AU2021102969A4 - Rate of change of ‘d’ and frequency component-based adaptive protection for detection of series-shunt faults for low X/R distributed generators - Google Patents
Rate of change of ‘d’ and frequency component-based adaptive protection for detection of series-shunt faults for low X/R distributed generators Download PDFInfo
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- AU2021102969A4 AU2021102969A4 AU2021102969A AU2021102969A AU2021102969A4 AU 2021102969 A4 AU2021102969 A4 AU 2021102969A4 AU 2021102969 A AU2021102969 A AU 2021102969A AU 2021102969 A AU2021102969 A AU 2021102969A AU 2021102969 A4 AU2021102969 A4 AU 2021102969A4
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
- H02H3/08—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current
- H02H3/083—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current for three-phase systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H1/00—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements
- H02H1/06—Arrangements for supplying operative power
- H02H1/063—Arrangements for supplying operative power primary power being supplied by fault current
- H02H1/066—Arrangements for supplying operative power primary power being supplied by fault current and comprising a shunt regulator
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
- H02H7/04—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for transformers
- H02H7/042—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for transformers for current transformers
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Abstract
The present disclosure relates to a system and a method for the detection and
identification of series-shunt faults. The change in d and frequency components of fault
current during any abnormal operation is easily identifiable and used to operate the adaptive
overcurrent relay. Change in frequency component is used to identify the change in the mode
of operation and change in d component of fault current is used to detect a fault. The
designed d and frequency components based adaptive protection relay select optimal current
settings based on the change in frequency component of current during a change in the mode
of operation. The use of the 'd' component for detection of fault not only reduces the time of
operation but also reduces the dependency on the directional element and earth fault relay.
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Rate of change of 'd' and frequency component-based adaptive protection for detection of series-shunt faults for low X/R distributed generators
The present disclosure relates to a system and a method for the detection and identification of series-shunt faults. More specifically, a new adaptive protection scheme based only on d- and frequency components of current for the different modes of microgrid operation is designed to detect the faults with the reduction in time of operation of relays.
With the integration of renewable energy resources, the dynamic behaviour of the power system has been affected and has a drastic impact on the conventional protection techniques. Change in mode of operation due to grid connection or islanding changes the amount of current available at a given location during the abnormal condition. The Plug-play model of microgrid necessitates the adaptive protection for reliable microgrid operation which has a lasting effect on overcurrent protection. Time of operation and variables used in relay operation have immense importance. The LowX/R ratio of DGs has identifiable impacts on the fault characteristics of microgrid systems. The fault can be accurately sensed based on proper relaying if different modes of microgrid operation are duly considered. Differentnature of DGs such as PV generators, types I, III and IV wind generators has different fault current characteristics where higher magnitude are shared by the utility grid.
A new differential current-based fast fault detection and accurate fault distance calculation are proposed for photovoltaic (PV)-based DC microgrid. A multi-terminal direct current (MTDC) distribution network is studied as an adequate solution for the present low-voltage utility grid scenario, where locally distributed generators (DGs) are incorporated primarily by power electronics-based DC-DC converters, DC-AC voltage-source converters (VSCs). PV and diesel generator (as auxiliary source) are considered for cascaded common DC bus, and AC utility bus integration is achieved by the VSC unit for the proposed MTDC network. DC microgrid protection is quite a significant research focus due to the absence of well-defined standards. Pole-to-pole, pole-to-ground, PV-side DC series and ground arc faults are considered as DC distribution network hazards. A discrete model differential current solution is considered to detect, classify and locate the faults by modified cumulative sum average approach. Another method on microgrid with high DG penetration for each zone to have a balance between generation and load has been developed. In a prior solution, an adaptive protection scheme was proposed with digital relays to check and update its parameters through advanced communication infrastructure. In yet another solution, they have utilized Electronically Coupled Distributed Energy Resources (EC-DER) such as wind, solar, fuel cells, and battery to develop an adaptive protection scheme. To overcome the aforementioned drawbacks there is a need to develop a system and a method for detection and identification of series-shunt faults.
The present disclosure relates to a system and a method for the detection and identification of series-shunt faults. An adaptive protection scheme based only on d and frequency components of current for the different modes of microgrid operation is designed to detect the faults with the reduction in time of operation of relays. The change in d and frequency components of fault current during any abnormal operation is easily identifiable and used to operate the adaptive overcurrent relay. Change in frequency component is used to identify the change in the mode of operation and change in d component of fault current is used to detect a fault. The designed d and frequency components based adaptive protection relay select optimal current settings based on the change in frequency component of current during a change in the mode of operation. The use of the d component for the detection of fault not only reduces the time of operation but also reduces the dependency on the directional element and earth fault relay.
In an embodiment, a system for detection and identification of series-shunt faults. The system 100 comprises of: a current transformer 102 connected to a three-phase supply module for detecting flow of current through an electronic component, wherein the three phase current components are transformed to a direct quadrature zero form using a transformation technique; a comparison module 104 connected to the current transformer for comparison of a 'd' component of current and a frequency component with a steady state value for detection of changes in value and mode of operation, wherein the 'd' component is selected upon comparison with a 'q' component of current;a fault detection module 106 connected to the comparison module for receiving an input signal for detection of fault in the electronic component, wherein the fault in the electronic component is decided using a fault detection algorithm and an output signal thus generated is fed to a relay module; anda circuit breaking module 108 connected to the relay module for interrupting a flow of the three phase supply from the power supply module based upon the signal received from the relay module, wherein the supply is interrupted when the detected fault value is greater than a predefined threshold value.
In an embodiment, a method for detection and identification of series-shunt faults. The method 200 comprises of the following steps: At step 202, detecting flow of current through an electronic component using a current transformer connected to a three-phase supply module, wherein the three-phase current components are transformed to a direct quadrature zero form using a transformation technique; At step 204, comparison of a
' component of current and a frequency component with a steady state value using a comparison module connected to the current transformer for detection of changes in value and mode of operation, wherein the 'd' component is selected upon comparison with a 'q' component of current; At step 206, receiving an input signal for detection of fault in the electronic component using a fault detection module connected to the comparison module, wherein the fault in the electronic component is decided using a fault detection algorithm and an output signal thus generated is fed to a relay module; and At step 208, interrupting a flow of supply from the supply module based upon the signal received from the relay module using a circuit breaking module connected to the relay module, wherein the supply is interrupted when the detected fault value is greater than a predefined threshold value.
To further clarify the advantages and features of the present disclosure, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof, which is illustrated in the appended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail with the accompanying drawings.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 illustrates a system for detection and identification of series-shunt faults in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Figure 2 illustrates a method for detection and identification of series-shunt faults in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
\Figure 3illustratesthe layout of the adaptive protection scheme in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Figure 4 illustratesthe algorithm of the new adaptive protection scheme in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Further, skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the drawings are illustrated for simplicity and may not have been necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the flow charts illustrate the method in terms of the most prominent steps involved to help to improve understanding of aspects of the present disclosure. Furthermore, in terms of the construction of the device, one or more components of the device may have been represented in the drawings by conventional symbols, and the drawings may show only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present disclosure so as not to obscure the drawings with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein.
To promote an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated system, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein being contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory of the invention and are not intended to be restrictive thereof.
Reference throughout this specification to "an aspect", "another aspect" or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, appearances of the phrase "in an embodiment", "in another embodiment" and similar language throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment.
The terms "comprises", "comprising", or any other variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process or method that comprises a list of steps does not include only those steps but may include other steps not expressly listed or inherent to such process or method. Similarly, one or more devices or sub-systems or elements or structures or components proceeded by "comprises...a" does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of other devices or other sub-systems or other elements or other structures or other components or additional devices or additional sub-systems or additional elements or additional structures or additional components.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The system, methods, and examples provided herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Referring to Figure 1 illustrates a system for detection and identification of series shunt faultsin accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The system 100 comprises of: a current transformer 102 connected to a three-phase supply module for detecting flow of current through an electronic component, wherein the three-phase current components are transformed to a direct quadrature zero form using a transformation technique; a comparison module 104 connected to the current transformer for comparison of a 'd' component of current and a frequency component with a steady state value for detection of changes in value and mode of operation, wherein the 'd' component is selected upon comparison with a 'q' component of current;a fault detection module 106 connected to the comparison module for receiving an input signal for detection of fault in the electronic component, wherein the fault in the electronic component is decided using a fault detection algorithm and an output signal thus generated is fed to a relay module; anda circuit breaking module 108 connected to the relay module for interrupting a flow of the three phase supply from the power supply module based upon the signal received from the relay module, wherein the supply is interrupted when the detected fault value is greater than a predefined threshold value.
Figure 2illustratesa method for detection and identification of series-shunt faultsin accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 200 comprises of the following steps: At step 202, detecting flow of current through an electronic component using a current transformer connected to a three-phase supply module, wherein the three-phase current components are transformed to a direct quadrature zero form using a transformation technique; At step 204, comparison of a 'd' component of current and a frequency component with a steady state value using a comparison module connected to the current transformer for detection of changes in value and mode of operation, wherein the 'd' component is selected upon comparison with a 'q' component of current; At step 206, receiving an input signal for detection of fault in the electronic component using a fault detection module connected to the comparison module, wherein the fault in the electronic component is decided using a fault detection algorithm and an output signal thus generated is fed to a relay module; and At step 208, interrupting a flow of supply from the supply module based upon the signal received from the relay module using a circuit breaking module connected to the relay module, wherein the supply is interrupted when the detected fault value is greater than a predefined threshold value.
Figure 3 illustrates the layout of the adaptive protection scheme in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The proposed technique is simulated to analyse the fault current behaviour in terms of d component for different modes of operation for low X/R ratio based microgrid. Initially, three-phase current components are transformed into dq components using Park's transformation as shown in Figure 3. As d components of fault current are also effective as compared to q components, only selection of d component is done for further analysis, also frequency component is compared with steady-state values to detect any change in the mode of operation. After detection of change, d signals are fed to the protection algorithm to decide whether there is a fault or not. After detection of fault using d components, the signal is fed to relay for appropriate action. The settings for grid-connected and islanded mode including the effect of different faults at different locations in the microgrid are considered in this disclosure.
Figure 4 illustrates the algorithm of the new adaptive protection scheme in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.It is revealed that change in the d component as compared to change in the q component is equally effective. So, the d component is enough for proper detection of fault detection in a low X/R ratio based microgrid. In this work, an adaptive protection scheme used for different modes of operation is discussed as per the proposed algorithm based on the change in the d and frequency component at different nodes shown in Figure 4. The status of the utility grid and DG decides the operation of the relay under different modes of operation mentioned above based on the change in frequency. The set of values for adaptive relaying action is based on pre-observed steady-state values of generator and feeder currents at given IEDs. The decision on selecting a set of values for relaying operation is taken based on the mode of operation.
Adaptive protection used for different modes of operation is discussed as per the proposed algorithm shown in Figure 4. Depending on the availability of utility and DG in the microgrid system, status is set to high (1) and low (0). If either of the utility or DG is available in the microgrid system, then their respective status is set to 1 (high). If either of them is not available, then the status of the respective sources is set to 0 (low). If both are available, then the status of both utility and DG is 1. If both are unavailable, then the status of both utility and DG is 0. Settings corresponding to the available current shared by utility and DG are updated for adaptive relaying. If the status of utility and DG is 1 then the available current setting are according to the share of current by both sources. If the utility is not available, then the current settings of the relay correspond only to DG current share. If DG is not available, then the current settings of the relay correspond only to the utility current share.
If the status of utility and DG is 0 then no action is needed. During a fault, if the fault current available exceeds the 1.15 pu value of the rated current, the relay will initiate the trip action to the circuit breakers depending on the availability of utility and DG in the microgrid system as per the status.
Adaptive protection can be provided for reliable protection system design while designing the adaptive protection system of a microgrid, grid-connected mode of operation without DGs must also be considered. It is made clear low X/R DGs can feed enough for the fault on their side but negative-sequence based detection cannot be used for detection of a fault on the utility side for the DG side and its nature identification showing the importance for d component in microgrid systems. The performance of a protection system dedicated to microgrid highly depends on the nature of DGs connected, fault location detection and fault nature. For satisfactory operation of the microgrid, the status of the protection system should be available with the microgrid central controller in a steady-state and abnormal situation. Fault location detection and fault nature identification based on dqO components is a simple and fast method. The rate of change of frequency is the best approach to detect the change in the mode of operation of the microgrid in the selection of different current settings to make the relay adaptive. Instead, consideration of the time derivative of the 'd' component is the simplest, instantaneous and robust method for location detection and fault nature identification which has been verified in the present work. Based on the Id component, individual adaptive protection schemes can be designed for smart grid components. A single trip circuit, as well as individual trip circuits, can be set to trip protection relays during faulty conditions in a smart grid or microgrid.
The drawings and the forgoing description give examples of embodiments. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more of the described elements may well be combined into a single functional element. Alternatively, certain elements may be split into multiple functional elements. Elements from one embodiment may be added to another embodiment. For example, orders of processes described herein may be changed and are not limited to the manner described herein. Moreover, the actions of any flow diagram need not be implemented in the order shown; nor do all of the acts necessarily need to be performed. Also, those acts that are not dependent on other acts may be performed in parallel with the other acts. The scope of embodiments is by no means limited by these specific examples. Numerous variations, whether explicitly given in the specification or not, such as differences in structure, dimension, and use of material, are possible. The scope of embodiments is at least as broad as given by the following claims.
Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems and any component(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature or component of any or all the claims.
Claims (10)
1. A system for detection and identification of series-shunt faults, the system comprises of: a current transformer connected to a three-phase supply module for detecting the flow of current through an electronic component, wherein the three-phase current components are transformed to a direct quadrature zero form using a transformation technique;
a comparison module connected to the current transformer for comparison of a
' component of current and a frequency component with a steady-state value for detection of changes in value and mode of operation, wherein the 'd' component is selected upon comparison with a 'q' component of current;
a fault detection module connected to the comparison module for receiving an input signal for detection of a fault in the electronic component, wherein the fault in the electronic component is decided using a fault detection algorithm and an output signal thus generated is fed to a relay module; and
a circuit breaking module connected to the relay module for interrupting a flow of the three-phase supply from the power supply module based upon the signal received from the relay module, wherein the supply is interrupted when the detected fault value is greater than a predefined threshold value.
2. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transformation technique is a park transformation technique, wherein the technique converts a time-domain component of the three-phase supply in an 'abc' reference frame to direct, quadrature, and zero components in a rotating reference frame.
3. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the steady-state value of the current is the time required for the current flowing in the system to reach a maximum steady-state value and the charge (or current) flowing into any point in the component is equal to the charge (or current) flowing out.
4. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the d components of fault current is effective as compared to a q component and change in d component as compared to change in the q component is equally effective, wherein the frequency component is compared with steady-state values to detect any change in the mode of operation.
5. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein a protection technique is used as the fault detection technique for detection of a fault in the system.
6. The system as claimed in claim, wherein the protection technique protects the electronic components by checking the availability of either a utility or a generator or both.
7. The system as claimed in claim 5, wherein a high is indicated if either or both the generator and the utility is available, wherein a low is indicated if both the generator and the utility is not available or low is indicated upon unavailability of the generator or the utility.
8. The system as claimed in claim 5, wherein upon the availability of both the generator and the utility, the flow of current or charge is shared among the generator and the utility, and the availability of at least the generator or the utility, the current is shared based on the capacity and availability of the generator or the utility.
9. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predefined threshold value for fault is approximately 1.15 pu value of rated current and upon exceeding the threshold value a trip is initiated to the circuit breaking module.
10. A method for detection and identification of series-shunt faults, the method comprises of:
detecting the flow of current through an electronic component using a current transformer connected to a three-phase supply module, wherein the three-phase current components are transformed to a direct quadrature zero form using a transformation technique;
comparison of a 'd' component of current and a frequency component with a steady-state value using a comparison module connected to the current transformer for detection of changes in value and mode of operation, wherein the 'd' component is selected upon comparison with a 'q' component of current; receiving an input signal for detection of a fault in the electronic component using a fault detection module connected to the comparison module, wherein the fault in the electronic component is decided using a fault detection algorithm and an output signal thus generated is fed to a relay module; and interrupting a flow of supply from the supply module based upon the signal received from the relay module using a circuit breaking module connected to the relay module, wherein the supply is interrupted when the detected fault value is greater than a predefined threshold value.
Fault Circuit Current Comparison Detection Breaking Transformer Module Module Module 102 104 106 108
Figure 1
Detecting flow of current through an electronic component using a current transformer connected to a three-phase supply module, wherein the three-phase 202 current components are transformed to a direct quadrature zero form using a transformation technique.
Comparison of a ‘d’ component of current and a frequency component with a steady state value using a comparison module connected to the current transformer for 204 detection of changes in value and mode of operation, wherein the ‘d’ component is selected upon comparison with a ‘q’ component of current.
Receiving an input signal for detection of fault in the electronic component using a 206 fault detection module connected to the comparison module, wherein the fault in the electronic component is decided using a fault detection algorithm and an output signal thus generated is fed to a relay module.
Interrupting a flow of supply from the supply module based upon the signal received from the relay module using a circuit breaking module connected to the relay module, 208 wherein the supply is interrupted when the detected fault value is greater than a predefined threshold value. Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| AU2021102969A AU2021102969A4 (en) | 2021-05-30 | 2021-05-30 | Rate of change of ‘d’ and frequency component-based adaptive protection for detection of series-shunt faults for low X/R distributed generators |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| AU2021102969A AU2021102969A4 (en) | 2021-05-30 | 2021-05-30 | Rate of change of ‘d’ and frequency component-based adaptive protection for detection of series-shunt faults for low X/R distributed generators |
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