with the first winding The ratio of mesh.
In conjunction with a first aspect, in the possible implementation of second, this power conversion circuit also includes: p the 3rd work( Rate brachium pontis and p the 3rd coupling inductance, p the 3rd power brachium pontis is connected with the first terminal of power conversion circuit respectively, p 3rd coupling inductance is respectively used to couple p the 3rd power brachium pontis, the second power brachium pontis and the first power conversion modules, wherein, p Each the 3rd coupling inductance in individual 3rd coupling inductance includes the tertiary winding and the 4th winding, the tertiary winding and the 4th winding The number of power brachium pontis that turn ratio connects equal to the 4th winding is connected the ratio of the number of power brachium pontis with the tertiary winding, and p is big In or be equal to 1 positive integer.
In conjunction with the possible implementation of second, in the third possible implementation, p the 3rd power brachium pontis includes One the 3rd power brachium pontis, is connected with the first terminal of power conversion circuit;P the 3rd coupling inductance includes the 3rd coupling Close inductance, the 3rd coupling inductance includes the tertiary winding and the 4th winding, and the tertiary winding is connected with the coupled end of the second coupling inductance Connect, the 4th winding is connected with the 3rd power brachium pontis, become in order to couple the 3rd power brachium pontis, the second power brachium pontis and the first power Die change block, wherein, the coupled end of the second coupling inductance is connected with the Second terminal of power conversion circuit by the 3rd coupling inductance Connect, the turn ratio of the tertiary winding and the 4th winding is 1:(m+1).
In conjunction with a first aspect, in the 4th kind of possible implementation, this power conversion circuit also includes: the second power becomes Die change block, the second power conversion modules include n the 4th power brachium pontis and the 4th coupling inductance, n the 4th power brachium pontis and work( The first terminal of rate translation circuit is connected, and is worked in crisscross parallel mode, the 4th coupling inductance include the 4th magnetic core and It is wound on n winding on the 4th magnetic core, n winding is connected with n the 4th power brachium pontis, respectively for coupling n the 4th Power brachium pontis;5th coupling inductance, including the 5th winding and the 6th winding, for coupling the second power conversion modules and the first work( Rate conversion module, wherein, the 5th winding is connected with the coupled end of the first coupling inductance, the 6th winding and the 4th coupling inductance Coupled end is connected, and the number of turn of m winding is identical, and the number of turn of n winding is identical, and the turn ratio of the first winding and the second winding is 1:(n+m), the turn ratio of the 5th winding and the 6th winding is n:m, and n is the integer more than or equal to 2, and the first winding passes through the 5th Coupling inductance is connected with the coupled end of the first coupling inductance.
In conjunction with first aspect or any of the above-described kind of possible implementation, in the 5th kind of possible implementation, this work( Rate translation circuit also includes: filter circuit, and including electric capacity, filter circuit is connected with Second terminal, for carrying out to alternating current Filtering.
In conjunction with the 5th kind of possible implementation, in the 6th kind of possible implementation, filter circuit also includes filtering Inductance, the second magnetic core includes the first magnetic pole, the second magnetic pole and the 3rd magnetic pole, and the first winding and the second winding are wound on first respectively In magnetic pole and the second magnetic pole, filter inductance is wound in the 3rd magnetic pole, the first winding and the second winding respectively with filter inductance coupling Close.
In conjunction with first aspect or any of the above-described kind of possible implementation, in the 7th kind of possible implementation, power Brachium pontis is neutral point clamp type many level brachium pontis or capacitor-clamped type many level brachium pontis.
A kind of second aspect, there is provided three-phase power converters, this three-phase power converters includes: three phase power conversion electricity Road, for carrying out power conversion between three-phase alternating current point and dc point, wherein every phase power conversion circuit such as first aspect or Power conversion circuit under the first of first aspect any one implementation to the 4th kind of implementation.
In conjunction with second aspect, in the first possible implementation, this three-phase power converters also includes: three-phase filtering Circuit, including three electric capacity, for being filtered to three-phase alternating current, one end of each electric capacity in three electric capacity is respectively with three The Second terminal of the phase power inversion circuit in phase power inversion circuit is connected, and the other end of three electric capacity is connected to one Rise.
In conjunction with the first possible implementation, in the possible implementation of second, this three-phase power converters Also include: the first center line, for being connected with the center line of electrical network, the wherein first center line is connected to linking together of three electric capacity One end.
A kind of third aspect, there is provided power conversion system, comprising: the first power conversion circuit such as first aspect arbitrary Plant the power conversion circuit under possible implementation, for DC power conversion is become alternating current, wherein the first terminal is input Terminal, Second terminal is lead-out terminal;Under any one possible implementation of second power conversion circuit such as first aspect Power conversion circuit, for convert alternating current is become direct current, wherein, Second terminal is input terminal, and the first terminal is output Terminal, and the lead-out terminal of the first power conversion circuit is connected with the input terminal of the second power conversion circuit, or second The lead-out terminal of power conversion circuit is connected with the input terminal of the first power conversion circuit.
Therefore, the embodiment of the present invention can couple a power using the coupling inductance comprising two different windings of the number of turn Brachium pontis to realize power conversion circuit with the power model comprising multiple power brachium pontis, and embodiments of the invention do not need strictly will Seek the symmetry of the magnetic circuit of the first coupling inductance, therefore, manufacture difficulty diminishes, and the second coupling inductance is the coupling electricity of two windings Sense, the controllability of manufacture is high, process is simple, and production cost is relatively low relative to multichannel coupling inductance.
Brief description
In order to be illustrated more clearly that the technical scheme of the embodiment of the present invention, will make to required in the embodiment of the present invention below Accompanying drawing be briefly described it should be apparent that, drawings described below is only some embodiments of the present invention, for For those of ordinary skill in the art, on the premise of not paying creative work, other can also be obtained according to these accompanying drawings Accompanying drawing.
Fig. 1 is the schematic block diagram of power conversion circuit according to an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 2 shows the schematic block diagram of asymmetric coupling inductance according to an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 3 is the circuit diagram of power brachium pontis according to an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 4 is the schematic block diagram of power conversion circuit according to another embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 shows the schematic block diagram of asymmetric coupling inductance according to another embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is the schematic block diagram of power conversion circuit according to another embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is the schematic block diagram of power conversion circuit according to another embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 8 is the schematic block diagram of three-phase power converters according to an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 9 is the schematic block diagram of n phase power inverter according to an embodiment of the invention.
Figure 10 is the schematic block diagram of power conversion system according to an embodiment of the invention.
Figure 11 is the schematic block diagram of power conversion system according to another embodiment of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in the embodiment of the present invention, the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention is carried out clear, complete Site preparation describes it is clear that described embodiment is a part of embodiment of the present invention, rather than whole embodiments.Based on this Embodiment in bright, the every other reality that those of ordinary skill in the art are obtained on the premise of not making creative work Apply example, all should belong to the scope of protection of the invention.
Fig. 1 is the schematic block diagram of power conversion circuit 100 according to an embodiment of the invention.Power conversion circuit 100 include: the first terminal 110, Second terminal 120, the first changed power module 130, the second power brachium pontis 140 and the second coupling Inductance 150.
First power conversion modules 130 include: m the first power brachium pontis and the first coupling inductance 131, m the first power Brachium pontis is connected with the first terminal 110 of power conversion circuit 100, and is worked in crisscross parallel mode, the first coupling inductance 131 include the first magnetic core and m winding being wound on this first magnetic core, this m winding individual first power brachium pontis phase with m respectively Connect, in order to couple m the first power brachium pontis, m is the positive integer more than or equal to 2.Second power brachium pontis 140, is become with power The first terminal 110 changing circuit 100 is connected.Second coupling inductance 150 includes: the second magnetic core and being wound on this second magnetic core The first winding l1 and the second winding l2, this first winding l1 is connected with the coupled end of the first coupling inductance 131, this second around Group l2 is connected with the second power brachium pontis 140, in order to couple this second power brachium pontis 140 and the first power conversion modules 130, the The coupled end of two coupling inductances is connected with the second end 120 of power conversion circuit 100.
Specifically, one end of multiple windings of the first coupling inductance intercouples together, and that is, one end of multiple windings connects It is connected to coupled end, and the other end of multiple windings of the first coupling inductance can be connected with multiple power brachium pontis respectively.First The number of turn of multiple windings of coupling inductance can be identical, and that is, magnetic circuit is symmetrical, and therefore, the first coupling inductance is also referred to as symmetrical coupled electricity Sense.First winding l1 of the second coupling inductance 150 is connected with m power brachium pontis by m winding of the first coupling inductance.The The number of turn of the first winding l1 of two coupling inductances 150 can be different from the number of turn of the second winding l2, and that is, magnetic circuit is asymmetric, therefore, Second coupling inductance is referred to as asymmetric coupling inductance.The turn ratio of the first winding l1 and the second winding l2 can be second The ratio of the number of the power brachium pontis that the number of power brachium pontis that winding l2 is connected is connected with the first winding l1.For example, if The number being connected the power brachium pontis of (including connected directly or indirectly) with the first winding l1 is m, is connected with the second winding l2 The number of the power brachium pontis of (including connected directly or indirectly) connecing is n, then the turn ratio of the first winding and the second winding N:m.
According to embodiments of the invention, power conversion circuit 100 can be rectification circuit or inverter circuit.For example, when One terminal 110 is input, and when Second terminal 120 is output end, power conversion circuit 100 is inverter circuit.On the contrary, when second Terminal 120 is input, and when the first terminal 110 is output end, power conversion circuit 100 is rectification circuit.
It should be understood that in embodiments of the present invention, power brachium pontis is properly termed as many level brachium pontis or many level topology, including many Individual switching tube, multiple switch pipe can under the control of drive signal complementary on or off, enabling in power brachium pontis Generate time dependent multiple level on exchange node, or assume multiple level in time on exchange node.Interlock simultaneously Connection refers to multiple power brachium pontis parallel operations, and is separated by default angle between the phase place of drive signal of multiple power brachium pontis Degree, for example, 360/m degree.For example, m the first power brachium pontis can be worked in the way of phase shifting predetermined angle.Citing comes Say, between the phase place of drive signal of three road power brachium pontis, be mutually divided into 120 degree, the phase place of the drive signal of five road power brachium pontis Between be spaced apart 72 degree.
It should be understood that the interval between the phase place of drive signal of two adjacent many level brachium pontis can be identical angle, For example, 360/m degree or different angles.In embodiments of the invention, this phase intervals can be set to identical Angle makes the control method of power brachium pontis simpler.
Therefore, the embodiment of the present invention can couple a power using the coupling inductance comprising two different windings of the number of turn Brachium pontis to realize power conversion circuit with the power model comprising multiple power brachium pontis, and embodiments of the invention do not need strictly will Seek the symmetry of the magnetic circuit of the first coupling inductance, therefore, manufacture difficulty diminishes, and the second coupling inductance is the coupling electricity of two windings Sense, the controllability of manufacture is high, process is simple, and production cost is relatively low relative to multichannel coupling inductance.
Further, since asymmetric coupling inductance only has two windings, the processing work of the magnetic part of therefore asymmetric coupling inductance Skill is simple, enabling relatively accurately control magnetic part parameter characteristic it is not necessary to retain larger inductance allowance, thus improve The response speed of loop.
According to embodiments of the invention, many level brachium pontis is k level brachium pontis, and n road many level brachium pontis generates (k-1) * n+1 Level.For example, many level brachium pontis is three level brachium pontis, and n road many level brachium pontis generates 2n+1 level.For example, three tunnel three level Brachium pontis generates seven level, and five tunnel three level brachium pontis generates 13 level.
According to embodiments of the invention, the number of turn of m winding of the first coupling inductance is identical.Phase is arranged using m winding The scheme of same the first coupling inductance of the number of turn can reduce ripple current, thus suppressing higher hamonic wave.
According to embodiments of the invention, the first magnetic core is interconnective m cylinder, and m winding is wound around m post respectively Body, and the winding direction of m winding is identical.In other words, the first power brachium pontis in m road can be connected respectively to m winding Same Name of Ends.Structure due to such coupling inductance can produce leakage inductance, therefore need not arrange inductance in filter circuit, thus Reduce the cost of filter circuit.
According to embodiments of the invention, the turn ratio of the first winding l1 and the second winding l2 of the second coupling inductance 150 is 1:m, that is, the second coupling inductance is asymmetric coupling inductance.First coupling inductance makes a part of high frequency ripple current with differential mode Form consume between each power brachium pontis so that the ripple frequency of output current (common mode part) increases to m times open Close frequency, ripple amplitude reduces.Umber of turn is that the asymmetric coupling inductance of 1:m makes m times of electric current i and electric current i interlock, thus Reduce the amplitude of the high frequency electric ripple on total output current (n+1) * i, simultaneously so that high-frequency electrical flow liner in total output current The frequency of ripple increases to m+1 times of switching frequency.The turn ratio of the first winding l1 and the second winding l2 is designed as 1:m so that two The magnetizing inductance of two magnetic circuits that individual winding is located symmetrical, thus reducing the circulation in two magnetic circuits.
Embodiments of the invention do not need to be strict with the symmetry of the magnetic circuit of the first coupling inductance, therefore, manufacture difficulty Diminish, the second coupling inductance is the coupling inductance of two windings, the controllability of manufacture is high, process is simple, and production cost is relatively Multichannel coupling inductance is relatively low.Therefore, it is capable of many level power conversion of low cost using this asymmetric coupling inductance Circuit.
In addition, the turn ratio of the second coupling inductance is designed so that the magnetizing inductance of two magnetic circuits of the second coupling inductance is full Sufficient symmetry requirement, thus reducing the circulation in two magnetic circuits, improves circuit performance.
According to embodiments of the invention, the power conversion circuit 100 of Fig. 1 also includes: filter circuit (not shown), filtered electrical Road can be connected with the Second terminal 120 of power conversion circuit 100, for being filtered to alternating current.
According to embodiments of the invention, filter circuit can be electric capacity.Filter circuit can be filtered to output current, To reach the more excellent quality of power supply.In addition, embodiments of the invention adopt the leakage inductance that coupling inductance produces to constitute filtering with electric capacity Circuit, therefore need not arranging inductance in filter circuit, so can reducing size and the cost of filter circuit, thus reducing The size of power conversion circuit, and reduce the cost of power conversion circuit.
Alternatively, as another embodiment, filter circuit can also include filter inductance, for example, this inductance (not shown) Can be connected in series between Second terminal 120 and the second coupling inductance 150.
It should be understood that filter circuit can be lc wave filter or lcl wave filter.
According to embodiments of the invention, the power conversion circuit 100 of Fig. 1 also includes: bleeder circuit (not shown), partial pressure electricity Road can be connected between the both positive and negative polarity of the first terminal 110, for carrying out partial pressure to direct current.
According to embodiments of the invention, power conversion circuit 100 can be rectification circuit or inverter circuit.For example, when One terminal 110 is input, and when Second terminal 120 is output end, power conversion circuit 100 is inverter circuit.On the contrary, when second Terminal 120 is input, and when the first terminal 110 is output end, power conversion circuit 100 is rectification circuit.
According to embodiments of the present invention, the second coupling inductance is asymmetric coupling inductance, can reduce the cost of coupling inductance.
Fig. 2 shows the schematic block diagram of asymmetric coupling inductance according to an embodiment of the invention.As Fig. 2 institute Show, the second magnetic core includes the first magnetic pole and the second magnetic pole, the first winding l1 and the second winding l2 be wound on respectively the first magnetic pole and In second magnetic pole.If the number being connected the power brachium pontis of (including connected directly or indirectly) with the first winding l1 is m, with The number of the power brachium pontis of (include connected directly or indirectly) that the second winding l2 is connected is n, then the first winding l1 with The turn ratio of the second winding l2 is n:m.The turn ratio of the first winding l1 and the second winding l2 is designed as n:m so that two windings Be located two magnetic circuits magnetizing inductance symmetrical, thus reducing the circulation in two magnetic circuits.
Fig. 3 is the circuit diagram of power brachium pontis according to an embodiment of the invention.As shown in figure 3, the present embodiment with Illustrate as a example point Clamp three level brachium pontis.Power brachium pontis shown in Fig. 3 is of the power brachium pontis in the embodiment of Fig. 1 Individual example.Neutral point clamp type three level brachium pontis includes first switch q1 and switchs q4 and the first diode d1 to the four or two to the 4th Pole pipe d4.
First switch pipe q1 is connected to the first terminal of power conversion circuit and exchanging between electrical nodes of power brachium pontis.The One diode d1 is in parallel with first switch pipe q1, and the positive pole of the first diode d1 is connected to the exchange electrical nodes of power brachium pontis.The One end of three switching tube q3 is connected with the electrical nodes that exchange of power brachium pontis.3rd diode d3 is in parallel with the 3rd switching tube q3, The positive pole of the 3rd diode d3 is connected with the electrical nodes that exchange of power brachium pontis.One end of second switch pipe q2 and bleeder circuit Midpoint is connected, and the other end of second switch pipe q2 is connected with the other end of the 3rd switching tube q3.Second diode d2 and Two switching tube q2 are in parallel, and the positive pole of the second diode q2 is connected with the midpoint of bleeder circuit.4th switching tube q4 is connected to work( The Second terminal of rate translation circuit is exchanged between electrical nodes with power brachium pontis.4th diode d4 and the 4th switching tube q4 is simultaneously Connection, the negative pole of the 4th diode d4 is connected to the exchange electrical nodes of power brachium pontis.
It should be understood that the three level brachium pontis of Fig. 3 are an example of neutral point clamp type three level power brachium pontis, midpoint Clamp three level power brachium pontis can also have other deformation.
According to embodiments of the invention, the switching tube of the present invention can be, but not limited to metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) (metal Oxide semiconductor, mosfet), insulated gate bipolar transistor (insulated gate bipolar Transistor, igbt), integrated gate commutated thyristor (integrated gate commutated thyristors, ) or silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) (silicon controlled rectifier, scr) constant power device or different capacity device igct Combining form.
Fig. 4 is the circuit diagram of power conversion circuit 400 according to another embodiment of the present invention.Power conversion circuit 400 It is the example of the embodiment of Fig. 1.
With power conversion circuit as power inversion circuit and this power inversion circuit includes three road neutral point clamps to the present embodiment Illustrate as a example type three level power brachium pontis, but embodiments of the invention are not limited to this, for example, power conversion circuit 400 More multichannel three level power brachium pontis can also be included.Electricity including the power conversion circuit of three level power brachium pontis of other numbers Road topology is similar with the circuit topology of the power conversion circuit including three tunnel three level power brachium pontis, will not be described here.
Power conversion circuit 400 includes dc bus (bus) 410, first power conversion modules 430, the second power brachium pontis 440th, the second coupling inductance 440, bleeder circuit 460 and filter circuit 470.
Bleeder circuit 460 includes the first electric capacity c1 and the second electric capacity c2, and the first electric capacity c1 is connected to bus+ and bleeder circuit Midpoint bus_n between, the second electric capacity c2 is connected between bus- and bus_n.
First power conversion modules 430 include three level power brachium pontis a and three level power brachium pontis b, the second power brachium pontis 440 is three level power brachium pontis c.The circuit topology of every road three level brachium pontis is as shown in figure 3, will not be described here.Every Lu San electricity The exchange node of level bridge arm is connected respectively on the winding of corresponding coupling inductance.The second switch pipe q2 of each three level brachium pontis And the 3rd switch q4 be connected in series in the exchanging between node of bus_n and three level brachium pontis.The first of each three level brachium pontis opens Close pipe q1 and be connected to the bus_+ of dc bus and exchanging between node of this three level brachium pontis.The 4th of each three level brachium pontis Switching tube q4 is connected to the bus_- of dc bus and exchanging between node of this three level brachium pontis.The pincers of each three level brachium pontis Position midpoint is connected with the midpoint of bleeder circuit.
First power conversion modules 430 also include the first coupling inductance 431, two winding l1' of this first coupling inductance 431 Share the first magnetic core with l2', this first magnetic core includes two cylinders, and two windings are respectively wound around on two cylinders and winding side To identical, two head ends exchange exchanging node a and three level power brachium pontis b with three level brachium pontis a respectively of two windings Node b connects, and two tail ends of two windings are connected with the head end of the winding l1 in the second coupling inductance, wherein, winding l1' with The turn ratio of winding l2' is 1:1.
It should be understood that two winding l1 and l2 of the second coupling inductance 450 share the second magnetic core, this second magnetic core can include Two magnetic poles, winding l1 with l2 is wound on respectively in two magnetic poles and winding direction is identical, the head end of winding l2 and three level work( The exchange node c of rate brachium pontis c connects, and the tail end of winding l1 and l2 is connected with the head end of filter inductance l, the tail end of filter inductance l It is connected with the Second terminal 420 of this power conversion circuit 400, wherein, the turn ratio of winding l1 and winding l2 is 1:2.In addition, Filter circuit 470 includes electric capacity c3 and filter inductance l, and electric capacity c3 is connected with the Second terminal 420 of power conversion circuit 400.
It should be understood that embodiment as an alternative, shared second magnetic core of two winding l1 and l2 of the second coupling inductance 450, This second magnetic core can include three magnetic poles, and winding l1 and l2 is wound in two magnetic poles in three magnetic poles and winding side respectively To identical, filter inductance l is wound in the 3rd magnetic pole, and the head end of winding l2 exchanges node c even with three level power brachium pontis c's Connect, the tail end of winding l1 and l2 is connected with the head end of filter inductance l, the tail end of filter inductance l and this power conversion circuit 400 Second terminal 420 is connected, and wherein, the turn ratio of winding l1 and winding l2 is 1:2.In addition, filter circuit 470 can be by electric capacity Filter inductance l on c3 and the second coupling inductance is constituted, and electric capacity c3 is connected with the Second terminal 420 of power conversion circuit 400.
It should be understood that when power conversion circuit 400 is rectifier, filter circuit 450 and AC power (not shown) It is connected, that is, filter circuit 450 receives alternating current input.When power conversion circuit 400 is inverter, filter circuit and load (not shown) is connected, i.e. filter circuit 450 output alternating current.
Fig. 5 shows the schematic block diagram of asymmetric coupling inductance according to another embodiment of the present invention.As Fig. 5 institute Show, the second magnetic core includes the first magnetic pole, the second magnetic pole and the 3rd magnetic pole, the first winding l1 and the second winding l2 is wound on respectively In one magnetic pole and the second magnetic pole, filter inductance l is wound in the 3rd magnetic pole, the first winding l1 and the second winding l2 respectively with filtering Inductance l couples.
According to embodiments of the present invention, the second coupling inductance is asymmetric coupling inductance, and by filter inductance winding not right In the 3rd magnetic pole that title coupling inductance includes, size and the cost of filter circuit can be reduced, thus reducing power conversion electricity The size on road, and reduce the cost of power conversion circuit.
The schematic block diagram of Fig. 6 power conversion circuit 600 according to another embodiment of the present invention.Power conversion circuit 600 include: the first terminal 610, Second terminal 620, the first power conversion modules 630, the second power brachium pontis 640 and the second coupling Inductance 650.Power conversion circuit 600 is similar with the power conversion circuit 100 of Fig. 1, and here suitably omits detailed description.
From unlike the power conversion circuit 100 of Fig. 1, the power conversion circuit 600 of Fig. 6 also includes: the 3rd power bridge Arm 660 and the 3rd coupling inductance 670.3rd power brachium pontis 660 is connected with the first terminal 610 of power conversion circuit 600.The Three coupling inductances 670 include: tertiary winding l3 and the 4th winding l4, and this tertiary winding l3 is coupled with the second coupling inductance 650 End is connected, and the 4th winding l4 is connected with the 3rd power brachium pontis 660, in order to couple the first power conversion modules 630, second Power brachium pontis 640 and the 3rd power brachium pontis 660, wherein, the coupled end of the second coupling inductance 650 passes through the 3rd coupling inductance 670 are connected with the second end 620 of power conversion circuit 600, and the turn ratio of tertiary winding l3 and the 4th winding l4 is 1:(m+ 1).
It should be understood that in embodiments of the present invention, power conversion circuit 600 can include multiple 3rd power brachium pontis and multiple 3rd coupling inductance.For example: power conversion circuit 600 includes p the 3rd power brachium pontis and p the 3rd coupling inductance, then have:
1st the 3rd coupling inductance 670 includes tertiary winding l31With the 4th winding l41, tertiary winding l31Couple with second The coupled end of inductance 650 is connected, the 4th winding l41It is connected with the 1st the 3rd power brachium pontis 660, in order to couple the first work( Rate conversion module 630, the second power brachium pontis 640 and the 1st the 3rd power brachium pontis 660, wherein, tertiary winding l3 and the 4th winding The turn ratio of l4 is 1:(m+1).P is the positive integer more than or equal to 1.
I-th the 3rd coupling inductances include tertiary winding l3iWith the 4th winding l4i, tertiary winding l3iWith the i-th -1 the 3rd The coupled end of coupling inductance is connected, the 4th winding l4iIt is connected with i-th the 3rd power brachium pontis, wherein, the value of i is from 2 To the integer of p, in order to couple the first power conversion modules 630, the second power brachium pontis 640 and i the 3rd power brachium pontis, wherein, Tertiary winding l3iWith the 4th winding l4iTurn ratio be 1:(m+i).
P-th the 3rd coupling inductances include tertiary winding l3pWith the 4th winding l4p, tertiary winding l3pWith pth -1 the 3rd The coupled end of coupling inductance is connected, the 4th winding l4pIt is connected with p-th the 3rd power brachium pontis, in order to couple the first power Conversion module 640 and p the 3rd power brachium pontis, wherein, the coupled end of the second coupling inductance 650 passes through p the 3rd coupling inductance It is connected with the second end 620 of power conversion circuit 600, tertiary winding l3pWith the 4th winding l4pTurn ratio be 1:(m+p).
According to embodiments of the invention, the power conversion circuit 600 of Fig. 6 also includes: filter circuit 680, filter circuit 680 It is connected with the Second terminal 620 of power conversion circuit 600, for being filtered to alternating current.
According to embodiments of the invention, filter circuit 680 is electric capacity.Embodiments of the invention adopt coupling inductance to produce Leakage inductance constitutes filter circuit with electric capacity, therefore need not arrange inductance in filter circuit, so can reduce the chi of filter circuit Very little and cost, thus reducing the size of power conversion circuit, and reduces the cost of power conversion circuit.
Alternatively, as another embodiment, filter circuit can also include filter inductance, for example, this inductance (not shown) Can be connected in series between Second terminal 620 and the 3rd coupling inductance 670.It should be understood that in embodiments of the present invention, filtered electrical The winding method of sense is as shown in figure 5, will not be described here.
According to embodiments of the invention, power conversion circuit 600 can be rectification circuit or inverter circuit.For example, when One terminal 610 is input, and when Second terminal 620 is output end, power conversion circuit 600 is inverter circuit.On the contrary, when second Terminal 620 is input, and when the first terminal 610 is output end, power conversion circuit 600 is rectification circuit.
Fig. 7 is the schematic block diagram of power conversion circuit 700 according to another embodiment of the present invention.Power conversion circuit 700 include: the first terminal 710, Second terminal 720, the first power conversion modules 730, the second power brachium pontis 740, second couple Inductance 750 second power conversion modules 760 and the 5th coupling inductance 770.
First power conversion modules 730 include: m the first power brachium pontis and the first coupling inductance 731, m the first power Brachium pontis is connected with the first terminal 710 of power conversion circuit 700, and is worked in crisscross parallel mode, the first coupling inductance 731 include the first magnetic core and m winding being wound on this first magnetic core, and m winding is connected with m the first power brachium pontis respectively Connect, in order to couple m the first power brachium pontis, the number of turn of m winding is identical, and wherein, m is the positive integer more than or equal to 2.
Second power conversion modules 760 include: n the 4th power brachium pontis and the 4th coupling inductance 761, n the 4th power Brachium pontis is connected with the first terminal 710 of described power conversion circuit 700, and is worked in crisscross parallel mode, the 4th coupling Inductance includes the 4th magnetic core and n winding being wound on the 4th magnetic core, this n winding individual 4th power brachium pontis with n respectively It is connected, for coupling n the 4th power brachium pontis, the number of turn of n winding is identical, and wherein, n is the positive integer more than or equal to 2.
5th coupling inductance 770 includes: the 5th winding l5 and the 6th winding l6, for coupling described second power conversion mould Block and described first power conversion modules, wherein, the 5th winding l5 is connected with the coupled end of the first coupling inductance 731, and the 6th Winding l7 is connected with the coupled end of the 4th coupling inductance 761, and the turn ratio of the 5th winding l5 and the 6th winding l7 is n:m.
Second power brachium pontis 740 is connected with the first terminal of power conversion circuit 700.
Second coupling inductance 750 includes: the second magnetic core and the first winding l1 and second of being wound on this second magnetic core around Group l2, this first winding l1 is connected with the coupled end of the 5th coupling inductance 770, the second winding l2 and the second power brachium pontis 740 It is connected, in order to couple described first power conversion modules 730, the second power brachium pontis 740 and the second power conversion modules 760, The coupled end of the second coupling inductance 750 is connected with the second end 720 of power conversion circuit 700, wherein, the first winding l1 and The turn ratio of two winding l2 is 1:(m+n).
It should be understood that in embodiments of the present invention, the m power brachium pontis that the first power conversion modules include and the second power become The n power brachium pontis that die change block includes, can be quantitatively equal can also be unequal, that is, m can be equal to n, m N can be not equal to, the present invention is symmetrically not construed as limiting.
It should also be understood that in embodiments of the present invention, power conversion circuit 700 can include multiple second power brachium pontis and many Individual second coupling inductance.For example: power conversion circuit 700 includes k the second power brachium pontis and k the second coupling inductance, wherein, K takes the positive integer more than or equal to 2, then have:
1st the second coupling inductance 750 includes the first winding l11With the second winding l21, the first winding l11Couple with the 5th The coupled end of inductance 770 is connected, the second winding l21It is connected with the 1st the second power brachium pontis 740, in order to couple the first work( Rate conversion module 730, the second power conversion modules 770 and the 1st the second power brachium pontis 740, wherein, the first winding l11With Two winding l21Turn ratio be 1:(m+n).
The first winding l1 that i-th second coupling inductances includeiWith the second winding l2iIn the first winding l1iWith i-th -1 The coupled end of individual second coupling inductance is connected, the second winding l2iIt is connected with i-th second power brachium pontis, wherein, i takes Value is the integer from 2 to k, in order to couple the first power conversion modules 730, the second power conversion modules 760 and i the second power Brachium pontis, wherein, the first winding l1iWith the second winding l2iTurn ratio be 1:(m+n+i).
The first winding l1 that k-th second coupling inductances includekWith the second winding l2kIn the first winding l1kWith kth -1 The coupled end of individual second coupling inductance is connected, the second winding l2kIt is connected with k-th second power brachium pontis, in order to couple One power conversion modules 730, the second power conversion modules 760 and k the second power brachium pontis, wherein, k-th second coupling inductances It is connected with the second end 720 of power conversion circuit 700, the first winding l1kWith the second winding l2kTurn ratio be 1:(m+n+ k).
It should also be understood that in embodiments of the present invention, power conversion circuit 700 can also include multiple second power conversion moulds Block and multiple 5th coupling inductance, wherein, each second power conversion modules in multiple second power conversion modules include The quantity of power brachium pontis can identical it is also possible to differ.
Fig. 8 is the schematic block diagram of three-phase power converters 800 according to an embodiment of the invention.Three phase power becomes Parallel operation 800 includes: a phase power conversion circuit 820, b phase power conversion circuit 830 and c phase power conversion circuit 840, for Carry out power conversion between three-phase alternating current and direct current.
Every phase power in a phase power conversion circuit 820, b phase power conversion circuit 830, c phase power conversion circuit 840 Translation circuit is the power conversion circuit as described in the embodiment of Fig. 1 to Fig. 6.
Alternatively, as another embodiment, three-phase power converters 800 also include: three-phase filter circuit, electric including a phase Hold c1, b phase electric capacity c2 and c phase electric capacity c3, for being filtered, one end of each electric capacity in three electric capacity to three-phase alternating current It is connected with the Second terminal of the phase power conversion circuit in three phase power translation circuit respectively, another in these three electric capacity End links together.
Alternatively, as another embodiment, three-phase power converters 800 also include the first center line n, for electrical network in Line is connected, and wherein this first center line is connected to the connection of each electric capacity in a phase electric capacity c1, b phase electric capacity c2 and c phase electric capacity c3 One end together.
Therefore, in three-phase power converters provided in an embodiment of the present invention, can be different using comprising two numbers of turn The coupling inductance of winding couples a power brachium pontis to realize power conversion circuit with the power model comprising multiple power brachium pontis, Embodiments of the invention do not need to be strict with the symmetry of the magnetic circuit of the first coupling inductance, and therefore, manufacture difficulty diminishes, and the Two coupling inductances are the coupling inductance of two windings, and the controllability of manufacture is high, process is simple, and production cost couples relative to multichannel Inductance is relatively low..
It should be understood that three-phase power converters 800 can be three-phase power inverter, receive the DC voltage of access respectively 810, and export three-phase alternating voltage v_a, v_b and v_c through inversion.
It should be understood that three-phase power converters 800 can also be three phase power rectifier, it is respectively used to reception three-phase alternating current defeated Enter voltage v_a, v_b and v_c, and export DC voltage through over commutation.
Fig. 9 is the schematic block diagram of n phase power inverter 900 according to an embodiment of the invention.N phase power conversion Device 900 includes: a phase power conversion circuit 920, b phase power conversion circuit 930, c phase power conversion circuit 940 ..., n phase work( Rate translation circuit, for carrying out power conversion between n cross streams electricity and direct current.
Every phase power conversion circuit in n phase power conversion circuit is the power conversion as described in the embodiment of Fig. 1 to Fig. 6 Circuit.
Alternatively, as another embodiment, n phase power inverter 900 also includes: n electric capacity, for to n cross streams Electricity is filtered, one end of each electric capacity in n electric capacity respectively with n phase power conversion circuit in a phase power conversion circuit Second terminal be connected, the other end in this n electric capacity links together.
Alternatively, as another embodiment, three-phase power converters 900 also include the first center line n, for electrical network in Line is connected, wherein the one end linking together of each electric capacity that this first center line is connected in n electric capacity.
Therefore, in n phase power inverter provided in an embodiment of the present invention, can using comprise two numbers of turn different around The coupling inductance of group couples a power brachium pontis to realize power conversion circuit with the power model comprising multiple power brachium pontis, this Inventive embodiment does not need to be strict with the symmetry of the magnetic circuit of the first coupling inductance, and therefore, manufacture difficulty diminishes, and second Coupling inductance is the coupling inductance of two windings, and the controllability of manufacture is high, process is simple, and production cost couples electricity relative to multichannel Sense is relatively low..
It should be understood that n phase power inverter 900 can be n phase power inverter, receive the DC voltage 910 of access respectively, And through inversion export n cross streams voltage v_a, v_b, v_c ..., v_n.
It should be understood that n phase power inverter 900 can also be n phase power rectifier, it is respectively used to receive the input of n cross streams Voltage v_a, v_b, v_c ..., v_n, and through over commutation export DC voltage.
Figure 10 is the schematic block diagram of power conversion system 1000 according to an embodiment of the invention.Power conversion system System 1000 includes the first power conversion circuit and the second power conversion circuit, is used for realizing AC/AC (ac/ac) conversion.The One power conversion circuit can be power conversion circuit 100 as described in Figure 1, for DC power conversion is become alternating current.Second Power conversion circuit can be power conversion circuit 600 as described in Figure 6, for convert alternating current is become direct current.Power becomes The input terminal changing circuit 100 is connected with the lead-out terminal of power conversion circuit 600.In other words, the second power conversion electricity The direct current output on road is connected to the first power conversion circuit direct current input, thus realizing ac/ac conversion.
Therefore, in power conversion system provided in an embodiment of the present invention, can using comprise two numbers of turn different around The coupling inductance of group couples a power brachium pontis to realize power conversion circuit with the power model comprising multiple power brachium pontis, this Inventive embodiment does not need to be strict with the symmetry of the magnetic circuit of the first coupling inductance, and therefore, manufacture difficulty diminishes, and second Coupling inductance is the coupling inductance of two windings, and the controllability of manufacture is high, process is simple, and production cost couples electricity relative to multichannel Sense is relatively low..
In addition, by the direct current output of the second power conversion circuit is connected to the first power conversion circuit direct current input, Thus realizing ac/ac conversion.
Figure 11 is the schematic block diagram of power conversion system 1100 according to another embodiment of the present invention.Power conversion system System 1100 includes the first power conversion circuit and the second power conversion circuit, is used for realizing DC-DC (dc/dc) conversion.The One power conversion circuit can be power conversion circuit 100 as described in Figure 1, for DC power conversion is become alternating current.Second Power conversion circuit can be power conversion circuit 600 as described in Figure 6, for convert alternating current is become direct current.Power becomes The lead-out terminal changing circuit 100 is connected with the input terminal of power conversion circuit 600.In other words, the first power conversion electricity The exchange output on road is connected to the second power conversion circuit exchange input, thus realizing dc/dc conversion.
Therefore, in power conversion system provided in an embodiment of the present invention, can using comprise two numbers of turn different around The coupling inductance of group couples a power brachium pontis to realize power conversion circuit with the power model comprising multiple power brachium pontis, this Inventive embodiment does not need to be strict with the symmetry of the magnetic circuit of the first coupling inductance, and therefore, manufacture difficulty diminishes, and second Coupling inductance is the coupling inductance of two windings, and the controllability of manufacture is high, process is simple, and production cost couples electricity relative to multichannel Sense is relatively low.
In addition, the second power conversion circuit exchange input is connected to by the exchange output of the first power conversion circuit, from And realize dc/dc conversion.
Although by reference to accompanying drawing and combining the mode of preferred embodiment to the present invention have been described in detail, the present invention It is not limited to this.Without departing from the spirit and substance of the premise in the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art can be to the present invention Embodiment carry out various equivalent modifications or replacement, and these modification or replace all should be in the covering scope of the present invention.

Claims (12)

1. a kind of power conversion circuit is it is characterised in that include:
First power conversion modules, described first power conversion modules include m the first power brachium pontis and the first coupling inductance, institute State m the first power brachium pontis to be connected with the first terminal of described power conversion circuit, and worked in crisscross parallel mode, institute State the first coupling inductance and include the first magnetic core and m winding being wound on described first magnetic core, described m winding respectively with institute State m the first power brachium pontis to be connected, in order to couple described m the first power brachium pontis, m is the positive integer more than or equal to 2, institute The number of turn stating m winding is identical;
Second power brachium pontis, is connected with the described the first terminal of described power conversion circuit;
Second coupling inductance, described second coupling inductance includes the second magnetic core and the first winding being wound on described second magnetic core With the second winding, described first winding is connected with the coupled end of described first coupling inductance, described second winding and described the Two power brachium pontis are connected, in order to couple described second power brachium pontis and described first power conversion modules, described second coupling The coupled end of inductance is connected with the Second terminal of described power conversion circuit, and the number of turn of described first winding and the second winding is not With.
2. power conversion circuit according to claim 1 is it is characterised in that described first magnetic core is interconnective m Cylinder, described m winding is wound on described m cylinder respectively, and the coiling direction of described m winding is identical, described m The number of turn of winding is identical, and the turn ratio of described first winding and described second winding is the power brachium pontis that described second winding connects The ratio of the number of power brachium pontis that is connected with described first winding of number.
3. power conversion circuit according to claim 1 is it is characterised in that also include: p the 3rd power brachium pontis and p 3rd coupling inductance, described p the 3rd power brachium pontis is connected with the described the first terminal of described power conversion circuit respectively, institute State p the 3rd coupling inductance to be respectively used to couple described p the 3rd power brachium pontis, described second power brachium pontis and described first work( Rate conversion module, wherein, each the 3rd coupling inductance in described p the 3rd coupling inductance include the tertiary winding and the 4th around Group, the turn ratio of the described tertiary winding and described 4th winding is equal to the number of power brachium pontis and the institute that described 4th winding connects State the ratio that the tertiary winding connects the number of power brachium pontis, p is the positive integer more than or equal to 1,
Wherein, the 1st the 3rd coupling inductance includes tertiary winding l31With the 4th winding l41, described tertiary winding l31With described The coupled end of two coupling inductances is connected, described 4th winding l41It is connected with the 1st the 3rd power brachium pontis, in order to couple State the first power conversion modules, described second power brachium pontis and described 1st the 3rd power brachium pontis, wherein, the described tertiary winding l31With described 4th winding l41Turn ratio be 1:(m+1),
I-th the 3rd coupling inductances include tertiary winding l3iWith the 4th winding l4i, described tertiary winding l3iWith the i-th -1 the 3rd The coupled end of coupling inductance is connected, described 4th winding l4iIt is connected with i-th the 3rd power brachium pontis, described in order to couple First power conversion modules, described second power brachium pontis and described i-th the 3rd power brachium pontis, described tertiary winding l3iAnd institute State the 4th winding l4iTurn ratio be 1:(m+i), the value of i is the integer from 2 to p.
4. power conversion circuit according to claim 3 is it is characterised in that described p the 3rd power brachium pontis includes one 3rd power brachium pontis, is connected with the described the first terminal of described power conversion circuit;
Described p the 3rd coupling inductance includes the 3rd coupling inductance, and described 3rd coupling inductance includes the tertiary winding and the Four windings, the described tertiary winding is connected with the coupled end of described second coupling inductance, described 4th winding and described 3rd work( Rate brachium pontis is connected, in order to couple described 3rd power brachium pontis, described second power brachium pontis and described first power conversion modules, Wherein, the coupled end of described second coupling inductance is by described 3rd coupling inductance and described the second of described power conversion circuit Terminal is connected, and the turn ratio of the described tertiary winding and described 4th winding is 1:(m+1).
5. power conversion circuit according to claim 1 is it is characterised in that also include:
Second power conversion modules, described second power conversion modules include n the 4th power brachium pontis and the 4th coupling inductance, institute State n the 4th power brachium pontis to be connected with the described the first terminal of described power conversion circuit, and with crisscross parallel mode work Make, the n winding that described 4th coupling inductance includes the 4th magnetic core and is wound on described 4th magnetic core, described n around component It is not connected with described n the 4th power brachium pontis, for coupling described n the 4th power brachium pontis;
5th coupling inductance, including the 5th winding and the 6th winding, for coupling described second power conversion modules and described One power conversion modules, wherein, described 5th winding is connected with the coupled end of described first coupling inductance, described 6th winding It is connected with the coupled end of described 4th coupling inductance, the number of turn of described m winding is identical, the number of turn of described n winding is identical, The turn ratio of described first winding and described second winding is 1:(n+m), the number of turn of described 5th winding and described 6th winding Than for n:m, n is the integer more than or equal to 2, and described first winding couples electricity by described 5th coupling inductance with described first The coupled end of sense is connected.
6. the power conversion circuit according to any one of claim 1-5 is it is characterised in that also include:
Filter circuit, including electric capacity, described filter circuit is connected with described Second terminal, for being filtered to alternating current.
7. power conversion circuit according to claim 6, described filter circuit also includes filter inductance, described second magnetic core Including the first magnetic pole, the second magnetic pole and the 3rd magnetic pole, described first winding and described second winding are wound on described first respectively In magnetic pole and described second magnetic pole, described filter inductance is wound in described 3rd magnetic pole, described first winding and described second Winding is coupled with described filter inductance respectively.
8. the power conversion circuit according to any one of claim 1 to 5 is it is characterised in that described power brachium pontis is Neutral point clamp type many level brachium pontis or capacitor-clamped type many level brachium pontis.
9. a kind of three-phase power converters are it is characterised in that include:
Three phase power translation circuit, for carrying out power conversion between three-phase alternating current and direct current, wherein every phase power becomes Change circuit and include the power conversion circuit according to any one of claim 1-5.
10. power inverter according to claim 9 is it is characterised in that also include:
Three-phase filter circuit, including three electric capacity, for being filtered to described three-phase alternating current, every in described three electric capacity One end of individual electric capacity is connected with the Second terminal of the phase power inversion circuit in described three phase power inverter circuit respectively, institute The other end stating three electric capacity links together.
11. three-phase power converters according to claim 10 are it is characterised in that also include:
First center line, for being connected with the center line of electrical network, wherein said first center line is connected to the connection of described three electric capacity One end together.
A kind of 12. power conversion systems are it is characterised in that include:
First power conversion circuit is the power conversion circuit according to any one of claim 1-11, for by direct current It is transformed into alternating current, wherein said the first terminal is input terminal, described Second terminal is lead-out terminal;
Second power conversion circuit is the power conversion circuit according to any one of claim 1-11, for by alternating current It is transformed into direct current, wherein, described Second terminal is input terminal, and described the first terminal is lead-out terminal, and described first The lead-out terminal of power conversion circuit is connected with the input terminal of described second power conversion circuit, or described second power becomes The lead-out terminal changing circuit is connected with the input terminal of described first power conversion circuit.
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